蜜环菌多糖对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞免疫功能的影响

从蜜环菌菌索提取的多糖（ＭＨＧ）能在体外显著增强小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬中性红的作用,并可诱生巨噬细胞产生一氧化氮。在高浓度时,对巨噬细胞分泌ＩＬ－１有一定的作用。     

蜜环菌菌索多糖的免疫增强作用研究

研究了野生蜜环菌菌索多糖(polysaccharide from the rhizomorph of Armillaria mellea,AMP)对小鼠免疫功能的影响.结果表明对小鼠分别灌胃(ig)剂量为100、200、300mg/kg·d的AMP均能增加小鼠体重、改变免疫器官重量、抵抗环磷酰胺(CY)对小鼠外周血白细胞数量的影响.实验显示灌胃AMP能提高小鼠单核巨噬细胞系统的吞噬功能,增强小鼠迟发型变态反应,促进溶血素的生成.上述结果表明AMP能增强机体免疫功能.     

中国北方地区蜜环菌生物种的初步研究

对采自北京东灵山地区,黑龙江带岭地区,以及帽儿山地区不同寄主上的１５个蜜环菌子实体进行了极性测试和生物种测定。     

中国北方地区蜜环菌生物种的初步研究

对采自北京东灵山地区、黑龙江带岭地区、以及帽儿山地区不同寄主上的１５个蜜环菌子实体进行了极性测试和生物种测定。配对培养结果表明１５个子实体中共存在着四个生物种,分别命名为ＣｈＢＳＩ、ＣｈＢＳＩ、ＣｈＢＳⅢ和ＣｈＢＳⅣ。除生物种ＣｈＢＳⅢ的极性不清楚外,其它生物种都是四极性异宗配合的真菌。东灵山菌株中的两个生物种是ＣｈＢＳⅡ和ＣｈＢＳⅣ,带岭菌株中的两个生物种是ＣｈＢＳＩ和ＣｈＢＳⅢ,帽儿山菌株是生物种ＣｈＢＳⅠ。经过中国生物种与欧洲生物种的配对培养,发现生物种ＣｈＢＳⅣ与Ａｒｍｉｌａｒｉａｇａｌｉｃａ融合。     

蜜环菌多糖对低能离子束诱变作用的恢复效应

水提法从密环菌Am99-1菌株人工发酵体分离得到密环菌多糖Aml,以低能N^ 离子束为诱变源,黑腹果蝇为受试动物,检测Aml对离子束诱变果蝇的恢复功能。实验结果经统计学分析表明,1.0%和1.5%浓度的密环菌多糖Aml可以提高受试果蝇蛹的孵出率和降低当代及F2代果蝇突变率。这说明密环菌多糖对于低能离子束诱变有一定程度的防护作用。染色体水平上的检测也证实了此结论。     

蜜环菌发光条件的研究

对蜜环菌发光的条件进行了研究,结果表明：氧气是蜜环菌发光的必要条件;蜜环菌发光还需要适当的温度,37℃为发光的最适温度,45℃以上的温度会使蜜环菌丧失发光的能力;1％的乙醇浓度能够促进蜜环菌的发光,10％以上的乙醇浓度就会使密环菌的发光减弱乃至丧失;蜜环菌的发光可能是由荧光酶引起的。     

蜜环菌多糖对小鼠血清IL-2和TGF-β1水平的影响

目的:观察蜜环茵多糖对小鼠血清中IL-2和TGF-β1水平的干预作用。方法:实验组小鼠腹腔注射(i.p)不同浓度的蛮环菌多糖,阴性对照组给予生理盐水,阳性对照组给予香菇多糖,连续给药14天。给药结束后,用形态学方法测定各组小鼠在植物血凝素(PHA)诱导下淋巴细胞转化率,用ELISA法测定各组小鼠血清中白介素2(IL-2)、转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)水平。结果:蜜环菌多糖具有提高小鼠淋巴细胞转化率,增加血清中IL-2水平,并同时下调血清中TGF-β1水平的作用。结论:蜜环菌多糖可通过调节小鼠免疫细胞及免疫分子的作用,增强小鼠的免疫功能。     

中国蜜环菌和新生物种

在调查研究蜜环菌生物种的过程中,先后在东北、华北、华中和西南地区,发现了四个新的中国蜜环菌的生物种,ＣＢＳ Ｆ、ＣＢＳ Ｇ、ＣＢＳ Ｈ和ＣＢＳ Ｉ。研究表明,ＣＢＳ Ｇ属于典型的同宗配合种,其余三个为异宗配合。ＣＢＳ Ｈ与ＣＢＳ Ｃ之间存在部分互交可育,比例高达１７．８％,在同一个国家的两个种之间出现如此高的互交可育比例还是首次报道。上述三个生物种同欧美的已知蜜环菌种均互交不育,为亚洲特有种。ＣＢ     

Stimulation of Armillaria mellea by phenolic fungicides

Phenolic fungicides, which were initially fungicidal to mycelium of Armillaria mellea on the surface of well‐colonised wood billets, eventually stimulated the growth of A. mellea. An extensive growth of rhizomorphs was produced from A. mellea inoculum, which had been exposed to phenolic chemicals for 3 months, compared to few or no rhizomorphs produced from inoculum exposed to water or a suspension of a non‐phenolic fungicide, fenpropidin. Inoculated privet plants grown either in pots or under field conditions were treated with a range of fungicides; fenpropidin, phenyl phenol, cresylic acid or water (control) was applied every 6 months over 21/2 yr. Fenpropidin caused a slightly (but significantly) lower incidence of infection than occurred in untreated plants, but the phenolic fungicides, cresylic acid and phenyl phenol, did not reduce the incidence of infection. The severity of infection (% root circumference colonised at 5 cm depth) was greater following cresylic acid treatments than the other fungicides or water‐treated controls. Use of phenolic fungicides such as cresylic acid for the control of A. mellea may therefore be counter‐productive.     

蜜环菌提取物对佐剂性关节炎大鼠的治疗作用

本文通过对佐剂性关节炎大鼠原发性和继发性足肿胀度的测量、全身关节炎指数评分、体重及体态变化、免疫脏器指数、炎性踝关节切片的形态以及血清中肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、前列腺素E2、一氧化氮和一氧化氮合成酶等指标来考察蜜环菌Armillaria mellea的5个不同提取物对佐剂性关节炎大鼠的影响及作用机理。结果表明,蜜环菌甲醇提取物对原发性和继发性足肿胀有明显的抑制;甲醇组能明显抑制佐剂性关节炎大鼠脾脏和胸腺萎缩,并能抑制血清中肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6和前列腺素E2的分泌,抑制大鼠踝关节炎细胞的形成。因此蜜环菌提取物中甲醇提取物对佐剂性关节炎大鼠治疗效果最显著。     

Microsatellite markers for the diploid basidiomycete fungus Armillaria mellea

We isolated and characterized 12 microsatellite markers for two North American populations (California, Pennsylvania) of Armillaria mellea, a fungal pathogen responsible for Armillaria root disease of numerous woody plants. Allele frequency ranged from two to nine alleles per locus, and gene diversity ranged from 0.05 to 0.86. Of the 12 loci, eight loci were polymorphic in the California and Pennsylvania populations, and showed no evidence of heterozygote deficiencies or severe linkage disequilibrium. Our results suggest that we have isolated and characterized variable loci to estimate genotypic diversity, gene flow and migration, and to determine population structure of North American A. mellea.     

Optimization of exopolysaccharide production from Armillaria mellea in submerged cultures

Aims: To study the optimization of submerged culture conditions for exopolysaccharide (EPS) production by Armillaria mellea in shake‐flask cultures and also to evaluate the performance of an optimized culture medium in a 5‐l stirred tank fermenter. Methods and Results: Shake flask cultures for EPS optimal nutritional production contained having the following composition (in g l^?1): glucose 40, yeast extract 3, KH₂PO₄ 4 and MgSO₄ 2 at an optimal temperature of 22°C and an initial of pH 4·0. The optimal culture medium was then cultivated in a 5‐l stirred tank fermenter at 1 vvm (volume of aeration per volume of bioreactor per min) aeration rate, 150 rev min^?1 agitation speed, controlled pH 4·0 and 22°C. In the optimal culture medium, the maximum EPS production in a 5‐l stirred tank fermenter was 588 mg l^?1, c. twice as great as that in the basal medium. The maximum productivity for EPS (Q_p) and product yield (Y_P/S) were 42·02 mg l^?1 d^?1 and 26·89 mg g^?1, respectively. Conclusions: The optimal culture conditions we proposed in this study enhanced the EPS production of A. mellea from submerged cultures. Significance and Impact of the Study: The optimal culturing conditions we have found will be a suitable starting point for a scale‐up of the fermentation process, helping to develop the production of related medicines and health foods from A. mellea.     

野生和人工培养的蜜环菌菌索营养成分比较

对野生和人工培养的蜜环菌菌索主要营养成分及氨基酸含量进行了测定和比较。结果表明：人工培养的蜜环菌菌索蛋白质、脂肪、多糖含量均高于野生菌索,二者的氨基酸组成相似,但人工培养的菌索氨基酸总量高于野生菌索。     

蜜环菌粉正己烷提取物抗神经炎症研究

蜜环菌是一种药食兼用真菌,其提取物有多种药用价值,本文通过动物体内实验对其抗神经炎症作用进行探究。利用1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶（MPTP）建立了帕金森病小鼠模型,设置空白组、模型组、蜜环菌粉正己烷提取物高低剂量组（10mg/kg、20mg/kg）,连续灌胃给药12d,对小鼠体重、行为学指标、纹状体TH蛋白、Iba-1蛋白、iNOS酶活及相关mRNA表达进行探究。结果发现蜜环菌粉正己烷提取物组能缓解MPTP造模引起的体重减少,对小鼠行为迟缓有显著性改善,增加纹状体TH蛋白表达,抑制Iba-1蛋白过表达,同时对纹状体内炎症因子iNOS及相关mRNA表达有明显的抑制作用。因此,蜜环菌粉正己烷提取物有良好的抗神经炎症活性,可能是通过抑制小胶质细胞的过度激活,抑制iNOS酶活等途径发挥作用。     

蜜环菌菌种分离新法——天麻组织分离法

报道了一蜜环菌菌种分离方法——天麻组织分离法,并对此法与常用分离法——菌索分离法进行比较试验。结果发现,天麻组织分离法分离成功率高（78％）,远高于常用的菌索分离法（16％）,且前者操作简便、难度低,所得菌种生活活力、生长形态均优于后法。     

Nutrient Source of Sclerotia of Grifola umbellata and Its Relationship to Armillaria mellea

Ways nutrient-uptake of sclerotia of Grifola umbellata and the relationship between G. umbellata and Armillaria mellea were studied. At the primary stage of sclerotia of G. umbellate infected by A. mellea, the hyphae of G. umbellata could obtain nutrients by invading the one- to three-layer-cells of A. mellea cortex which existed in the sclerotia of G. umbellata, ar late stage of A. mellea infection, the nutrient source of sclerotia of G. umbellata mainly depended on its hyphae, adhering on the intercellular space of A. mellea, to suck the metabolic products of A. mellea. After being nourished the hyphae of sclerotia of G. umbellata outside of the rhizomorph of A. mellea began to reproduce, as their nuclear divisions were well observed. The results suggested that the mutual assimilation between G. umbellata and A. meIlea could be defined as a form of special Symbiotic relation.     

Role of Lysosomal Vesicles in the Digestive Process of Armillaria mellea by the Large Cells of Gastrodia elata

The hyphae of Armillaria mellea Fr. invade the large ceils of Gastrodia elata BI. Through the wall pits of cortical cells. During early stage the plasmalemma of large cell invaginates and the cell wall forms papillary thickenings to restrain the hyphae from invading. When a hypha enters a large cell, it is encircled tightly by the invaginated plasmalemma which is surrounded by a large number of vesicles coated by a unit membrane. As these vesicles fusing with their membranes to the plasmalemma and discharging their contents into the space around the hypha, the space lined by the invaginated plasmalemma enlarges gradually and becomes a digestive vacuole in which a hypha is completely digested. Reaction product form acid phosphatase activities in the vesicles and digestive vacuoles testifies that the vesicles and digestive vacuoles are identical with primary and secondary lysosomes of plant lysosomal system respectively.