海山富钴结壳的圈矿方法

对海山富钴结壳的圈矿方法进行了分析和探讨,指出海山富钴结壳圈矿的主要方法和步骤为:(1)挑选富钴结壳发育良好的海山。除大片连续厚层板状分布的结壳发育良好的大型平顶海山是重点调查的目标海山外,规模较小的尖顶海山是近年来新的圈矿目标海山。(2)确定矿块的边界位置。对选定的海山进行深海摄像、电视抓斗、拖网和浅钻等多种手段的调查,通过所取得的综合结果对矿块边界进行判断,确定准确的矿块边界。(3)计算结壳的覆盖率。利用调查所获得的矿块相关的数据和信息对矿块内结壳厚度和结壳覆盖率以及矿区资源量进行评估。     

中太平洋海山演化史及与富钴结壳的关系

中太平洋海山区是海山富钴结壳广泛分布的一个重点地区，目前我国正在该区进行富钴结壳资源调查，了解该区海山形成演化史对研究富钴结壳的成因及其分布规律有重要意义。根据大量的文献资料，对该区海山演化史进行了综述，并对海山与其上生长的富钴结壳的关系进行了探讨。     

海山富钴结壳标准物质研制

报道了我国与俄罗斯合作研制的三个海山富钴结壳标准物质GSMC-1,2,3.这三个标准物质的原样分别取自西太平洋麦哲伦海山和中太平洋海山.样品经风干、选配、球磨制备成均匀的粉体样品,其均匀性采用高精度的X-射线荧光光谱法检验.样品的化学组分采用国内外多实验室协同分析方式定值,有八个国内实验室和八个国外实验室参加了合作分析.测试组分均为57个,其中GSMC-1,2有43个组分定为保证值,10个组分作为参考值;GSMC-3有45个组分定为保证值,8个组分作为参考值.经2a多的试用,三个标准物质已于2005年被国家计量部门批准为国家一级标准物质,其编号分别为GBW07337,GBW07338和GBW07339.     

富钴结壳分布的分形特征

利用我国在西太平洋国际海底两个海山获得的富钴结壳资料进行分形研究后发现，富钴结壳的分布具有变维分形分布的特点，结壳丰度呈二阶累计和分形分布，结壳厚度呈多阶不定累计和分形分布，通过计算得到了它们各自的分维数，进而对两个海山的结壳资源进行了初步评价。     

中太平洋海山富钴结壳成矿的空间分布规律研究

海山是富钴结壳主要的成矿载体,结壳成矿分布不仅受到海洋最低含氧带、碳酸盐补偿深度、生物生产力、物质来源、海水氧含量等大尺度宏观因素的影响,同时也受到海山地形、沉积作用和底层海流冲刷等小尺度微观因素的控制。通过对以中太平洋R海山为主的水下结壳成矿与分布的深入研究,发现结壳富集区以海山浅水区域为主;地形地貌上的尖顶高地区、顶坡过渡带、山体鞍部、山脊、斜坡上部等区域结壳质量较好,覆盖率高;下斜坡、山谷、山顶平坦区和斜坡区平缓台地是结壳贫乏区,结壳厚度小、覆盖率也低;15°以下的小坡度地形结壳成矿较好,3°~7°最佳,15°以上的大坡度区质量有所下降,陡崖区最差。地形对结壳分布和成矿起基础性影响作用,沉积作用和底流冲刷分别起到阻滞和促进作用,海流是保持低坡度区结壳长期稳定生长的关键因素,地形控矿本质上是和底层流联合对抗沉积堆积作用的过程。     

西太平洋采薇海山和徐福海山富钴结壳稀土元素地球化学特征及来源

利用X射线衍射法、等离子体发射光谱法和等离子体质谱法分析了西太平洋采薇海山和徐福海山富钴结壳矿物相组成以及常微量元素含量,探讨稀土元素地球化学特征和物质来源。研究表明,富钴结壳样品主要结晶矿物为水羟锰矿,次要矿物包括石英、斜长石、钾长石和碳氟磷灰石,同时含有大量非晶态铁氧/氢氧化物。富钴结壳的Mn和Fe含量最高,Mn含量为16.20%～26.62%,Fe含量为8.56%～18.19%,老壳层（IV和V）发生了磷酸盐化作用。富钴结壳的稀土元素明显富集,轻稀土元素明显高于重稀土元素,稀土总量为1 842～2 854μg/g,其中,Ce约占50%。老壳层中稀土元素含量明显高于新壳层,这可能与老壳层发生磷酸盐化作用有关。稀土元素配分模式呈现Ce正异常、Eu无异常,具有明显Ce富集特征。富钴结壳的稀土元素与Ce、Y、CaO、P₂O₅、Ba和Sr具有正相关性关系,与Fe、Al₂O₃、Na₂O、K₂O、MgO、TiO₂、Pb和V具有负相关性关系,与...     

西北太平洋采薇海山富钴结壳矿物学和地球化学特征

富钴结壳是一种富含Mn、Co、Ni和稀土元素（镧系元素加钇,简称REY）等元素的海底矿产资源。本文研究的富钴结壳样品是“科学”号在2018年HOBAB5航次于西北太平洋采薇海山的山顶边缘上通过电视抓斗获得的。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪（XRD）、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-OES）和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）分析了富钴结壳的显微构造、矿物学特征和地球化学特征,并探讨了其成因类型和形成机制。富钴结壳的结构从内到外可分为土黄色的疏松层（C8-5）、黑色铁锰致密层（C8-2、C8-3和C8-4）和发育葡萄状球体的粗糙表面（C8-1）。土黄色疏松层孔隙度较高,主要组成矿物为水羟锰矿、石英、钙长石、钠长石、钙十字沸石和钡镁锰矿,Mn的含量较低,Al的含量较高。黑色的铁锰致密层孔隙度较低,呈柱状构造,主要组成矿物为水羟锰矿、石英、钙长石和钠长石,Al含量有所下降,Mn含量升高, 说明陆源物质的供应逐渐变少。在富钴结壳的生长后期,其主要显微构造由柱状构造向斑杂构造转变,二者的过渡区域为铁锰氧化物与富Si碎屑物质组成的层状构造。富钴结壳各层位的Mn/Fe比值为1.16～1.85,且各层位Ce呈正异常,Y呈负异常,以上特征表明富钴结壳为水成成因型,其金属元素来源于氧化性海水,未受到热液活动的影响。依据富钴结壳的年代学数据,可知从渐新世末期到上新世中期,富钴结壳的生长过程一直受控于太平洋深层水。Co/(Fe+Mn)和Co/(Ni+Cu)的不断升高表明富钴结壳一直在氧化性较高的海水环境中生长。相较于其他大洋和海区,采薇海山富钴结壳具有高含量的Co、Ni和REY,具有极高的经济价值和开采价值。     

中太平洋莱恩海山富钴结壳元素地球化学特征及成因

富钴结壳是一种经济价值高、开发前景好的海洋矿产资源,其外部形态、内部构造和地球化学特征记录了古海洋环境的演变信息。本次研究借助富钴结壳细致分层的显微构造及元素地球化学的差异分析,探讨中太平洋莱恩海山富钴结壳成因及形成过程。富钴结壳样品由上至下可分为5层,顶部较致密Ⅰ层黑褐色,表面光滑,杂质较少,具有雪松状叠层石构造,反映了沉积水动力较强;较致密Ⅱ层与Ⅰ层宏观特征类似,具有柱状和胡萝卜状叠层石构造,沉积水动力最强;疏松Ⅲ层和疏松Ⅳ层黄褐色,内含沉积物杂质,多见斑杂状构造,沉积水动力比较弱;致密Ⅴ层为磷酸盐层,具有亮黑色的沥青光泽,富含有孔虫化石,底部Ⅴ层Sr、P、Ca等元素明显富集,表明了海洋生物的明显参与,沉积水动力最弱。莱恩海山Ce异常及高钴高锰低铁特征,表明结壳长期处于氧化环境;而Mn、Fe、Co等元素地球化学特征综合表明,海洋水动力及氧化性总体表现为由底部Ⅴ层至Ⅱ层氧化性逐渐增强,至顶部Ⅰ层有所减弱的趋势;依据元素分配系数、Ce正异常、Ho正异常、Y负异常及成因三角图,判定结壳为南极底流影响下的海水成因。综合结壳年代学数据,在元素剖面中记录了三期磷酸盐化事件,恢复了莱恩海山富钴结...     

富钴结壳定年简介

富钴结壳生长通常十分缓慢,其速率一般为几mm/Ma。因此这些结壳提供了成矿环境(海水、沉积物等)的长期历史记录。然而,富钴结壳完整、精细定年的可靠性仍然是一个问题。为此,国外学者采用了多种方法对结壳进行定年,井得到其生长速率。以下分别介绍这些方法的原理、应用及其优、缺     

中太平洋海山富钴结壳与基岩关系的研究

对我国首次取得的中太平洋海山基岩和富钴结壳样品的结构构造、矿物和化学组成特征的研究表明,该区主要基岩类型为碱性玄武岩、磷块岩、磷酸盐化碳酸盐岩和燧石等,碱性玄武岩分布最广,并均有不同程度的风化.观察表明,富钴结壳的载体可以是各种岩性的基岩.玄武岩、风化火山岩和磷块岩上的结壳厚度比燧石的大,有较高的经济价值,是选矿冶炼的主要对象.对于调查区内富钴结壳形态总体上可分为三种类型:板状、砾状和结核状结壳.从以下四个方面探讨结壳与基岩之间的关系:(1)海水、基岩和结壳中主要金属元素含量特点;(2)通过聚类分析方法探讨结壳与基岩之间的亲疏程度;(3)结壳的分布特征;(4)不同基岩类型对结壳生长的影响.分析结果表明,调查区内的火山岩及磷块岩对结壳形成的贡献大(比其他类型岩石).     

西太平洋拉蒙特平顶海山富钴结壳矿区圈定与资源量估算

为能科学合理、快速量化地圈定出大洋海山钴结壳优质矿区,本文基于国际海底管理局提出的矿区选取模型,利用我国西太平洋海山钴结壳资源调查的拖网采样资料,结合西太平洋海山钴结壳分布特征,提出人机交互式的矿区圈定方法,对西太平洋马尔库斯-威克海山区拉蒙特平顶海山圈定出钴结壳资源远景区和符合国际海底管理局规章要求的51个钴结壳矿块,估算出拉蒙特平顶海山和51个矿块的钴结壳资源量及金属量,同时通过对拉蒙特平顶海山日本申请矿区的结壳资源分布特征分析,表明采用人机交互式的矿区圈定方法得出的结果,不仅能快速定量地圈定出钴结壳资源前景较好的矿区,也为大洋海山钴结壳矿区圈定和资源量估算提供了新方法。     

Fine-scale compositional variations in a Co-rich Mn crust from the Marcus-Wake Seamount cluster in the western Pacific based on electron microprobe analysis (EMPA)

The internal structure and composition of a 37-mm-thick Co-rich Mn crust from the Lamont Guyot in the Marcus-Wake Seamount cluster have been studied in detail by means of electron-probe microanalysis (EPMA). 184 point analyses for 16 elements were carried out at an average spacing of 0.20 mm and each point was dated using the Co-geochronometer method. Two types of variation in composition were observed in the crust: long-term trends and short-term erratic variations. The long-term trends were identified using the fifth order polynomial. Mn and Ni were shown to increase in concentration from 23.3 Ma to a maximum at about 20 Ma and then decline steadily to the Present, whereas Fe, P and Si showed the opposite trend. By contrast, Co displayed a double humped pattern with maxima at about 19 Ma and 3.5 Ma and minima at 23.3 Ma, about 11 Ma and at Present. The long-term trends in element concentrations in the crust lead us to suggest that much of the Fe in western Pacific Ocean ferromanganese crusts is aeolian in origin and derived from the deserts of central Asia. Cooling of the Asian mainland at about 20 Ma led to an increase in the flux of Fe to the oceans. This was supplemented by an additional input of Fe into the crusts as a consequence of the dissolution of biogenic CaCO₃ tests at 4.5−10.5 Ma. For the short-term erratic variations, three periods of 0.61, 0.96 and 1.65 m.y. were identified by spectral analysis. The second harmonics of these periods are 1.22, 1.92 and 3.30 m.y., which may correspond to the highest-order periods for eccentricity of 1.31, 2.04 and 3.47 m.y. This suggests the possibility that the high-frequency oscillations of the time series data are linked to climatic changes controlled by the highest-order periods of the Milankovitch cycles.     

西太平洋富钴结壳中钙质超微化石和分子化石研究

本文对西太平洋麦哲伦海山CM3D06富钴结壳进行了钙质超微化石生物地层学研究,发现结壳中有代表白垩纪(晚期)、古新世(晚期)、始新世(早、中、晚期)、中新世(中期)、上新世(晚期)和更新世等各时代的标准钙质超微化石,表明结壳的形成始于白垩纪(晚期);在富钴结壳中检出正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烃、甾烷类等众多分子化石,分子化石组合特征指数、主峰碳、ΣC-23/C+24、CPI、Pr/Ph、Pr/nC17、Ph/nC18和nC31/nC17显示有机质生物母源主要为海洋浮游植物、浮游动物和底栖非光合作用的菌类,而甾烷类的C29、C28和C27含量分布的变化则说明生物种群具有快速演变的特征。此外,还探讨了CM3D06结壳中Pr/Ph和有机碳同位素组成变化与结壳生长过程中的海洋环境演化的关联程度。     

Sedimentary characteristics and the implications of cobalt-rich crusts resources at Caiwei Guyot in the Western Pacific Ocean

Abstract

Cobalt-rich crust has attracted increased attention due to their economic value. Studies have indicated that seamounts in the Western Pacific Ocean are rich in cobalt-rich crust resources. The Caiwei Guyot in Western Pacific Ocean is one of the cobalt-rich crust exploration areas contracted between China and the International Seabed Authority. A large volume of research has been conducted to elucidate the tectonic evolution, basement type, sediment type, gravity and magnetic anomaly characteristics, and geochemical characteristics of shallow surface sediments at Caiwei Guyot. However, a research gap exists on the sedimentary strata below the pelagic deposits and above the volcanic basement of the Caiwei Guyot. This paper summarizes that two main types of sediments existing on the top of Caiwei Guyot. The deposition thickness on the top of Caiwei Guyot is characterized by three sedimentary centers and exposed periphery. Pelagic sediments are difficult to form at the northeastern portion and edge area of Caiwei Guyot due to the strong bottom current environment, which makes these areas suitable for crust growth. This paper delineated three cobalt-rich crust prospective areas at the Caiwei Guyot with of significant implications for exploration and mining-lease-block selections at Caiwei Guyot.     

中太平洋富钴结壳Co元素地球化学特征

对在中太平洋研究区5座海山调查时获取的38个富钴结壳样品中主要金属元素的含量进行了化学分析,探讨了不同海山富钴结壳中Co元素含量的变化规律及结壳中元素间的相关关系,结果表明:(1)5座海山富钴结壳中的各主要金属元素含量相近,38个富钴结壳样品中Co元素的平均含量为0.67%,具有一定的开发前景。(2)不同海山富钴结壳中Co元素含量有一定变化,其变化与富钴结壳的类型、海水水深、地形地貌以及成矿作用等有密切的关系。Co元素在板状结壳中的含量为最高,在钴结核中的含量次之,而在砾状结壳中的含量为最低;富钴结壳中Co元素含量与海水水深呈负相关,浅水区富钴结壳中Co元素的含量明显高于深水区;海山地形地貌对Co元素的含量及富钴结壳的发育有一定影响,海山的椭圆状分支、支脉及边缘部分,Co元素的含量相对较高,富钴结壳发育得较好;Co元素富集成矿作用还主要受锰、铁水成成矿作用的控制。(3)富钴结壳中金属元素之间存在不同程度的相关性。Mn元素分别与Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mg、Na、Ba、Ti等元素呈强烈的正相关,而分别与Al、Si、Ca、P、Fe、Sr等元素呈负相关;Co元素分别与Cu、Al、P、Ca等元素呈负相关;Ca元素与P元素呈强烈正相关。     

Magnetic minerals in Mid-Pleistocene sediments on the Caiwei Guyot,Northwest Pacific and their response to the Mid-Brunhes climate event

Seamounts are ubiquitous topographic units in global oceans, and their influences on local oceanic circulation have attracted great attention in physical oceanography; however, previous efforts were less made in paleoclimatology and paleoceanography. The Caiwei Guyot in the Magellan Seamounts of the western Pacific is a typical seamount, and in this study, we investigate a well-dated sediment core by magnetic properties to reveal the relationship between deep-sea sedimentary processes and global climate changes. The principal results are as follows: (1) the dominant magnetic minerals in the sediments are low-coercivity magnetite in pseudo-single domain range, probably including a biogenic contribution; (2) the variabilities of magnetic parameters can be clustered into two sections at ～500 ka, and the differences between the two units are evident in amplitudes and means; (3) changes in the grainsize-dependent magnetic parameters can be well correlated to records of global ice volume and atmospheric CO2 in the middle Pleistocene. Based on these results, a close linkage was proposed between deep-sea sedimentary processes in the Caiwei Guyot and global climate changes. This linkage likely involves different roles of biogenic magnetite in the sediments between interglacial and glacial intervals, responding to changes in marine productivity and deep-sea circulation and displaying a major change in the Mid-Brunhes climate event. Therefore, we proposed that the sedimentary archives at the bottom of the Caiwei Guyot record some key signals of global climate changes, providing a unique window to observe interactions between various environmental systems on glacial-interglacial timescales.     

The multifractal characters of temperature finestructures in the equatorial western Pacific Ocean

INTRODUCFIONTheknowledgeoffinestructureandmicrostructureplaysamajorroleintheresearchofoceanicdiapycnalmixing.Sofarastheliteratureisconcerned,finestructuresareroughlydefinedassmallstructuresdistributedonverticalscalesfromImto100m(Munk,1981),whereasmicrostructureshavesmallerscales.Forsimplicity,thesetwofeatureswillbecalledfinestructures ThestudywassupportedbytheNationalNaturalaudienceFoundationofChinaundercontractsNo.49376257,No.4950/6071andNo.49676275,andtheResearchFundfortutorialPngr…     

An extended variable-grid global ocean circulation model and its preliminary results of the equatorial Pacific circulation

1IntroductionThetropicalPacificOceanplaysanimpor-tantroleintheclimatevariabilitiessuchasElNi-no-SouthernOscillation(ENSO)phenomenon(Chao,1993).ManystudieshavefoundthatthetropicalPacificvariabilitiescanhavesignifi-cantinfluenceontheoceancirculationintheseasadjacenttoChina(Yu,1985;Chaoetal.,1996;Wangetal.,2002).TheseaareaadjacenttoChinaischaracterizedbyitscomplextopog-raphyandnumerousnarrowstraits,andthusre-quiresafinegridtoresolve.Tostudytheinter-actionbetweenthetropicalPacificandChinas…