Mapping method of rainfall-induced landslide hazards by infiltration and slope stability analysis

Landslides - By utilizing the Green-Ampt infiltration equation and the infinite slope stability model, a method for analyzing shallow slope failures caused by rainfall is developed. With rainfall...     

A new approach to analysis of landslide slope stability

This paper is based on data from engineering-geological research on the landslide slopes of the Moscow River valley from the site of a proposed bridge crossing reconstruction. A method for delineating the slippage surface is suggested, which allows a more reliable evaluation of landslide stability and pressure for planning and decision-making purposes during the reconstruction of the bridge crossing, and an appropriate mitigation strategy.     

降雨诱发的浅表堆积层滑坡成因机理与稳定性预测模型

强降雨引起的滑坡多以浅表堆积层滑移为主,易群发、危害性大,其地下水和土体内部含水率对降雨的水文响应机制复杂,难以精准开展稳定性预测。为研究降雨引起的滑坡水文响应对稳定性的影响,以四川省青川县后山里滑坡为例,开展现场降雨入渗监测、相关性分析和力学分析。通过连续3年的降雨量、土体水分和地下水位等监测,分析降雨入渗-土体体积含水率-地下水位的响应规律,得到降雨量与地下水位的相关关系,并基于无限斜坡稳定性计算公式构建基于降雨量和地下水位埋深的浅层滑坡稳定性预测模型。结果表明：（1）年内地下水呈周期性波动,分为缓慢下降期、快速下降期和快速上升期三个阶段,且降雨量与地下水埋深呈线性负相关,与水位升幅相关性不显著;（2）根据稳定性预测模型确定了该滑坡失稳的临界降雨阈值为81.8 mm/d,地下水埋深阈值为0.73 m。研究结果可为降雨诱发浅表堆积层滑坡的预警预报提供参考。     

岩质滑坡稳定性有限元分析

目前国内外大多数规范中推荐或者强制性规定滑坡稳定性分析采用极限平衡法。由于极限平衡法本身的局限性,存在诸多不合理之处,如何对其进行改进使之更加合理已成为岩土工程中的重要课题之一。针对岩质滑坡存在明显的软弱滑动带的特点,提出了有限元计算过程中不同滑动带的处理方法,结合工程中常用的不平衡推力传递法,给出了滑坡稳定性的有限元分析方法,将其应用于芡草沱滑坡,并与基于刚体极限平衡原理的不平衡推力传递法的计算结果进行了比较,表明其计算方法可靠,可直接应用于实际工程。     

Evaluation of slope stability by finite element method using observed displacement of landslide

To monitor land deformation in detail, we ran a large-scale field test in which an artificial landslide was induced by the application of a load to a natural slope. The measured landslide displacement was reproduced numerically through the use of finite element model analysis with a two-dimensional elasto-viscoplastic model. The analysis suggested that the strength of the sliding surface decreased as the landslide mass moved. We propose a simple method for estimating safety factors. The method involves back-calculation of shear strength parameters through reproduction of observed landslide displacements and calculating the ratio of driving force to resisting force acting on the sliding surface as modeled by joint elements. This ratio, the “stability index”, shows the same trend as safety factors calculated by a two-dimensional limit equilibrium method and a shear strength reduction method that use back-calculated shear strength parameters estimated from the limit equilibrium state. The results indicate that the stability index may be applicable to the assessment of slope stability.     

有限元法在滑坡稳定性分析中的应用

对比了滑坡稳定性分析的极限平衡法、数值分析法、概率法。而后,介绍了有限元法滑坡稳定性分析基本原理,并应用有限元法对中里滑坡进行了稳定性分析,得出了中里滑坡的主应力图和稳定系数,并将稳定系数与其他方法的结果进行了比较,得出有限元法是一种可靠的分析方法,其结果可应用于后期治理设计。      

降雨条件下土坡饱和-非饱和渗流及稳定性分析

基于非饱和土力学理论,利用有限元法对降雨条件下边坡的饱和-非饱和渗流及稳定性进行了探讨。数值分析表明,雨水入渗使边坡非饱和区土体的基质吸力减小,是导致边坡稳定性降低的主要因素。进而考察了基质吸力的不同取值及裂隙的不同位置对边坡稳定性的影响,结果表明：在降雨初期基质吸力取值越大,得到的边坡安全系数越高,但经过长时间降雨即边坡土体基本达到饱和后,基质吸力的取值不同对边坡安全系数基本上没有影响;裂隙的存在为雨水入渗提供了良好的通道,因而导致边坡稳定性相对于无裂隙状态来说有所降低。降雨初期下游裂隙使边坡稳定性降低较快,但随着降雨历时的增加,即下游土体逐渐变为饱和状态后,边坡的稳定性变化则主要由上游裂隙控制。     

有限元强度折减法计算边坡稳定的对比分析

采用目前边坡稳定性分析比较流行的强度折减法,对比研究了MIDAS/GTS、FLAC、ANSYS配合Drucker-Prager（简称D-P）屈服准则和Mohr-Coulomb（简称M-C）屈服准则时软黏土、硬黏土、弱膨胀土3种工况下计算结果的偏差。软黏土工况下D-P准则和M-C准则计算结果的偏差相对较小,当边坡土体为硬黏土时,采用D-P准则与采用M-C准则计算结果的偏差明显增加。3种软件2种屈服准则下的计算结果都反映出,硬黏土的滑动面比弱膨胀土和软黏土的滑动面浅,而且同等情况下MIDAS计算得到的滑动面比ANSYS计算得到的滑动面浅;坡度较小时FLAC（M-C）计算的安全系数比MIDAS（M-C）计算得到的大,坡度较大时则相反;坡度较小时计算过程中先出现塑性区贯通,后出现计算不收敛;坡度较大时计算过程中先出现计算不收敛,后出现塑性区贯通。坡度较小时计算不收敛时的折减系数与出现塑性区贯通时的折减系数差别较大;坡度较大时这一差别较小,甚至计算到不收敛时塑性区仍未贯通,在用MIDAS计算时这一现象反映得更加明显。     

考虑降雨影响的膨胀土边坡稳定性分析简化法

基于非饱和土一维降雨入渗模型,模拟了膨胀土边坡在降雨入渗条件下的水分运移特征。通过试验,研究了膨胀土抗剪强度随含水量变化的关系,提出了一种考虑降雨入渗影响的膨胀土边坡稳定性分析的简化方法。研究表明,随降雨历时的增加,边坡的安全系数逐渐变小,边坡最危险滑动面有向浅层发展的趋势。这种方法既能避免繁杂的基质吸力测量,同时能够考虑膨胀土的非饱和性,可以基本满足一般中小型工程设计的需要。     

Probabilistic slope stability analysis by a copula-based sampling method

In probabilistic slope stability analysis, the influence of cross correlation of the soil strength parameters, cohesion and internal friction angle, on the reliability index has not been investigated fully. In this paper, an expedient technique is presented for probabilistic slope stability analysis that involves sampling a series of combinations of soil strength parameters through a copula as input to an existing conventional deterministic slope stability program. The approach organises the individual marginal probability density distributions of componential shear strength as a bivariate joint distribution by the copula function to characterise the dependence between shear strengths. The technique can be used to generate an arbitrarily large sample of soil strength parameters. Examples are provided to illustrate the use of the copula-based sampling method to estimate the reliability index of given slopes, and the computed results are compared with the first-order reliability method, considering the correlated random variables. A sensitivity study was conducted to assess the influence of correlational measurements on the reliability index. The approach is simple and can be applied in practice with little effort beyond what is necessary in a conventional analysis.     

融雪入渗条件下边坡渗流计算及稳定性分析

本文利用饱和非饱和渗流有限元方法,参考积雪厚度、温度变化与融雪入渗关系统计资料,对积雪深度、气温变化以及坡度等不同条件进行了边坡融雪入渗渗流计算及稳定性分析。本文条件下计算结果表明:同一坡度下融雪入渗系数和坡面一定范围内的含水量及压力水头随积雪深度增加而增加,积雪深度达1.0m时,融雪入渗垂直影响范围为30.0m,边坡暂态饱和水位升高13m;相同积雪深度条件下,坡度越大,融雪入渗系数越小,坡内压力水头及含水量变化越小,30°边坡融雪入渗垂直影响范围最大为30.0m;同一积雪深度和坡度下,融雪入渗系数及坡面附近压力水头均与气温变化幅度呈正相关关系。根据极限平衡计算,边坡的稳定系数随着融雪过程的持续而降低,积雪深度、边坡坡度或温度变化越大,安全系数降低幅度越大;其中,坡度因子对边坡安全系数的影响最为显著,60°边坡受融雪影响安全系数降幅达9.7%。     

An analytical solution for rainfall infiltration into an unsaturated infinite slope and its application to slope stability analysis

Surficial slope failures in residual soils are common in tropical and subtropical regions as a result of rainfall infiltration. This study develops an analytical solution for simulating rainfall infiltration into an infinite unsaturated soil slope. The analytical solution is based on the general partial differential equation for water flow through unsaturated soils. It can accept soil–water characteristic curve and unsaturated permeability function of the exponential form into account. Numerical simulations are conducted to verify the assumptions of the analytical solution and demonstrate that the proposed analytical solution is acceptable for the coarse soils with low air entry values. The pore‐water pressure (pwp) distributions obtained from the analytical solution can be incorporated into a limit equilibrium method to do infinite slope stability analysis for a rain‐induced shallow slip. The analysis method takes into account the influence of the water content change on unit weight and hence on factor of safety. A series of analytical parametric analyses have been performed using the developed model. The analyses indicate that when the residual soil slope, consisting of a completely decomposed granite layer underlain by a less permeable layer, is subjected to a continuous heavy rainfall, the loss of negative pwp and the reduction in factor of safety were found to be most significant for the shallow soil layer and during the first 12 h. The antecedent and subsequent rainfall intensity, depth of a less permeable layer and slope angle all have a significant influence on the pwp response and hence the slope stability. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非均质土坡降雨入渗的耦合过程及稳定性分析

针对天然土质边坡通常呈现非均质特性这一问题,进行了降雨入渗作用下非均质土坡稳定性分析,考虑了渗流场和应力场之间的耦合作用。以一简化非均质土坡模型为例,对比了耦合和非耦合情况下渗流场的差异,验证耦合的客观性和其必要性;细-粗型和粗-细型土坡的降雨入渗过程可分别分为2个和3个阶段;运用有限元强度折减法,以特征部位位移突变并结合塑性区贯通作为失稳判据,进行了土坡稳定性分析,发现雨水到达土坡土层接触面的时刻即为边坡稳定性突变的时刻;并通过深入分析孔隙水压力分布,揭示了降雨诱发非均质土坡的变形破坏机制。同时,就降雨强度、历时和渗透系数对非均质土坡入渗过程和稳定性的影响进行了大量的计算和分析,发现只有当雨水进入到下层土体时,该层土体渗透系数才会对土坡稳定性产生较大影响。     

An optimal sample selection-based logistic regression model of slope physical resistance against rainfall-induced landslide

Natural Hazards - Due to the insufficient ability of the slope to resist deformation and frequent rainfall, geological disasters often occur on the mountain slopes, especially rainfall-induced...     

Analytical method for analysis of slope stability

An analytical method is presented for analysis of slope stability involving cohesive and non-cohesive soils. Earthquake effects are considered in an approximate manner in terms of seismic coefficient-dependent forces. Two kinds of failure surfaces are considered in this study: a planar failure surface, and a circular failure surface. The proposed method can be viewed as an extension of the method of slices, but it provides a more accurate treatment of the forces because they are represented in an integral form. The factor of safety is obtained by using the minimization technique rather than by a trial and error approach used commonly. The factors of safety obtained by the analytical method are found to be in good agreement with those determined by the local minimum factor-of-safety, Bishop's, and the method of slices. The proposed method is straightforward, easy to use, and less time-consuming in locating the most critical slip surface and calculating the minimum factor of safety for a given slope. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical investigation of rainfall-induced fines migration and its influences on slope stability

Rainfall-infiltration-induced fines migration within soil slopes may alter the local porosity and hydraulic properties of soils, and is known to be a possible cause of the failure of slopes. To investigate the intrinsic mechanisms, a mathematical formulation capable of capturing the main features of the coupled unsaturated seepage and fines migration process has been presented. Within the formulation, an unsaturated erodible soil is treated as a three-phase multi-species porous medium based on mixture theory; mass conservation equations with mass exchange terms together with the rate equations controlling fines erosion and deposition processes are formulated as the governing equations and are solved by the FEM method. The influences of both the fines detachment and deposition on the stability of slopes under rainfall infiltration have been investigated numerically. The results show that depending on whether the fines move out or get captured at pore constrictions, both desired and undesired consequences may arise out of the fines migration phenomenon. It is suggested that more attention should be paid to those slopes susceptible to internal erosion whose safety analysis cannot be predicted by traditional methods.     

降雨型堆积层滑坡特征及稳定性分析

堆积层滑坡是滑坡的一种基本类型,其物质组成、结构等有别于其它类型滑坡。堆积层滑坡失稳绝大多数是由降雨或地下水位的变化而引起的,在降雨诱发堆积层滑坡稳定性分析中,必须考虑渗透力的作用。系统分析了堆积型滑坡发育环境及特征,推导了基于总应力法和有效应力法的可考虑渗透力的传递系数法,采用有效应力法计算滑坡稳定系数时,既要考虑地下水浮力作用,又要考虑地下水流动时的渗透力作用;采用总应力法计算滑坡稳定系数时,仅需考虑地下水流动时的渗透力作用。对一个工程实例进行了深入剖析,验证了考虑渗透力的传递系数法的可靠性。     

滑坡稳定性计算和滑坡稳定性量化评分方法的适用性对比研究——以湖南衡东某风电场公路切坡为例

拟以湖南衡东某风电场公路切坡为例,对比分析了公路切坡稳定性评价常用的两种分析方法,即滑坡稳定性计算和滑坡稳定性量化评分,以具体的工程项目为案例,依据公路切坡引发滑坡的地质环境条件,应用两种方法对该切坡可能形成的滑坡进行了对比分析。研究表明:对于勘查程度较高的大型滑坡稳定性评价,采用滑坡稳定性定量计算方法,结论较为准确;对于勘查程度较低的中小型滑坡稳定性评价,采用滑坡稳定性量化评分法,可减少工作量,结论较为准确;对于为大型且地质环境条件复杂,建议用两种方法相互论证,结论可信度高。     

莫洛村滑坡稳定性的历史地质分析

通过对莫洛村滑坡进行大量的野外地质调查和部分试验,揭示了该滑坡的解体演化规律和发展趋势。根据地层关系、地层变形破坏形迹及地质事件的相互关联性,对该滑坡进行了历史地质综合分析。结果表明,莫洛村滑坡整体是稳定的,但局部存在解体,将以小型滑坡的形式出现,水库蓄水水位的变化对其整体稳定性影响甚微。