全球电动汽车市场及其最新技术进展

与前几年众多国家政府政策支持与企业新品计划发布相比较,2012²013年的全球电动汽车市场遇到了诸多挑战。但随着各类电动汽车的车载电池、车载驱动电机、车载控制、电动汽车充电等技术领域的不断发展,推动着全球电动汽车进发出新的市场增长点。鉴于不同类型新能源汽车的技术差别,介绍了主要应用在纯电动汽车、插电式混合动力汽车、混合动力汽车等领域的技术开发与进展。     

国务院总理温家宝主持召开国务院常务会议讨论通过《节能与新能源汽车产业发展规划（2012～2020年）》

会议指出,加快培育和发展节能与新能源汽车产业,对于缓解能源和环境压力,推动汽车产业转型升级,培育新的经济增长点,具有重要意义。要以纯电驱动为汽车工业转型的主要战略取向,当前重点推进纯电动汽车和插电式混合动力汽车产业化,推广普及非插电式混合动力汽车、节能内燃机汽车,提升我国汽车产业整体技术水平。     

中国国务院办公厅出台“关于加快新能源汽车推广应用的指导意见”

正意见的指导思想是:贯彻落实发展新能源汽车的国家战略,以纯电力驱动为新能源汽车发展的主要战略取向,重点发展纯电动汽车、插电式(含增程式)混合动力汽车和燃料电池汽车,以市场主导和政府扶持相结合,建立稳定的新能源汽车发展政策体系,创造良好发展环境,加快培育市场,促进新能源汽车产业健康快速发展。     

国务院促进新能源汽车推广应用 提六方面政策措施

正据中国电力报2014年7月21日报道:国务院办公厅近日印发《关于加快新能源汽车推广应用的指导意见》(以下简称《意见》),部署进一步加快新能源汽车推广应用,缓解能源和环境压力,促进汽车产业转型升级。《意见》明确,要以纯电驱动为新能源汽车发展的主要战略取向,重点发展纯电动汽车、插电式混合动力汽车和燃料电池汽车,以市场主导和政府扶持相结合,建立长期稳定的新能源汽车发展政策体系,创造良好发展环境,加快培育市场,促进新能源汽车产业健康发展。     

未来新能源汽车从“三化”到“六化”

<正>对于目前我国新能源汽车发展存在的问题,中国电动汽车百人会执行副理事长欧阳明高表示,2016年是纯电动汽车反思年,是全球纯电驱动汽车的转型标志年,2017年将是技术质量提升年。现阶段存在一系列挑战与问题"十三五"新兴产业规划明确提出,"到2020年,实现当年产销200万辆以上,累计产销超过500万辆"。将从六个方面重点发力,一是实现新能源汽车规模应     

新能源汽车的经济性分析——以比亚迪PHEV和BEV为例

以国产新能源汽车-比亚迪为分析对象,分析和比较了传统燃油汽车和插电式混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车的使用及购买总成本。通过建立插电式混合动力汽车成本计算模型,并考虑汽油价格与电价的变化因素,分析插电式混合动力汽车和纯电动汽车经济性的优势与不足。分析结果表明,插电式混合动力汽车具有较鲜明的经济性,适合更广泛的推广应用;纯电动汽车随着电池性能的提高以及车载电池容量的减少,其经济性也将越来越明显。这对我国新能源汽车的研究开发和推广应用具有现实意义。     

基于丰田卡罗拉浅谈对混动汽车的认识

全球石油资源递减、大气环境污染及温室效应的显露,对人类社会与经济的可持续发展带来了不容忽视的影响。汽车领域首当其冲,节能、环保的电动汽车成为我们的理想工具。但是,基于目前电动汽车电池、电机等问题的存在,混合动力汽车(一般是指油电混合动力汽车(Hybrid Electric Vehicle,HEV),即采用传统的内燃机(柴油机或汽油机)和电动机作为动力源)成为过渡期的理想选择。丰田混合动力作为行业先驱,混合动力车型技术成熟。让我们分析采用混联式驱动系统的丰田卡罗拉双擎,从而了解混合动力车型驱动系统与其再生制动两项关键技术的知识。     

钟发平：以结果为导向，平行支持技术路线

目前虽然电池发展尚不如人意,但对于发展新能源汽车,国内企业应尽快停止争论,要赶快进行积累。无论是油电混合动力汽车、插电式混合动力汽车,还是纯电动汽车,如果没有几十万台车的积累期,即使哪一天,电池可以达到纯电动汽车的要求,我们也会失去一次非常宝贵的积累期,所以在宝贵的积累期要让核心技术尽快成熟。     

部委新政

<正>1国务院办公厅印发《关于加快电动汽车充电基础设施建设的指导意见》近日,国务院办公厅印发《关于加快电动汽车充电基础设施建设的指导意见》(以下简称《意见》国办发[2015]73号),部署加快推进电动汽车充电基础设施建设工作。《意见》明确,我国将以纯电驱动为新能源汽车发展的主要战略取向,按照统筹规划、科学布局,适度超前、有序建设,统一标准、通用开放,依托市场、创新机制的原则,力争到2020年基本建成适度超前、车桩相随、智能高效的充     

“十三五”中国将大力发展清洁燃料工程

正中国"十三五"将在交通和建筑领域,大力推进无碳动力驱动和低碳绿色建筑,其中电动汽车和燃料电池技术将获得重大突破。到2020年,全国电动汽车将达到500万辆,同时还要发展天然气汽车和甲烷汽车,预计到2020年,新能源汽     

The fuel cell electric vehicles: The highlight review

Transportation sector is the important sector and consumed the most fossil fuel in the world. Since COVID-19 started in 2019, this sector had become the world connector because every country relies on logistics. The transportation sector does not only deal with the human transportation but also relates to logistics. Research in every country has searched for alternative transportation to replace internal combustion engines using fossil fuel, one of the most prominent choices is fuel cells. Fuel cells can use hydrogen as fuel. Hydrogen can be fed to the fuel cells to provide electric power to drive vehicles, no greenhouse gas emission and no direct combustion required. The fuel cells have been developed widely as the 21st century energy-conservation devices for mobile, stationary, and especially vehicles. The fuel cell electric vehicles using hydrogen as fuel were also called hydrogen fuel cell vehicles or hydrogen electric vehicles. The fuel cells were misconceived by several people that they were batteries, but the fuel cells could provide electric power continuously if their fuel was provided continuously. The batteries could provide electric power as their only capacities, when all ions are released, no power could be provided. Because the fuel cell vehicles play important roles for our future transportation, the overall review for these vehicles is significantly interesting. This overall review can provide general and technical information, variety of readers; vehicle users, manufacturers, and scientists, can perceive and understand the fuel cell vehicles within this review. The readers can realize how important the fuel cell technologies are and support research around the world to drive the fuel cell vehicles to be the leading vehicles in our sustainable developing world.     

Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals: Calculating capacity and net revenue

As the light vehicle fleet moves to electric drive (hybrid, battery, and fuel cell vehicles), an opportunity opens for “vehicle-to-grid” (V2G) power. This article defines the three vehicle types that can produce V2G power, and the power markets they can sell into. V2G only makes sense if the vehicle and power market are matched. For example, V2G appears to be unsuitable for baseload power—the constant round-the-clock electricity supply—because baseload power can be provided more cheaply by large generators, as it is today. Rather, V2G's greatest near-term promise is for quick-response, high-value electric services. These quick-response electric services are purchased to balance constant fluctuations in load and to adapt to unexpected equipment failures; they account for 5–10% of electric cost—$ 12 billion per year in the US. This article develops equations to calculate the capacity for grid power from three types of electric drive vehicles. These equations are applied to evaluate revenue and costs for these vehicles to supply electricity to three electric markets (peak power, spinning reserves, and regulation). The results suggest that the engineering rationale and economic motivation for V2G power are compelling. The societal advantages of developing V2G include an additional revenue stream for cleaner vehicles, increased stability and reliability of the electric grid, lower electric system costs, and eventually, inexpensive storage and backup for renewable electricity.     

Optimal charging of electric drive vehicles in a market environment

With a potential to facilitate the integration of renewable energy into the electricity system, electric drive vehicles may offer a considerable flexibility by allowing for charging and discharging when desired. This paper takes the perspective of an aggregator that manages the electricity market participation of a vehicle fleet and presents a framework for optimizing charging and discharging of the electric drive vehicles, given the driving patterns of the fleet and the variations in market prices of electricity. When the aggregator is a price-taker the optimization can be stated in terms of linear programming whereas a quadratic programming formulation is required when he/she has market power. A Danish case study illustrates the construction of representative driving patterns through clustering of survey data from Western Denmark and the prediction of electricity price variations through regression on prices from the Nordic market. The results show that electric vehicles provide flexibility almost exclusively through charging. Moreover, the vehicles provide flexibility within the day but only limited flexibility from day to day when driving patterns are fixed.     

Electric vehicles charge forward

This article reviews the status of electric vehicles/hybrid electric vehicles (EV/HEVs) worldwide and their state of the art, with emphasis on the engineering philosophy and key technologies. The importance of the integration of technologies of automobile, electric motor drive, electronics, energy storage and controls, and the importance of the integration of society strength from government, industry, research institutions, electric power utilities, and transportation authorities are addressed. The challenged of EV commercialization is discussed. EV is a multidisciplinary subject involving broad and complex aspects. However, it has core technologies; chassis and body technology, propulsion technology, and energy source technology. The electric propulsion system is the heart of the EV. It consists of motor drive, transmission and controller, plus the integration with engine power train in the case of the HEV.     

Models of energy sources for EV and HEV: fuel cells,batteries, ultracapacitors,flywheels and engine-generators

Resulting from a Ph.D. research a Vehicle Simulation Programme (VSP) is proposed and continuously developed. It allows simulating the behaviour of electric, hybrid, fuel cell and internal combustion vehicles while driving any reference cycle [Simulation software for comparison and design of electric, hybrid electric and internal combustion vehicles with respect to energy, emissions and performances, Ph.D. Thesis, Department Electrical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium, April 2000]. The goal of the simulation programme is to study power flows in vehicle drive trains and the corresponding component losses, as well as to compare different drive train topologies. This comparison can be realised for energy consumption and emissions as well as for performances (acceleration, range, maximum slope, etc.).The software package and its validation are described in [J. Automot. Eng., SAE IEE 215 (9) (2001) 1043L]. Different hybrid and electric drive trains are implemented in the software [Views on hybrid drive train power management strategies, in: Proceedings of the EVS-17, Montreal, Canada, October 2000]. The models used for the energy sources like fuel cells, batteries, ultracapacitors, flywheels and engine-generator units will be discussed in this paper in three stages: first their functionality and characteristics are described, next the way these characteristics can be implemented in a simulation model will be explained and finally some calculation results will illustrate the approach.This paper is aimed to give an overview of simulation models of energy sources for battery, hybrid and fuel cell electric vehicles. Innovative is the extreme modularity and exchangeability of different components functioning as energy sources. The unique iteration algorithm of the simulation programme allows to accurately simulate drive train maximum performances as well as all kind of power management strategies in different types of hybrid drive trains [IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., submitted for publication].     

关于鼓励发展低速电动汽车的建议

发展电动汽车是实现绿色交通的重要措施之一。我国目前鼓励发展高速电动汽车,但从实际销售情况看,低速电动汽车占据明显的市场优势。当前高速电动汽车的质量无法与传统燃油汽车相比,充换电站数量少且投资高,充电时间长。世界许多国家都对低速电动汽车持积极扶持的态度,制定了相关政策和配套制度,并取得了一定的积极效果。我国对低速电动汽车的政策不明朗,目前处于灰色地带,业内反对发展低速电动汽车的理由是目前在车速、质量和管理等方面都不达标,铅酸电池存在污染问题等,而这些问题都可以在短期内得到解决。我国应该对低速电动汽车实行适度补贴和税收优惠,完善生产企业资质管理,加强生产标准及市场准入制度研究,扭转管理不规范的局面,强化质量及安全监督体制,规范低速电动汽车的交通管理,对电动汽车实行分类管理。     

汽车行业萧条为推广环保混合动力车提供契机

日本在城市高速公路不断完善,汽车大众化进程使汽车保有量快速增长的同时,民众对控制汽车尾气排放的呼声也日益高涨,1978年日本国内开始实施相当于马斯基法（Muskie Act）的汽车尾气排放控制方案。上世纪70年代石油在日本一次能源供应量中大约占70％,为了降低对石油的依赖程度,日本加快了核能、天然气、煤炭等石油替代能源的发展。2007年日本运输部门所消耗的能源占耗能总量的23．3％,其中98％是汽油等石油燃料,为此日本汽车制造商开始进行环保车（主要为电动车）的研发。目前,在汽车行业总体销量同比下跌20％的情况下,日本汽车制造商乘环保车减税之际．加紧研发燃料电动车、电动车和插电式混合动力车以及新型的清洁柴油车。建议中国在开发环保车时要注意从生命周期评价来分析对环境的影响,同时借鉴日本和欧美制定优惠政策的经验。     

High-rate,valve-regulated lead–acid batteries — suitable for hybrid electric vehicles?

The possibility of replacing, with electric drive systems, at least some of the internal-combustion engines currently employed in road vehicles is being actively pursued by all the world's major automobile manufacturing companies. Minimum on-road emissions would be achieved by the adoption of pure electric vehicles, but the somewhat limited range available between charges of the batteries has led to a serious evaluation of hybrid electric vehicles as an acceptable compromise. In hybrids, a small internal-combustion engine, operated at high efficiency, will consume less fuel and produce less emissions than would a regular internal-combustion engine, and will allow considerable range extension over the pure electric vehicle. Eventually, an electric system which employs a fuel cell may become affordable. It is likely that all three systems — the pure electric, the hybrid electric, and the fuel cell system — will require battery support, particularly to provide boost power for acceleration and hill climbing. Although more expensive battery systems are being vigorously developed in pursuit of greater range per charge, the benchmark against which these systems are compared remains the valve-regulated lead–acid (VRLA) battery.     

Design of a hybrid electric fuel cell power train for an urban bus

With the requirements for reducing emissions and improving fuel economy, new markets have become attractive for automotive companies that are developing electric, hybrid, and plug-in vehicles using new technologies candidates to be implemented in the next generations of vehicles. Most of all, hybrid vehicles are attracting interest due to great potential to achieve higher fuel economy and a longer range with respect to pure electric mode but often this solution is not petroleum free. Within a national project CNR TAE Institute is involved in the development of a zero emission hybrid electric city bus based on PEM fuel cell technology able to increase the range at least 30% with respect to the same vehicle in pure electric configuration. Design, control and preliminary results are reported in this paper.     

Experimental assessment of energy-management strategies in fuel-cell propulsion systems

The limitations of electric vehicles equipped with electrochemical batteries justify strong research interest for new solutions, based on hydrogen fuel-cell technology that are able to improve vehicle range, and reduce battery recharging time, while maintaining the crucial advantages of high efficiency and local zero emissions. The best working of a fuel-cell propulsion system, in terms of optimum efficiency and performance, is based on specific strategies of energy management, that are designed to regulate the power flows between the fuel cells, electric energy-storage systems and electric drive during the vehicle mission. An experimental study has been carried out on a small-size electric propulsion system based on a 2.5-kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack and a 2.5-kW electric drive. The fuel-cell system has been integrated into a powertrain comprising a dc–dc converter, a lead–acid battery pack, and brushless electric drive. The experiments are conducted on a test bench that is able to simulate the vehicle behaviour and road characteristics on specific driving cycles. The experimental runs are carried out on the European R40 driving cycle using different energy-management procedures and both dynamic performance and energy consumption are evaluated.