山东海区大型海藻抗肿瘤及免疫活性

对山东海区大型海藻进行系统采集，采用SRB法测定了40种海藻甲醇提取物对A-549人肺腺癌细胞生长抑制率，MTT法测定了对HL-60人白血病细胞生长抑制率；并且测定了样品对T、B淋巴细胞的免疫活性和细胞毒性。结果表明：异枝凹项藻、细枝软骨藻、鸭毛藻、绳藻、叉开网翼藻具有较好的抗A-549肿瘤细胞活性，鸭毛藻、异管藻和网地藻具有较好的抗HL-60肿瘤细胞活性；金膜藻、萱藻、绳藻、小粘膜藻和酸藻具有较好的免疫生物活性。     

海藻提取物环氧加酶-2 抑制活性研究

系统采集中国沿海10种代表性海藻,进行有效成分提取与粗分;利用昆虫杆状病毒表达系统克隆人COX-2基因,并在昆虫Spodoptera frugiperda(sf9)细胞中表达获得COX-2蛋白;以花生四烯酸为底物,通过测定前列腺素PGE2的生成浓度,测定海藻不同部位对COX-2酶的抑制活性.结果表明,萱藻(Scytosiphon lomentarius)乙醇提取物、鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)和刺松藻(Codium fragile)乙酸乙酯相、松节藻(Rhodomela conferroides)正丁醇相表现出良好的COX-2酶抑制活性(质量浓度为10μg/mL时,抑制率大于50%).首次对上述海藻进行COX-2酶抑制活性研究,其中萱藻乙醇提取物、鼠尾藻和刺松藻乙酸乙酯相、松节藻正丁醇相表现出良好的COX-2抑制活性.     

中国经济海藻提取物生物活性

分别采用MTT法、双碟法、酶标法、光度法和增重法测定了广西涠洲岛、广东硇洲岛、山东青岛和威海沿岸具有代表性的大型海藻提取物的抗肿瘤、抗菌、免疫、抗炎、抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶和抗氧化的活性。结果表明，鸭毛藻、松节藻、小粘膜藻和点叶藻的甲醇提取物具有选择性细胞毒活性；酸藻水相、鸭毛藻的乙酸乙酯相有较强的抗菌活性；金膜藻、网地藻、石莼和萱藻的甲醇提取物有较好的免疫抑制活性；三叉仙菜、龙须菜、海萝、绳藻和小粘膜藻的甲醇提取物有较好的免疫增强活性；细枝软骨藻、粗枝软骨藻和绳藻的甲醇提取物有显著的抗炎活性；松节藻、肠浒苔和扁江蓠的脂溶性提取物能有效地抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶的活性；褐藻多酚具有明显的抗氧化活性。     

海藻提取物抗炎活性的筛选

分属绿藻门、红藻门、褐藻门的海藻样品于2000年采于山东青岛和威海沿海，首次采用人白细胞弹性蛋白酶体外筛选技术对39种海藻样品的甲醇提取物进行了抗炎活性筛选，以期从海藻中寻找天然抗类风湿性关节炎等炎症性疾病的药物活性前体。结果表明，18种海藻（7种褐藻，11种红藻）对HLE有抑制活性，而绿藻缺乏抗HLE活性。这18种海藻中，7种表现出较强的抑制活性，分别为：鸭毛藻、海头红、江蓠、细枝软骨藻、粗枝软骨藻、小粘膜藻和绳藻，其中尤以绳藻的抑制活性最强（在浓度为25μg/ml时可达98．9％）。     

西沙群岛网地藻科的研究

西沙群岛的网地藻科。迄今只见樊恭炬等在“金银岛及其附近几个岛礁的海藻名录”一文中报道5种,该文中的暗黑圈扇藻 Zonaria nigrescens Sonder实际上是匍扇藻 Lobophora variegate (Lamx.) Womersley的同物异名,应予撤销。因此,有效记录只是4种,即:叉开网地藻 Dictyota divaricata Lamx,脆弱网地藻 Dictyota friabilis Setch,南方团扇藻 Padina australis Hauck 和匍扇藻。 我们研究了中国科学院海洋研究所1957-1980年先后五次对西沙群岛进行海洋植物区系调查时采得的大量网地藻科标本,在本文报道12种其中有一个新种:西沙团扇藻 Padina xishaensis sp.nov,七种新记录:匍匐网翼藻 Dictyopteris repens (Okam.) Boerg.，鹿角网地藻 Dictyota cervicornis Kuetz.,刺叉网地藻 D. patens J.Ag,波利团扇藻 Padina boryana Thivy.,小团扇藻 P. minor Yamada,琼斯团扇藻 P. jonesii Tsuda和棕叶藻 Stypopodium zonale (Lamx.) Papenfuss。其中鹿角网地藻、琼氏团扇藻和棕叶藻是中国新记录。 研究用的标本,包括新种的模式标本都存于中国科学院海洋研究所植物标本室。     

海藻乙醇提取物抗菌活性的研究

分属绿藻门、红藻门、褐藻门的海藻样品于 2 0 0 0年 5月采于山东青岛和威海附近沿海 ,将海藻样品的乙醇提取物进行薄层层析分离和抗大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌活性测定。结果表明 ,抗大肠杆菌活性较强的海藻样品有 :鸭毛藻、酸藻、松节藻和孔石莼的水相 ;抗金黄色葡萄球菌活性较强的提取物有 :鸭毛藻、海黍子、松节藻、小粘膜藻的乙酸乙酯相以及酸藻的水相。从不同门类海藻的抗菌活性看 ,褐藻最强 ,红藻次之 ,而绿藻活性最弱。薄层层析分离得到 1 6个层析带具有抗金黄色葡萄球菌活性 ,1 1个层析带具有的抗大肠杆菌性。其中褐藻门的酸藻、海黍子的 3个层析带具有很强的抗金黄色葡萄球菌活性 ,酸藻的 2个层析带也能强烈地抑制大肠杆菌的生长。在同样的实验条件下 ,对常见抗生素进行的对照实验表明 ,这 5条层析带的活性比常见的抗生素高。     

5种南海海藻醇提取物活性初步研究

海藻是海洋生物代谢产物的主要来源之一,能产生丰富多样的生物活性物质.为了更好地利用中国南海的海藻资源,分别对采自中国湛江硇洲岛的1种绿藻基根硬毛藻Chaetomorpha basiretorsa Setchell和4种红藻刺状鱼栖苔Acantophora spicififera (Vahl) Boerg、三列凹顶藻Laurencia tristicha Tseng, Chang et Xia、紫杉状海门冬Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan、鸡毛菜Pterocladia tenuis Okam进行了生物活性研究,分别对细胞毒活性(KB、Bel-7402、PC-3M、Ketr3和MCF-7)、Na~+,K~+-ATPase抑制活性以及犬血管平滑肌细胞增殖抑制活性进行了筛选,部分海藻提取物表现出一定的生理活性.     

海藻组分抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性研究

采用乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂活性筛选模型对采自青岛沿海的22种海藻样品提取物的石油醚组分和乙酸乙酯组分进行了活性筛选.结果表明,22种海藻的石油醚组分均具有不同程度的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性,其中亮管藻、海头红、鸭毛藻和孔石莼表现出较强的活性,在浓度为50μg/ml时的抑制率均大于50.0%,分别为50.5%、55.5%、56.6%和65.8%;其他大部分海藻的抑制率在30.1%到48.9%之间.与石油醚组分不同的是,只有少数海藻的乙酸乙酯组分表现出乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性,其中鸭毛藻的活性最为显著,在浓度为25μg/ml时抑制率高达71.8%;孔石莼的乙酸乙酯组分也具有较强的抑制活性;其余海藻的乙酸乙酯组分对乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制活性较弱,有些不仅没有活性,反而表现出不同程度的增强作用.     

大型海藻无性系微球体构建和反应器培养研究

利用大型海藻细胞的全能性获得了蜈蚣藻(Grateloupia filicina)、多管藻(Polysiphonia urceolata)和孔石莼(Ulva pertusa Kjellm)的无性系材料,在此基础上分别构建了绒球状微球体、网状微球体和簇生状微球体3种微球体形式,这种微球体形式适合于大型海藻的生物反应器高密度...     

海洋褐藻叉开网翼藻中的单萜成分研究

为了研究中国沿海海藻中的活性化学成分, 利用正相硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20 柱色谱、反相HPLC 及重结晶等手段, 从采自青岛的褐藻叉开网翼藻(Dictyopteris divaricata Okam.)中首次分离得到了6 个单萜类化合物, 经红外波谱(IR), 质谱(MS)及核磁共振波谱(¹H NMR、¹³C NMR)等现代波谱技术鉴定为loliolide (1), isololiolide (2), 3β-hydroxy-5α,6α-epoxy-7-megastigmen-9-one (3), dehydrovomifoliol(4), (3R)-4-[(2R,4S)-2-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexylidene]-3-buten-2-oneiol (5), (3R)-4-[(2R,4S)-4-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexylidene]-3-buten-2-one (6)。并通过MTT 法对所得化合物进行细胞毒活性筛选, 通过比色法进行乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性筛选。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.