上海地区移动型雷暴阵风锋特征统计分析

文章利用常规天气资料、双多普勒雷达资料、GFS 3 km分辨率分析场资料以及地面自动站资料等,统计分析了上海地区2009-2014年共18次移动型雷暴产生的阵风锋的个例,包括天气背景、温湿环境特征以及阵风锋在雷达图上的特征等。根据阵风锋生成的时段以及与其母体雷暴的相互作用和影响,将移动型雷暴产生的阵风锋分为两类:(1)一类出现在雷暴发展、成熟阶段,阵风锋通常与雷暴保持一定的距离同向运动,出现阵风锋的雷暴主体通常伴有高悬的后侧人流急流,生命史长达2h以上;(2)另一类出现在雷暴的减弱消亡阶段,出现后即逐渐远离雷暴,出现阵风锋的雷暴主体通常伴有从雷暴系统后侧倾斜向下正好到达雷暴前侧阵风锋处的后侧人流急流。阵风锋出现后,逐渐远离雷暴运动,大部分阵风锋(12个个例)出现在雷暴移动方向的前侧,与雷暴移动同向,少数阵风锋(4个个例)出现在雷暴移动方向的异侧,与雷暴移动不同向。统计分析结果表明:第一类阵风锋一方面与雷暴同向移动,不断将其前侧低层的暖湿空气抬升,并沿着阵风锋输送到雷暴中去;另一方面,由于较强的垂直风切变和较强的对流有效位能对后侧人流急流高度的维持起到了关键作用,高悬的后侧人流急流和垂直风切变共同产生的正涡度和冷池产生的负涡度平衡,有利于维持雷暴的发展传播。因此,阵风锋后侧的雷暴持续稳定的发展,并在其后侧可观测到雷暴的新生。第二类阵风锋生成后即逐渐远离雷暴主体,仅以孤立波的形式传播,受经过的环境的影响,其后侧的干冷气流的性质逐渐减弱。与雷暴同向运动的阵风锋切断了暖湿气流向雷暴的输送,不利于雷暴的发展;同时在弱-中等切变和弱-中等对流有效位能的环境中,从雷暴后侧向前侧倾斜向下的后侧人流急流和冷池共同产生的负涡度强于垂直风切变产生的正涡度,强冷池前沿的上升气流向后倾斜,不利于新对流单体的发展,雷暴大都在阵风锋出现2h内消亡。     

2009年早春南方地区一次高架雷暴天气过程的机理分析

利用常规气象观测资料、6.7μm卫星水汽图像和TBB、闪电定位资料以及NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料,对2009年3月3日南方地区一次高架雷暴天气过程进行诊断研究。结果表明,该过程主要影响系统是中低层低槽、低涡切变线、西南低空急流、南北支西风急流。低空急流造成暖湿气流输送和高空急流造成冷平流侵入是对流触发机制。近地层为层结稳定的"冷空气垫",位势不稳定出现在低空急流与中高层干冷气流之间,并因急流中的下沉运动得以加强;西南暖湿气流与其北部干冷气流在中低层形成湿斜压锋区,西南气流的下沉支和北方下沉气流汇合在近地层形成的东北风回流与上部西南风生成锋面次级环流圈及中高层上升气流与北支急流中的下沉气流耦合形成次级正环流圈有利于倾斜上升运动的发展;低空急流的强暖平流和水汽通量辐合、北支急流入口区右侧的强辐散和南支急流北侧的辐合均加强了中尺度上升运动。湿层浅薄、上下干层较为深厚、强垂直风切变、低层逆温、-20~0℃过冷水层气流强上升运动等有利于雷暴天气的发生。雷电和冰雹出现在TBB、低空急流风速、θse、水汽通量以及300 h Pa散度等值线密集区附近。     

陕西中南部一次秋季强雷暴天气过程分析

利用常规气象资料、自动气象站资料、FY-2E卫星资料以及AMDAR(Aircraft Mete-orological Data Relay)资料,分析了2010年10月19日陕西中南部地区发生的强雷暴天气过程的成因及其影响。认为此次雷暴过程主要是由于高空冷槽过境触发低层大气不稳定能量释放造成的。受雷暴下沉辐散气流的影响,咸阳机场风向风速发生剧烈变化。雷暴云团形成后向东南移动过程中受秦岭地形强迫抬升作用,在秦岭北麓的武功、户县和长安附近强烈发展,造成冰雹和短时强降水天气。强烈发展的雷暴云右后部存在下沉辐散气流中心,强天气出现在该区域。此外,在AMDAR探测资料分析中发现,雷暴云体风廓线在特定高度层存在较强垂直风切变。航空气象服务人员可利用卫星雷达资料,结合K指数、沙氏指数以及特定层假相当位温差等热力学指数判断和发布机场雷暴特别是秋季强雷暴天气预警。     

强雷暴天气的闪电和雷达回波特征个例分析

利用粤港澳闪电定位系统、广州多普勒天气雷达和自动气象站等资料,分析了2017年6月2日发生在广州市中北部的一次强雷暴天气过程的地闪变化特征及闪电与雷达回波特征的关系.(1)本次强雷暴天气是华南一起典型的以西南急流和切变线为环流背景的强对流天气过程.在整个雷暴生命史中以负地闪为主,占69.3％;正闪在雷暴发展的初始和结束...     

辽宁境内高铁沿线不良气象条件时空分布特征

本文对影响辽宁境内高速铁路安全的1982—2012年辽宁省低温、积雪、暴雨、雾、大风、雷暴及冰雹等不良气象条件的时空分布特征进行了分析。结果表明:除辽东半岛和环渤海地区为寒冷区外,辽宁省大部地区为高寒地区。1982—2012年辽宁省1月积雪日数最多,长达13 d;最大积雪深度为50 cm以上,主要出现在辽宁省中北部地区、东部山区及营口地区;辽宁省暴雨主要集中出现在5—6月,月平均暴雨发生次数为0.2次以上,其中辽西地区和东部山区年平均暴雨日数较多,约为2d;近30 a辽宁省年平均雷暴发生次数为5.0—7.0次,6—8月为雷暴高发时段,辽宁省中北部及朝阳地区为雷暴高发区,年平均雷暴发生次数为30.0次以上,其他地区年平均雷暴发生次数为21.0—30.0次。根据不良气象条件对高铁运营时段和路段影响的差异性特点,划分了气象服务关键期和关键路段,并提出了辽宁省高铁气象服务的发展方向。     

2004年初春武汉机场临近的两次强雷暴天气过程分析

使用常规地面和高空原始报文资料,采用最优插值法,对2004年4月29日出现在武汉天河机场临近的两次强雷暴天气过程进行了客观诊断分析。结果表明:两次强雷暴天气,前一次为典型的飑线天气过程,后一次为超级雷暴单体天气过程;高空槽、冷锋、中尺度低值系统是当天两次强雷暴天气的触发机制;低空深厚湿层(水汽丰富)、高低空存在急流强风带对当日飑线天气的形成和发展较为有利,强的不稳定层结、强的环境风垂直切变以及上层干、下层湿的湿度层结对当天超级雷暴单体的形成和发展十分有利。     

2013年冬季长江中下游地区一次高架雷暴过程的成因分析

综合应用常规观测资料、再分析资料、多普勒雷达探测资料等多源数据,分析了2013年2月发生在长江中下游地区一次高架雷暴过程的形成机制。结果表明,此类高架雷暴过程发生在冷锋后部对流稳定的环境大气中,其主要形成过程为：首先气块在地形强迫和锋面抬升作用下产生垂直运动,由于对流稳定环境大气的抑制,气块只能到达较低的中性浮力高度并产生与环境大气之间的绝对地转动量差（ΔM）,在ΔM调整机制作用下自低层抬升的气块将产生沿等熵面的惯性加速度从而加强了倾斜运动,当暖湿气流沿锋面爬升至约700进一步加强,并在此过程中产生对称不稳定并通过反馈机制促进倾斜运动的进一步发展。在地形强迫和锋面抬升的基础上,ΔM调整与对称不稳定的共同作用使得冷锋后部锋区上空产生旺盛的倾斜运动,倾斜运动的持续发展使对流得到组织化,产生带状的对流云和降水带,最终形成了雷暴等强对流天气。总之,在对流稳定的环境大气条件下,由于地形强迫和锋面抬升、ΔM调整、辐合切变线和高低空急流耦合以及对称不稳定等机制的联合作用激发了倾斜对流运动的强烈发展,使倾斜对流有效位能大量累积并释放,最终形成了此次冬季高架雷暴天气过程。     

基于雷达、卫星资料对河南省一次雷暴过程的地闪演变分析

利用地闪探测系统资料、多普勒雷达资料和卫星云图资料,分析了河南省一次雷暴过程的地闪特征及其与云体结构的关系,结果表明:在雷暴整个生命史中负地闪占据主导地位,占总地闪的99.5%;地闪平均强度与地闪频次存在负相关关系;初次地闪出现时雷暴强度迅速增强;40 d BZ强回波顶高、6 km高度50 dBZ强回波面积以及5 km高度之上50 dBZ强回波体积与地闪频次存在明显的正相关关系,在整个雷暴过程中的相关系数分别为0.80、0.91和0.93,而在雷暴不同发展阶段3种雷达参量与地闪频次的相关性有不同的变化趋势;地闪一般分布在6 km高度雷达回波≥40 dBZ、云顶亮温≤200 K的区域,有助于识别强对流区。     

闪电宽带电场三维定位及其回波特征

利用自制闪电宽带电场三维定位系统, 分析了山东地区一次雷暴过程闪电三维时空结构。结果表明, 在云内击穿放电整个时间序列中, 辐射源空间分布（对应强电场区分布）呈现明显的三极性分层电荷结构, 并分布在3个高度层次： 6~8 km为上部正电荷区, 4~6 km为中部负电荷, 2.5~4 km为下部次正电荷区。云内放电首先出现在中部负电荷区, 然后产生向上发展的负流光进入上部正电荷区传输, 形成向上发展的云闪; 随着雷暴发展, 产生向下发展的负流光进入下部次正电荷区, 形成向下发展的云闪, 且能维持到雷暴发展后期。结合雷达回波分析表明, 雷达回波的强度影响着闪电活动, 强回波区的增加会使得强电场区域增加, 但是强电场区域并不与最强回波区域对应, 除下部正电荷区的底部会有部分辐射源出现在回波强度为40~50 dBz的区域中以外, 大多数的辐射源出现在25~35 dBz的中等回波区范围内, 强回波区域中通常较少出现击穿放电。     

雷暴单体所产生降水的预报

在夏季 ,人们常遇到”雷声大雨点稀”、”只刮风不下雨”这样的天气。出现这种局地天气 ,绝大部分是雷暴单体造成的。所以 ,掌握雷暴单体结构、地面流场和降水特征 ,有助于对夏季局地天气的预报。1　雷暴单体的结构及地面流场雷暴单体自西向东移动时 ,云体前部是上升区 ,对应地面为低压辐合运动区 ;云体中后部是下沉运动区 ,对应地面为高压辐散运动区。由于局地雷暴为中小尺度 ,不考虑地转偏向力的影响 ,因而空气水平运动方向基本和气压梯度力一致 ,在云体前部 ,由四周向低压中心辐合 ,在云体后部 ,有小高压中心向外辐散。云体前部的小低压 …     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.