硅藻土的节能熔烧

硅藻土助滤剂被广泛地用于各工业部门。它通常被分为三种不同的类型,即天然硅藻土、煅烧硅藻土和熔剂煅烧硅藻土。天然硅藻土是将采出的硅藻土原矿干燥、破碎、气流分级或筛分成具有一定粒度的硅藻土颗粒。煅烧级硅藻土是把原矿干燥、破碎、然后在980℃至1315℃的温度下煅烧,使硅藻土颗粒产生一定程度的收缩、硬化并聚集成较大的团粒。熔剂煅烧即是在煅烧之前在硅藻土粉中添加某种助熔剂,如碳酸钠,以改善硅藻土的过滤性质。 为了得到满意的煅烧级硅藻土助滤剂,     

5种硅藻土的性质测定及其对钒催化剂活性的影响

利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪和全自动比表面分析仪等测定吉林硅藻土、赛利特硅藻土、内蒙古硅藻土、临江硅藻土和长白硅藻土等5种硅藻土的物理及化学性质,并探究了以其为载体的5种S108钒催化剂活性。实验结果表明微孔孔径较大、杂质含量较少的吉林硅藻土是较为优良的钒催化剂载体。     

改性硅藻土吸附处理含磷废水的研究

以硅藻土为原料,利用铁尾矿的酸浸液对其进行改性,制备了改性硅藻土,利用XRD、XRF对改性硅藻土进行了表征,并研究了改性硅藻土对废水中磷的吸附行为。结果表明,改性硅藻土的物相组成、化学组成及含量均发生了改变;改性硅藻土对磷的吸附效果好于硅藻土原土;20 min为吸附平衡时间;对于50 m L 5mg/L的含磷废水,改性硅藻土投加量1.2 g,磷去除率可达81.08%;酸性环境有利于磷的吸附;温度对改性硅藻土吸附磷影响较小;改性硅藻土对磷的吸附行为较符合Freundlich吸附等温式,且为优惠吸附。     

硅藻土基光催化复合材料研究进展

介绍了硅藻土结构及物理和化学性质,综述了现阶段国内外通过溶胶-凝胶法、溶剂热法、液相沉积法制备硅藻土基光催化复合材料的研究进展;对硅藻土光催化机理、硅藻土金属氧化物复合催化机理及硅藻土石墨烯复合催化机理进行了介绍,并综述了硅藻土光催化复合材料在降解印染污染物、甲醛和处理重金属离子废水领域的应用,提出了硅藻土基光催化复合材料现阶段发展存在的问题与今后的研究方向。     

硅藻土的处理工艺与性能影响研究

采用不同处理工艺路线对硅藻土原土进行处理,即对硅藻土进行先期酸洗及后期焙烧过程进行提纯,得到硅藻土的适宜酸种类、适宜浓度及适宜的焙烧温度。研究了加入粘接剂的硅藻土吸附性能。通过扫描电镜对处理前后的硅藻土分别进行表征,通过紫外分光光度法测定处理后的硅藻土的吸附性能。     

聚丙烯/硅藻土复合材料性能研究

采用铝酸酯偶联剂对硅藻土进行表面改性,以不同含量的硅藻土与聚丙烯(PP)熔融共混,并加入一定量NaCl,制备PP/硅藻土复合材料,研究铝酸酯偶联剂对硅藻土的改性效果,分析不同硅藻土含量对PP/硅藻土复合材料的组织形貌及吸声系数和压缩性能的影响。结果表明,铝酸酯偶联剂对硅藻土改性效果明显,随着硅藻土含量的增加,复合材料的吸声性能和压缩强度逐渐增大,并在硅藻土含量为30份时吸声系数最佳,最大达0.68;硅藻土含量为40份时压缩强度达到12.66MPa;随着NaCl含量的增加吸声系数有一定改善,当NaCl含量为PP的20%时吸声系数最大达0.78。     

改性硅藻土处理含磷废水的试验研究

以硅藻土及硝酸铁为原料,制备了改性硅藻土,并进行了改性硅藻土吸附模拟含磷废水的试验研究。结果表明,改性硅藻土对磷的吸附率远高于硅藻土原土;60 min为吸附平衡时间;对于100 m L 5 mg/L的模拟含磷废水,投加改性硅藻土0.6 g,磷去除率超过90%;酸性环境有利于磷的吸附;温度对改性硅藻土吸附磷影响不大;改性硅藻土对磷的吸附行为较符合Langmuir吸附等温式。     

金属/硅藻土吸附亮蓝染料废水研究

以硅藻土为载体,Ni、Fe、Cu为活性组分,采取等体积浸渍法,制备了5%Cu、5%Fe和5%Ni金属/硅藻土吸附剂,以亮蓝染料为模型化合物,对金属/硅藻土吸附处理染料废水进行了研究。结果表明,金属/硅藻土对亮蓝有较高的吸附能力,明显高于纯硅藻土。初次使用时,5%Fe/硅藻土和5%Ni/硅藻土具有较高的吸附能力;再生后使用时,5%Ni/硅藻土的吸附能力最高,亮蓝初始浓度50×10-6下,5%Ni/硅藻土对亮蓝的吸附率仍高达33.1%,远远高于纯硅藻土的0.3%。     

改性硅藻土吸附处理含磷废水的研究

以硅藻土为原料,利用铁尾矿的酸浸液对其进行改性,制备了改性硅藻土,利用XRD、XRF对改性硅藻土进行了表征,并研究了改性硅藻土对废水中磷的吸附行为。结果表明,改性硅藻土的物相组成、化学组成及含量均发生了改变;改性硅藻土对磷的吸附效果好于硅藻土原土;20 min为吸附平衡时间;对于50 m L 5mg/L的含磷废水,改性硅藻土投加量1.2 g,磷去除率可达81.08%;酸性环境有利于磷的吸附;温度对改性硅藻土吸附磷影响较小;改性硅藻土对磷的吸附行为较符合Freundlich吸附等温式,且为优惠吸附。     

硅藻土改性沥青材料性能研究

为确定硅藻土对于沥青材料性能的改善效果,优选硅藻土微粉材料,全面测试硅藻土微粉的各项物化性能,借助一定的处理手段对硅藻土微粉进行表面处理和优化改性,在此基础上,制备硅藻土改性沥青,系统研究硅藻土掺量对沥青材料高温、低温等路用性能的影响规律,并借助微观研究手段对硅藻土在沥青中的微观形貌进行合理表征。研究结果发现,硅藻土材料能够改善沥青材料的高温性能,但对于低温性能改善效果有限,同时,其在沥青中分布均匀,未出现团状聚集态分布。     

Preparation and surface-active properties of the sodium soaps,mono- and diethanolamides and diol and triol sulfates of cycloaliphatic C21 Di- and C22 Tricarboxylic acids

Cycloaliphatic C₂₁ di- and C₂₂ tricarboxylic acids were prepared by the Diels-Alder reaction of dehydrated castor oil (DCO) fatty acids (containing 48% conjugated and 42% nonconjugated dienes) with acrylic and fumaric acids, respectively. The reaction temperature, time, catalyst concentration, and mole ratio of reactants were varied to get maximum yields of the di- and tricarboxylic acids. The unreacted DCO fatty acids were removed from the products by partition between aqueous methanol and n-hexane. The products were converted to methyl esters and characterized as the substituted cyclohexene derivatives before and after dehydrogenation with Pd/C in xylene, hydrogenation with Pd/C in decalin and oxidation with periodate-permanganate reagent and by mass and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. The acids were converted to sodium soaps, mono- and diethanolamides and the corresponding diol and triol sulfates, and the resulting products were evaluated for their surface-active properties. The sodium soaps showed better calcium tolerance and poorer foaming power than sodium oleate. The diethanolamides were inferior to lauroyl diethanolamide in wetting and emulsifying power. The monoethanolamides were better than the respective diethanolamides and lauroyl diethanolamide in wetting property. The diol and triol sulfates were poorer in wetting and emulsifying ability and better in calcium tolerance than sodium lauryl sulfate.     

民用工业中复合材料桁架的应用和发展

本文叙述了复合材料桁架的构造、分类和计算方法,突出了复合材料桁架的优越性能和在民用工业中的应用前景;在分析大量文献资料的基础上阐述复合材料桁架杆件的多种加工工艺,并比较不同截面形式对杆件性能的影响;探讨复合材料杆件的破坏机理和分析方法,介绍节点的类型和各自的特点,提出节点及连接部位存在的关键问题;根据国内外复合材料桁架的研究和应用现状,阐述了复合材料桁架的性能和不同的设计方法,总结归纳影响复合材料桁架性能的关键因素和设计中存在的一些问题,并提出改进杆件设计、节点设计和优化复合材料桁架的建议。     

熟料岩相试样制作方法及典型岩相特征的形成原因

熟料的岩相分析有助于熟料质量的判断及生产过程控制调整。根据多年实践经验,总结了手工和机械磨制岩相试样的方法及注意事项,并对几种熟料岩相特征(孔洞、游离氧化钙、A矿包裹B矿和f-Ca O、晶体尺寸不均和矿巢)进行了举例和形成原因分析。     

Enzymes-Assisted Extraction of Plants for Sustainable and Functional Applications

The scientific community and industrial companies have discovered significant enzyme applications to plant material. This rise imparts to changing consumers’ demands while searching for ‘clean label’ food products, boosting the immune system, uprising resistance to bacterial and fungal diseases, and climate change challenges. First, enzymes were used for enhancing production yield with mild and not hazardous applications. However, enzyme specificity, activity, plant origin and characteristics, ratio, and extraction conditions differ depending on the goal. As a result, researchers have gained interest in enzymes’ ability to cleave specific bonds of macroelements and release bioactive compounds by enhancing value and creating novel derivatives in plant extracts. The extract is enriched with reducing sugars, phenolic content, and peptides by disrupting lignocellulose and releasing compounds from the cell wall and cytosolic. Nonetheless, depolymerizing carbohydrates and using specific enzymes form and release various saccharides lengths. The latest studies show that oligosaccharides released and formed by enzymes have a high potential to be slowly digestible starches (SDS) and possibly be labeled as prebiotics. Additionally, they excel in new technological, organoleptic, and physicochemical properties. Released novel derivatives and phenolic compounds have a significant role in human and animal health and gut-microbiota interactions, affecting many metabolic pathways. The latest studies have contributed to enzyme-modified extracts and products used for functional, fermented products development and sustainable processes: in particular, nanocellulose, nanocrystals, nanoparticles green synthesis with drug delivery, wound healing, and antimicrobial properties. Even so, enzymes’ incorporation into processes has limitations and is regulated by national and international levels.     

Effects of Extraction Temperature and Preservation Method on Functionality of Soy Protein

The effects of extraction temperature and preservation method on the functional properties of soy protein isolate (SPI) were determined. Four extraction temperatures (25, 40, 60, and 80 °C) were used to produce SPI and yields of solids and protein contents were determined. Three preservation methods were also tested (spray-drying, freeze-drying, and freezing–thawing) and compared to fresh (undried) samples for each extraction temperature. No differences in yields of solids and protein were observed among SPIs extracted at 25, 40, and 60 °C; however, SPI extracted at 80 °C yielded significantly less solids and protein. Extraction temperature significantly affected SPI functionality. As extraction temperature increased, solubility and emulsification capacity decreased; surface hydrophobicities, emulsification activities and stabilities, and dynamic viscosities increased; and foaming properties improved. Preservation method also significantly affected SPI functionality. Drying method did not affect the denaturation enthalpies of SPIs, but spray-dried SPIs had higher solubilities, surface hydrophobicities, and emulsification stabilities, and lower viscosities, emulsification activities and rates of foaming than freeze-dried SPI exhibited. Emulsification and foaming capacities and foaming stabilities were similar for both methods of drying. There was significant interaction between extraction temperature and preservation method for all functional properties except emulsification capacity.     

Role of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) carbohydrates in resistance to budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis)

The current year's growth of Douglas fir contains galactose, unusual in that this carbohydrate makes up 78.7% of the total carbohydrate fraction. An agar diet study was undertaken to determine the effects of galactose, other carbohydrates, and terpenes on western spruce budworm larval mortality, growth rate, and adult biomas production. All concentrations of the carbohydrates and terpenes tested, as well as other mineral elements not tested, were typical of the current year's foliage of Douglas fir. In experiment I, the diet containing 5.61% total carbohydrate did not significantly affect larval mortality when compared to the control diet. However, diets containing 9.45% and 15% total carbohydrate concentrations significantly increased larval mortality 64% and 96.1%, respectively, when compared to the control. Also in experiment I, terpenes alone (78.9% morality) and terpenes in combination with 9.45% and 15% total carbohydrates significantly increased larval mortality (97.2% and 100%, respectively) when compared to mortality on the control diet (44%). To determine which carbohydrate was causing the adverse effect, 6% glucose, 6% fructose, and 6% galactose were placed individually and in combination with terpenes in diets in experiment II. The 6% galactose diet significantly increased larval mortality and reduced growth rate when compared to the control, glucose, and fructose diets. Glucose resulted in 16% less larval mortality, significantly enhanced female larval growth rate and pupal weight, but did not affect male larval growth rate and pupal weight, when compared to the control. Fructose resulted in a significant decrease in larval mortality and a general trend of enhanced female and male larval growth rate and pupal weight. Larval mortality on terpenes alone was not significantly different from the control, but terpenes with 6% galactose increased larval mortality and decreased female and male growth rate and pupal weight significantly when compared to glucose-terpene and fructose-terpene diets. No significant interactions were found between carbohydrates and terpenes in either experiment.     

COMBINED INNOVATIVE HEAT PUMP DRYING TECHNOLOGIES AND NEW COLD EXTRUSION TECHNIQUES FOR PRODUCTION OF INSTANT FOODS

There is an increased demand for convenient foods including ready-to-eat and instant products. These products are desired with minimum concentration of synthetic chemicals. This creates challenges for the food industry and dryers manufactures to develop new technologies to process difficult-sensitive materials and to supply final products with high quality and improved properties. Fruits and vegetables are mainly composed of water, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Due to modification of chemical and physical bonds the compounds the material becomes viscous and sticky during processing. Conventional dryers have limitations in handling such sensitive materials. Heat pump dryers have been applied in the production of a diversity of ready-to-eat foods and dried instant products for the last five years at SINTEF-NTNU. Besides being energetically efficient and environmentally friendly, the heat pump drying technology provides a wide range of drying conditions as required to produce powders with improved characteristics. This work describes the new technologies and processing line for the production of instant foods as well as the measurements on the properties and quality attributes for raw, intermediate and final instant products.     

Environment and colour: The technological interface

Technology and colour are viewed as interfaces between the environment, humans and human activity. Examples are provided of ways of facilitating and improving access to and use of colours by commercial users of colour coatings through improvements in the accuracy of measuring and displaying colour. By analogy, the task of providing effective interfaces within the coatings industry, between the coatings industry and the environment and between the coatings industry and the public and political domain are discussed. Examples of information shortfalls are cited to illustrate how distortions arise. Examples of more effective, integrated technological, organisational and political interfacing are culled from the author's experiences.     

毒死蜱、联苯菊酯在室内和室外土壤中的消解动态及土壤化学屏障研究

[目的]探讨毒死蜱和联苯菊酯在室内外土壤中的消解动态,并预测2种农药作为土壤化学屏障防治白蚁的有效期。[方法]采用气相色谱法测定不同时期土壤中毒死蜱和联苯菊酯的残留量并采用土壤穿透法测定2种农药在土壤中的生物活性。[结果]毒死蜱在室内和室外的半衰期分别为51.3、39.5 d,联苯菊酯在室内和室外的半衰期分别为31.3、44.5 d。毒死蜱和联苯菊酯抗白蚁穿透的最低有效质量分数分别为6.15、5.78 mg/kg,并结合消解动态方程预测出毒死蜱和联苯菊酯作为土壤化学屏障中有效成分的有效期在室内分别为195、29.1 d,在室外则分别为158.4、56.1 d。[结论]得到的白蚁防治有效期结果较好,为白蚁的化学防治提供理论依据。     

工业纯锆产品的性能和应用

1前言锆(Zirconium)的元素符号为Zr,位于元素周期表中第IV-B族元素,银白色金属。它具有熔点高、密度适中、良好的强度和塑性匹配,而且热中子吸收