河北省棉铃虫（Helicoverpa armigera Huebner）种群数量的气象综合预报方法的研究

为了客观地反映棉铃虫种群数量变化与气候背景的关系规律,创建了棉铃虫气象多时段综合因子的因子组建方法;建立了贡献度权重修正的气象距离指标方法和模型;匹配以传统的多元回归模型,进行棉铃虫种群数量的气象监测和预报;将其自然生物潜能和气象条件影响相结合,建立了棉铃虫灾害的生物气象定量综合预报模型,在棉铃虫发生的气象条件评价和发生程度预测预报应用中,趋势准确率达到93％。     

用性信息素预测棉铃虫发生期的可靠性

利用棉铃虫（Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｖｅｒｉｐａ ａｍｉｇｅｒａ）性信息素诱蛾,预测下一代棉铃虫的卵高峰,幼虫孵化高峰,通过田间调查印证是准确的,它比黑光诱蛾以及田间调查方法简便,省工省时,指导化学农药防治时间准确,经济效益明显。可为棉铃虫发生期预测预报增添一种新的有效方法。     

河北省棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera Hübner)种群数量的气象综合预报方法的研究

为了客观地反映棉铃虫种群数量变化与气候背景的关系规律,创建了棉铃虫气象多时段综合因子的因子组建方法;建立了贡献度权重修正的气象距离指标方法和模型;匹配以传统的多元回归模型,进行棉铃虫种群数量的气象监测和预报;将其自身生物潜能和气象条件影响相结合,建立了棉铃虫灾害的生物气象定量综合预报模型.在棉铃虫发生的气象条件评价和发生程度预测预报应用中,趋势准确率达到93%.     

采用判别分析预报稻瘿蚊主害代的发生趋势

稻瘿蚊Oresollacryzae（Wood-Mason）是闽西晚稻的重要害虫之一,其主害代（第4代）的发生趋势,与早稻后期田间标葱率、6月下旬至7月中旬的降雨量、降雨天数息息相关。本文在参考文献[1]的数据基础上,充分利用上述信息,采用多元统计分析中的判别分析方法[2],对武平县晚稻主害代精瘿蚊的发生趋势作出预报。1判别分析法设有六个P维母体民,G1,…,G,分别取n;,n。,…,n”观测值,n－n;＋n,＋…＋n。。其中外一（X＼”,X＼’,…,X”’）设X’‘’,S’‘’分别为民的样本均值和样本协方差,X为总体样本均值。1．l判别系数向…     

30年来我国棉铃虫预测预报的进展

在棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera（Huber）综合治理中,预测预报具有十分重要的作用。我国的棉铃虫预测预报事业,长期以来受到国家和各级政府的重视,拨出专款支持其发展。可为全国和各生态区的棉铃虫治理,提供重要的虫情和信息资料。1我国棉铃虫预测预报体系农业部设农作物病虫测报站,负责全国主要农作物病虫测报和测报管理工作。1980～1992年,农业部在全国重点棉区设立了37个棉铃虫区域性测报站。1992年后,扩大至70多个。连同各省、地、县设立的一般性棉铃虫测报站,以及在县级以下设立的乡、镇、村的棉铃虫测报点、查虫员,形成了一个…     

棉铃虫大发生的几个特点和控制对策

棉铃虫Heliolhisarmigera（Hubner）是北方棉区的重要害虫。几十年来我国广大昆虫学者对棉铃虫的生物学特性、预测预报和综合治理等方面,都做了大量研究工作,并取得了显著成绩。在常发生年,能基本掌握其发生动向,并进行有效的防治。但1992～1993两年,棉铃虫在北方棉区大暴发,来势之猛。数量之六,为害之重,履历史罕见。这两年之中,出现的一些新问题和新特点,是一般年份不易发现的,很有必要进行深入研究。同时针对在防治中存在的问题,应明确一些当前的重要控制措施,和制定一个长远的全面控制棉铃虫的对策。本文拟就下述几个问题…     

北方特早熟棉区(辽宁)棉铃虫的发生特点

同全国各地一样,棉铃虫HeliocoverpaarmigeraHubner也是北方特早熟棉区棉花的重要害虫,一般年份损失在10％左右,严重年份达30％,甚至绝收。尤其是近些年来,发生更为猖獗,其不仅危害棉花,同时加害高粱、玉米、番茄、大豆、茄子、谷子等等,成为一杂食性害虫[1～5]。1992年辽宁省棉铃虫发生面积达130万hm2,其中棉花3万hm2,损失50％以上,高粱,玉米受害面积达100万hm2,损失超过20％,损失惨重,时至今日农民仍“谈虫色变”。辽宁省地处北纬38。43′～43。26′,东经118。53′～125。46′,是典型的北方特早熟棉区,有悠久的植棉历…     

黑龙江大兴安岭地区森林害虫发生面积与气象因子的关系

对黑龙江大兴安岭地区6个气象台站的气象资料进行整理和分析,从中筛选出影响虫害发生面积的7个气象因子,并分别对其做相关分析,研究了气象因子对种群数量的影响,模拟虫害发生面积预测方程.结果表明:与虫害发生面积密切相关的因子有年积温(≥10℃)、年降水量和干燥度;虫害发生面积同三者的Pearson相关系数分别为0.701、-0.814和0.937;通过分析极端气候现象对虫害面积的影响,发现春季阴雨和虫害面积存在显著的正相关关系,冬冻和春寒对虫害发生面积并没有直接的影响.     

土施L-蛋氨酸、L-苯基丙氨酸、L-色氨酸对玉米生长和养分吸收的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了3种植物生长调节剂前体物质对玉米生长发育和养分吸收的影响,并确定了其适宜用量.结果表明,土施L蛋氨酸(L-MET)、L-苯基丙氨酸(L-PHE)和L-色氨酸(L-TRP)能不同程度地增加玉米株高、地上部和地下部干重,提高玉米根系活力、体内硝酸还原酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,促进玉米对氮、磷、钾、锌养分的吸收.在所有供试浓度中,以土施L-MET0.0185～0.185mg·kg^-1、L-PHE0.2mg·kg^-1和L-TRP0.03～0.3mg·kg^-1效果最佳,而且L-PHE和L-TRP对玉米生长的促进作用和提高养分的吸收能力均优于L-MET.     

Similar attractiveness of maize volatiles induced by Helicoverpa armigera and Pseudaletia separata to the generalist parasitoid Campoletis chlorideae

Campoletis chlorideae Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a major larval endoparasitoid of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), also attacks many other noctuid caterpillars. We investigated the attractiveness of H. armigera‐ and Pseudaletia separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)‐infested maize [Zea mays L. (Poaceae)] plants to C. chlorideae, and analyzed the volatiles emitted from infested plants and undamaged plants. Considering the reported specific induction of plant volatiles by elicitors in the caterpillar regurgitant, we also tested the response of the parasitoid to mechanically damaged plants treated with caterpillar regurgitant or water and measured the volatiles released by these plants. In wind‐tunnel bioassays, C. chlorideae was strongly attracted to herbivore‐induced maize volatiles. Mechanically damaged plants, whether they were treated with caterpillar regurgitant or water, were more attractive to the parasitoid than undamaged plants. The parasitoid did not distinguish between maize seedlings infested by the two noctuid insects, nor did they show a difference in attraction to mechanically damaged plants treated with caterpillar regurgitant or water. Coupled gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC‐MS) analysis revealed that 15 compounds were commonly emitted by herbivore‐infested and mechanically damaged maize plants, whereas only two compounds were released in minor amounts from undamaged plants. Infestation by H. armigera specifically induced four terpenoids, β‐pinene, β‐myrcene, D‐limonene, and (E)‐nerolidol, which were not induced by infestation of P. separata and mechanical damage, plus caterpillar regurgitant or water. Two compounds, geranyl acetate and β‐sesquiphellandrene, were also induced by the infestation of H. armigera, but not by the infestation of P. separata. All treated maize plants released volatiles in significantly larger total amounts than did undamaged plants. Maize plants infested by H. armigera emitted greater amounts of volatiles than plants infested by P. separata. The treatment with caterpillar regurgitant resulted in larger amounts of volatile emission than the treatment with water did in mechanically damaged plants. The amounts of emissions of individual compounds were also different between differently treated plants.     

Non-destructive stereological method for estimating the length of rigid root systems

A non-destructive method of total vertical projections for estimating the length of rigid root systems, not introduced yet in plant sciences, is described. It is demonstrated on measuring less and more dense root systems of seedlings of Zea mays grown at hypoxic or control conditions. Photographs of six vertical projections (30° apart) of each root system were taken and evaluated. The method being based on proved mathematical formula offers unbiased estimation of the length of a rigid root system, curved in three-dimensional space, by non-destructive means. Thus, it is applicable during ongoing experimentation on plants grown in a solution culture. It was shown that less than 120 intersections between the root projection and test lines in one photograph ensured sufficient precision of the method and that the observer subjectivity could be overcome by presented instructions. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of Potassium, and Abscisic and Indole-3-Acetic Acids, on Maize Root Xylem Exudation and Potassium Efflux

The influence of potassium sulfate, abscisic acid (ABA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) solutions on xylem exudation rate and potassium efflux from the apical cut end of root tips of intact maize (Zea mays L. cv. Dnepropetrovskaya) seedlings was studied. Foliar application of 5 mM K₂SO₄ considerably stimulated the exudation rate. The application of ABA and IAA (1 mM) also induced a high rate of xylem exudation, K⁺ efflux being simultaneously increased. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Empirical evidence of a convection–diffusion model for pH patterns in the rhizospheres of root tips

A recently formulated convection–diffusion model predicted that root growth plus diffusion of protons in the neighbouring soil would lead to particular pH patterns around the moving root tip. To test the predictions of this theory, pH was measured at differing radial distances from the root surface after 24 h of growth in a medium with low diffusivity (sandy soil) and after a shorter period (55 min of growth) in a medium with high diffusivity (agar). In agreement with the theory, the growth zone was found to influence the pH of the soil for distances less than 1 mm from the root surface (even after many hours) and the pH of the agar for a distance of at least 5 mm (after only 1 h). The axial pattern of pH along the surface of soil‐grown Zea mays L. root tips was found to be the same for roots growing at different rates under different temperatures (2·23  mm h^?1 at 26 °C or 1·27 mm h^?1 at 20 °C). Thus, the plant can synchronize proton flux with growth to maintain a particular surface pH pattern within the growth zone. This implies that root tips growing at different rates in response to different temperatures can carry the same microenvironment of pH through a homogeneous soil.     

Impact of soil salinity on the plant-growth – promoting and biological control abilities of root associated bacteria

The effectiveness of plant growth – promoting bacteria is variable under different biotic and abiotic conditions. Abiotic factors may negatively affect the beneficial properties and efficiency of the introduced PGPR inoculants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of plant growth – promoting rhizobacteria on plant growth and on the control of foot and root rot of tomatoes caused by Fusarium solani under different soil salinity conditions. Among the five tested strains, only Pseudomonas chlororaphis TSAU13, and Pseudomonas extremorientalis TSAU20 were able to stimulate plant growth and act as biological controls of foot and root rot disease of tomato. The soil salinity did not negatively affect the beneficial impacts of these strains, as they were able to colonize and survive on the roots of tomato plants under both saline and non-saline soil conditions. The improved plant height and fruit yield of tomato was also observed for plants inoculated with P. extremorientalis TSAU20. Our results indicated that, saline condition is not crucial factor in obtaining good performance with respect to the plant growth stimulating and biocontrol abilities of PGPR strains. The bacterial inoculant also enhanced antioxidant enzymes activities thereby preventing ROS induced oxidative damage in plants, and the proline concentrations in plant tissue that play an important role in plant stress tolerance.     

Efficiency of the first steps of sulfate utilization by maize hybrids in relation to their productivity

The genetic variability of the efficiency of the first steps of sulfate utilization and its correlation with productivity were evaluated in nine maize hybrids. ³⁵SO₄²⁻ uptake by excised roots, uptake by intact plant roots, translocation to leaves, and ATP sulfurylase in leaves were taken into account. Uptake rate by roots of intact plants did not show any pulse within 7 to 12 days from emergence, in contrast with the previously observed behaviour of excised roots during root elongation. The uptake rate of intact plants was positively correlated with that of excised roots, but the variability within the nine genotypes tested was less. Productivity was positively correlated with sulfate uptake by both intact plant and excised roots, the level of significance being higher in the first case. Translocation to leaves and ATP sulfurylase activity were not correlated to productivity. Therefore, in the case of sulfate, the grain yield of commonly cultivated maize hybrids appeared to be controlled more by the root uptake step than by the activation and translocation steps.