Acute septic cholecystitis in patients with burn injuries

Acute cholecystitis continues to be a life-threatening complication in patients after trauma. In an 18-month period we have recognized and treated five patients with burn injuries who had acute cholecystitis. They ranged in age from 13 to 40 years. Four of the five patients had positive blood cultures and all five patients had positive bile cultures. The diagnosis was made on the basis of unexplained sepsis and an abnormal sonogram or hepatobiliary scan. Four patients underwent cholecystectomy and one patient underwent a cholecystostomy. Four patients survived and were discharged from the hospital. All five patients were receiving nutritional support. Factors such as prolonged fasting, dehydration, narcotic administration, and sepsis have been suggested as contributing factors in the development of acute cholecystitis. Acute cholecystitis is a serious complication in such patients and must be considered and treated promptly. Serial ultrasound studies have been helpful in managing patients suspected of having acute septic cholecystitis.     

Epstein–Barr virus-associated acute cholecystitis in a teenager

A 14-year-old girl was admitted to hospital with fever, headache, sore throat and abdominal pain. Her blood lymphocyte count and inflammatory markers were raised. Acute Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection was suspected and confirmed serologically and by measuring the viral load. On day 7, she developed jaundice with abnormal liver function tests. An abdominal ultrasound scan revealed thickening of the gallbladder and bile duct walls without calculi suggesting acute acalculous cholecystitis. The patient improved slowly with symptomatic treatment, and a repeat ultrasound scan six months later was normal. Acalculous cholecystitis is a rare complication of EBV infection and usually has a good prognosis.     

Acute acalculous cholecystitis

Acute acalculous cholecystitis occurs infrequently, but the incidence seems to be increasing. Its attendant high associated morbidity and mortality dictate prompt diagnosis. Diagnosing this condition is often difficult because of the patient's debilitated medical condition and the limitations of biliary imaging techniques. During a 5-year study period (1981 through 1986), 20 patients underwent assessment and treatment for acute acalculous cholecystitis at our institution. This observation suggests an increase in incidence in comparison with a previously reported review of 28 such patients during a 16-year period at our institution. Initial treatment consisted of cholecystectomy in 18 patients, and percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy was successfully used in the other 2 patients. The postoperative mortality and morbidity for these 20 patients were 30% and 55%, respectively. Percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy should be explored further as a treatment option for acute acalculous cholecystitis.     

Acute Reversible Renal Failure in Patients with Acute Cholecystitis and Cholangitis

Although acute renal failure is a well recognized complicationof several extra-hepatic biliary tract diseases especially biliarytract surgery in the presence of obstructive jaundice, thereis little information concerning renal failure in acute cholecystitis.Renal function was assessed in 14 patients with acute cholecystitisand two with acute cholangitis. Six patients had no evidenceof renal impairment, four had modest elevations of plasma ureaand creatinine concentrations and six had acute reversible renalfailure of whom three required peritoneal dialysis. Only onepatient was hypovolaemic and in the remainder there was evidencethat intravascular coagulation was responsible for the renalfailure. It is suggested that bacteraemia was the initiatingfactor. The therapeutic implications of these findings are discussed. ^*Present address: Wessex Regional Renal Unit, St. Mary's GeneralHospital, Portsmouth     

老年人急性胆管炎CA19—9升高的临床意义

目的 探讨老年人急性胆管炎CA19-9升高的临床意义。方法 放免法检测45例老年人胆道良性疾病病人血清CA19-9水平,将其分为三组:(1)慢性胆囊炎胆囊结石18例;(2)急性胆囊炎13例;(3)急性胆管炎14例。结果 12例急性胆管炎病人CA19-9有不同程度升高(85.7％),正常值为低于30ku/L,最高值达500ku/L;而急性胆囊炎病人中仅1例升高(7.7％),慢性胆囊炎胆囊结石病人中无1例升高。结论CA19-9本身并不完全是肿瘤标志物。老年人急性胆管炎也可致血清CA19-9升高,随着病情的好转其值降为正常。临床上发现老年病人血清CA19-9升高时,应先排除急性胆管炎所致。     

Hepatobiliary scanning in hemobilia-induced acute cholecystitis

Radionuclide scanning of the hepatobiliary tree is highly accurate for the detection of patients with acute cholecystitis. Hemobilia, a rare complication of percutaneous liver biopsy, may result in blood clots within the biliary canaliculi. Such clots, like gallstones, may occlude the ducts and produce a clinical syndrome indistinguishable from acute cholecystitis. A patient with acute cholecystitis resulting from hemobilia following percutaneous biopsy of the liver is described. The diagnosis of acute cholecystitis secondary to blood clots was made with technetium^99mTc Iprofenin (Pipida [Sn]) scintigraphy. The patient was treated conservatively, and follow-up Pipida scan 6 weeks later demonstrated normal hepatobiliary function.     

Point-of-care ultrasound diagnosis of pediatric cholecystitis in the ED

Objective

The diagnosis of cholecystitis or biliary tract disease in children and adolescents is an uncommon occurrence in the emergency department and other acute care settings. Misdiagnosis and delays in diagnosing children with cholecystitis or biliary tract disease of up to months and years have been reported in the literature. We discuss the technique and potential utility of point-of-care ultrasound evaluation in a series of pediatric patients with suspected cholecystitis or biliary tract disease.

Methods

We present a nonconsecutive case series of pediatric and adolescent patients with abdominal pain diagnosed with cholecystitis or biliary tract disease using point-of-care ultrasound. The published sonographic criteria is 3 mm or less for the upper limits of normal gallbladder wall thickness and is 3 mm or less for normal common bile duct diameter (measured from inner wall to inner wall) in children. Measurements above these limits were considered abnormal, in addition to the sonographic presence of gallstones, pericholecystic fluid, and a sonographic Murphy's sign.

Results

Point-of care ultrasound screening detected 13 female pediatric patients with cholecystitis or biliary tract disease when the authors were on duty over a 5-year period. Diagnoses were confirmed by radiology imaging or at surgery and surgical pathology.

Conclusions

Point-of-care ultrasound to detect pediatric cholecystitis or biliary tract disease may help avoid misdiagnosis or delays in diagnosis in children with abdominal pain.     

超声引导经皮胆囊穿刺置管引流术在老年急性胆囊炎中的应用

目的　探讨超声引导经皮胆囊穿刺置管引流术 (PGCD)在老年人急性胆囊炎中的应用价值。方法　回顾性分析了超声引导下PGCD在 1组 16例老年人急性胆囊炎中的应用的临床资料 ,并与同期 18例接受了胆囊切除术和 8例手术胆囊造瘘术的急性胆囊炎老年患者的资料相比较。结果　胆囊切除术组和胆囊造瘘术组的手术并发症率和死亡率以及平均住院天数分别为 38.9%、12 .5 %和 11.1%、12 .5 %以及 2 2 .4天与 32 .0天 ,而PGCD组的并发症率和死亡率均为 0 ,平均住院 16 .3天 ,其中胆囊切除术组和胆囊造瘘术组的手术并发症率和平均住院天数明显高于PGCD组 ,P <0 .0 5。结论　超声引导下PGCD是治疗老年人急性胆囊炎的有效、安全和简便的方法。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗老年急性结石性胆囊炎的体会

目的:评价腹腔镜胆囊切除术(Laparoscopic cholecystectomy,简称LC)治疗老年急性结石性胆囊炎的效果。方法:2006年～2008年对我院56例老年急性结石性胆囊炎患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,术后对其疗效进行评价。结果:对56例66岁～91岁、发病时间在48小时内的老年性急性结石性胆囊炎患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,术后随访3月以上,均恢复良好,未发生不良反应。结论:老年结石性胆囊炎急性发作,发病在48小时内如及时就诊,合理治疗合并症,老年人均可耐受LC,手术成功的关键在于术前准备充分,治疗合理、及时,术中操作仔细、认真,术后严密观察病情,积极对症治疗合并症、处理并发症,均可取得良好的效果。     

Diagnosis of gallbladder perforation in acute acalculous cholecystitis in critically ill patients

In the presence of ascites ultrasound is not appropriate to distinguish between gallbladder perforation and acute acalculous cholecystitis. However, the correct and early diagnosis of gallbladder perforation is important for the treatment and prognosis. We report 4 critically ill patients with ascites. All patients had evidence of gallbladder perforation by ultrasound and underwent cholecystectomy: 2 patients had gallbladder perforation, but 2 had acalculous cholecystitis without perforation. markedly elevated serum alkaline phosphatase was the only discriminating finding indicating gallbladder perforation.     

超声引导自动肾活检并发症多因素分析

目的　分析评价超声引导自动肾活检并发症的独立因素。方法　通过流行病学方法 ,将 5 11例自动肾活检( 18G)患者进行单因素、多因素非条件Logistic回归分析。 结果　 5 11例自动肾活检患者出现并发症 3 8例 ( 7.44 % ) ,均为轻微并发症 ;高血压、急性肾功不全的并发症发生率明显较高 (分别为 17.92 % ,2 9.17% ) ,而肾病综合征并发症的发病率明显较低 ( 5 .77% ) (P <0 .0 1,其OR分别为 1.0 5 5～ 3 .683 ,1.92 0～ 14 .80 3 ,0 .2 0 5～ 0 .868)。结论　在诸多因素中 ,急性肾功不全、高血压 (舒张压≥ 95mmHg)、肾病综合征是影响自动肾活检并发症的独立因素 ;而且急性肾功不全合并高血压对并发症的发生有相加作用 (P <0 .0 1)。     

Computed tomography as an adjunct to ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute acalculous cholecystitis

The sonographic and computed tomographic (CT) findings were reviewed in 17 patients with acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) over a 6-year period from 1984 to 1989. Of the six patients in whom both ultrasound and CT were performed, CT revealed marked gallbladder (GB) wall abnormalities, including perforation, and pericholecystic fluid collections in five patients not demonstrated by sonography. Of the total group, five patients had GB wall thicknesses of 3 mm (normal) at pathologic examination, which demonstrated a spectrum of disease ranging from acute hemorrhagic/necrotizing, to gangrenous acalculous cholecystitis with perforation. Sonography was falsely negative or significantly underestimated the severity of AAC in seven of the 13 patients examined by sonography. CT because of its superior ability to assess pericholecystic inflammation may provide additional diagnostic information even after a thorough sonographic study in cases of AAC.     

中青年急性非结石性胆囊炎48例保守治疗效果分析

目的探讨中青年急性非结石性胆囊炎保守治疗方法及效果。方法回顾性分析48例非结石性胆囊炎中青年患者的临床资料。结果经保守治疗治愈32例，有效15例，死亡1例，治疗有效率为97．9％。结论中青年急性非结石性胆囊炎保守治疗效果确切。     

误诊为急性结石性胆囊炎31例病例分析

目的 分析、总结其他疾病误诊为急性结石性胆囊炎的原因,积累经验.方法 对2000年7月至2012 年5月收治的31例临床误诊为急性结石性胆囊炎病例进行回顾性分析、总结.结果 31例患者均因原有胆囊结石而误诊为急性结石性胆囊炎.误诊疾病的最终诊断为:急性心肌梗死6例(19.35%),带状疱疹5例(16.13%),胆囊癌4例(12.9%),高位阑尾炎3例(9.68%),胰腺炎2例(6.45%),肺炎2例(6.45%),结肠肿瘤2例(6.45%),上消化道穿孔2例(6.45%),右肾结石2例(6.45%),主动脉夹层1例(3.22%),胸膜炎1例(3.22%),胆道蛔虫1例(3.22%).结论询问病史不详细、查体不仔细、缺少对相关疾病鉴别诊断的知识和经验、发现胆囊结石而忽略其它疾病诊断是造成误诊的主要原因.     

Acute kidney injury classification: AKIN and RIFLE criteria in critical patients

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious complication in critically ill patients. The mortality rate remains high despite improved renal replacement techniques. A possible cause of the high mortality rate is that intensive care unit patients tend to be older and more debilitated than before. Pathophysiological factors associated with AKI are also implicated in the failure of other organs, indicating that AKI is often part of a multiple organ failure syndrome. Until recently, there was a lack of consensus as to the best definition, characterization, and evaluation of acute renal failure. This lack of a standard definition has been a major impediment to progress in clinical and basic research. The introduction of the risk, injury, failure, loss, and end-stage kidney disease criteria and the modified version proposed by the Acute Kidney Injury Network have increased the conceptual understanding of AKI syndrome, and these criteria have been successfully tested in clinical studies. This article reviews current findings concerning the application of these criteria for assessing epidemiology and predicting outcome in specific homogeneous critically ill patient groups.     

Postoperative acute acalculous cholecystitis — An assessment of diagnostic procedures

Two cases with postoperative acute acalculous cholecystitis diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography are described. This rare postoperative complication is briefly reviewed. The mortality from this complication is high because the diagnosis is often missed. Use of diagnostic tools such as ultrasonography and CT increases the possibilities of reaching a correct diagnosis and therefore improves the prognosis.     

Ultrasound in postoperative acalculous cholecystitis

Eleven patients were examined by ultrasound before undergoing cholecystectomy (n=9) or cholecystostomy (n=2) for acalculous cholecystitis after abdominal surgery. The ultrasound images were analyzed retrospectively and compared with the surgical and histologic findings. The results indicate several established ultrasound criteria of cholecystitis to be less reliable than usual. Although 10 of 11 patients were on parenteral hyperalimentation, gross distention of the gallbladder was observed in only 3. In 4 of 7 patients, in whom pericholecystic fluid was observed, no gallbladder perforation was found at surgery. However, thickening of the gallbladder wall was displayed in 10 of 11 cases, combined with a sonolucent intramural layer in 6. Furthermore, intraluminal nonshadowing echogenic densities correlated with empyema or hemorrhage in 5 of 8 cases. In conclusion, despite several limitations, ultrasound can be of considerable help when one is deciding to perform repeat laparotomy when acalculous cholecystitis is suspected.     

恶性梗阻性黄疸患者ERCP术后并发急性胆囊炎的危险因素分析及护理干预

目的探讨恶性梗阻性黄疸患者经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术(ERCP)术后并发急性胆囊炎的危险因素及护理干预策略。方法选取2016年1月至2019年6月我院收治的恶性梗阻性黄疸进行ERCP手术患者76例,其中并发急性胆囊炎16例,采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析导致恶性梗阻性黄疸患者ERCP术后并发急性胆囊炎的危险因素。结果单因素分析结果表明,年龄、合并糖尿病、合并高血压、ERCP既往史、操作时间≥30 min是影响恶性梗阻性黄疸患者ERCP术后并发急性胆囊的危险因素(P<0.05);多因素logistic回归分析表明,年龄、ERCP既往病史是恶性梗阻性黄疸患者ERCP术后急性胆囊炎的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论导致恶性梗阻性黄疸患者ERCP术后并发急性胆囊炎的危险因素为年龄、ERCP的既往史,虽然其他因素不是术后发生急性胆囊炎的独立危险因素,但是采取一定的护理干预有助于减少术后急性胆囊炎的发生率。     

Role of99mTc-IDA cholescintigraphy in evaluating biliary tract disorders

Technetium-99m IDA cholescintigraphy has provided a new, noninvasive means of visualizing biliary tract function. It has become the procedure of choice in patients with suspected acute cholecystitis because of its ability to most accurately detect functional obstruction or patency of the cystic duct as opposed to ultrasound's ability to detect only anatomic changes such as the presence of calculi or a thickened gallbladder wall. These latter findings are more important in establishing the diagnosis of chronic cholecystitis where ultrasound shares a position of prime importance with the oral cholecystogram. Tc-99m IDA cholescintigraphy has also been particularly useful in evaluating bile leaks, biliary-enteric anastomosis patency and the post-cholecystectomy patient with recurrent pain. In the patient with cholestasis, ultrasound is usually the procedure of choice since it establishes whether or not ductal dilatation is present and frequently can determine the cause of obstruction. Cholescintigraphy has played an ancillary role in many cases by demonstrating the level of partial obstruction, but it does not have the anatomic resolution to visualize the cause of obstruction. Occasionally, in the evaluation of cholestasis, cholescintigraphy has proven to be the only modality which has identified the presence of acute common duct obstruction or localized intrahepatic ductal obstruction. All in all, Tc-99m IDA cholescintigraphy has had a dramatic impact upon hepatobiliary diagnosis.     

Association of clinical and laboratory variables with ultrasound findings in right upper quadrant abdominal pain

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine how laboratory values and physical examination findings correlate with ultrasound findings in the setting of right upper quadrant pain. METHODS: Patients undergoing emergent ultrasound for the evaluation of biliary disease between November 1999 and April 2000 were included. Physical examination findings, laboratory data, and ultrasound results were variables. Logistic regression was performed. Ultrasound diagnosis of acute cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, and normal biliary tract were end points. One hundred seventy-seven patients were enrolled. RESULTS: Forty-two percent were diagnosed with acute cholecystitis, 30.5% with cholelithiasis, and 27.1% with normal biliary tract. Alkaline phosphatase, Murphy sign, white blood cell count, and total bilirubin were statistically significant predictors of acute cholecystitis. A Murphy sign was defined as arrest of inspiration with pressure over the right upper quadrant. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from this study allow clinicians to apply objective significance to laboratory data and physical examination findings in patients with suspected gallstone disease. The data can be applied to create a predictive model.