CD44s和CD44v6在宫颈鳞癌中表达及其临床意义

目的：探讨宫颈鳞癌中CD44s和CD44v6的表达及其与临床病理资料的关系。方法：应用免疫组化EnVision两步法对31例宫颈鳞标本中CD44s和CD44v6蛋白表达并进行分析。结果：肿瘤原发灶中CD44s阳性表达率为61．3％（19／31）。CD44v6阳性表达率为93．5％（29／31）,CD44v6阳性率高于CD44s,CD44s阳性表达与临床分期,病理分级和分类无关（P＞0．05）,CD44v6阳性表达与肿瘤细胞分化程度无关,但与浸润程度及分期有关（P＜0．05）,结论：CD44v6基因蛋白与宫颈鳞癌的侵袭,转移相关,可作为预测肿瘤进展和预后的一种有用指标。     

非小细胞肺癌中CD44v6的表达

目的　探讨CD4 4v6表达与非小细胞肺癌临床病理特征之间的关系。方法　采用免疫组化S P法检测 132例非小细胞肺癌、6 6例淋巴结转移癌和 115例正常肺组织CD4 4v6表达的情况。结果　非小细胞肺癌CD4 4v6阳性表达率为4 8 4 8% ,高于正常肺组织 17 39%的阳性表达率。CD4 4v6阳性表达与淋巴结转移状况、TNM分期、肿瘤大小和组织学类型有相关性。非小细胞肺癌淋巴结转移组、TNMⅢ期患者、直径 >3cm的肿瘤和鳞癌CD4 4v6阳性表达率分别高于无淋巴结转移组、TNMⅠ期和Ⅱ期患者、直径≤ 3cm的肿瘤和腺癌。淋巴结转移癌CD4 4v6阳性表达率高于肺原发癌。CD4 4v6阳性表达与患者的性别、年龄和组织学分级无相关性。结论　CD4 4v6阳性表达预示非小细胞肺癌具有较强的侵袭和转移能力 ,可作为一项预测非小细胞肺癌转移潜能生物学指标。     

CD44和CD44v6基因在胃腺癌组织中的表达及其意义

目的： 研究胃腺癌组织中ＣＤ４４ 的表达及其与淋巴结转移和预后的关系。方法： 应用免疫组化方法, 对１０５ 例胃腺癌组织中ＣＤ４４ 的表达进行了观察, 并对其中６２ 例患者做了随访。结果： ＣＤ４４ 和ＣＤ４４ｖ６ 基因的表达率分别为５４－３ ％ 和４８－６ ％ 。ＣＤ４４ｖ６ 在胃腺癌组织中的表达与癌细胞的分化、浸润深度, 以及临床分期和预后有关（Ｐ＜ ０－０５）, 而ＣＤ４４ 的表达则与上述临床病理指标无关。另外, 抗ＣＤ４４ 和抗ＣＤ４４ｖ６ 抗体的阳性反应, 与癌细胞的淋巴结转移有关（ＣＤ４４ｖ６, Ｐ＜ ０－０１ ; ＣＤ４４ , Ｐ＜ ０－０５） 。结论： ＣＤ４４ 的表达可用于胃癌患者的病情监测, 其中ＣＤ４４ｖ６ 有望作为判断预后的一个指标。     

CD44v6和E-cadherin表达与结直肠癌浸润转移关系

目的　探讨CD44v6和E cadherin(E cad)蛋白表达与结直肠癌浸润转移的相关性。方法　应用免疫组织化学技术 ,检测 90例结直肠癌组织中CD44v6和E cad蛋白表达。结果　 90例结直肠癌中CD44v6和E cad蛋白阳性表达率分别为75 6 %和 46 7%。CD44v6高表达及E cad低表达与结直肠癌Dukes分期、浆膜浸润、淋巴结转移、肝脏转移均呈正相关 (P <0 0 5 )。结直肠癌中CD44v6表达与E cad表达呈负相关 (r =- 0 4 3,P <0 0 0 5 )。结论　CD44v6和E cad表达与结直肠癌浸润转移密切相关。检测CD44v6和E cad蛋白表达可作为判断结直肠癌预后的客观指标。     

大肠癌中端粒长度与DCC基因mRNA表达的研究

目的 分析端粒长度及DCC基因mRNA表达在大肠癌及腺瘤发生发展中的作用。方法 采用Sourthern印迹杂交及RT-PCR技术,分别检测46例大肠腺瘤及62例大肠癌组织中的端粒限制性片段（TRF）长度及DCCmRNA表达状态并观察它们与肿瘤临床病理的关系。结果 在大肠癌及大肠腺瘤中,TRF长度较正常组织明显缩短,其缩短者占53.2%和41.3%,而延长者仅占6.5%和4.4%,结肠癌的TRF长度也较直肠癌的TRF长度明显缩短,DCCmRNA表达缺失率在大肠癌及大肠腺瘤中则分别达62.9%和34.8%,显著高于正常组织（1.6%);同时,大肠癌患者的平均TRF长度还随患者年龄的增长而缩短,DCCmRNA表达缺失率则随肿瘤的分化程度下降及临床阶段的进展而升高,但DCCmRNA表达缺失与TRF长度缩短在大肠癌中未表现出明显的相关性。结论 端粒缩短与DCCmRNA表达缺失与TRF长度缩短在大肠癌中未表现出明显的相关性。结论 端粒缩短与DCCmRNA表达缺失可能是大肠腺瘤恶变及大肠癌形成过程中较具特征表现的生物学异常行为。     

肾透明细胞癌VHL基因和CD44v6表达及预后价值

目的　探讨vonHippel Lindau(VHL)基因和CD4 4v6与肾透明细胞癌 (CCRCC)分级、分期和预后及两者关系。 方法　采用免疫组化EnVision法检测 5 8例CCRCC标本中VHL基因和CD4 4v6的表达 ,比较两者同Fuhrman分级、病理分期和预后的关系及两者之间的关系。结果　VHL基因表达阳性率为 5 6 9% (33/5 8) ,为胞质染色 ;CD4 4v6表达阳性率为 4 4 8%(2 6 /5 8) ,为细胞膜染色。两者表达与病理核分级 (P <0 0 0 1)和患者生存率 (P <0 0 0 1和P <0 0 1)均相关。与病理分期无关 (P >0 0 5 )。两者相互之间也相关 (P <0 0 0 1)。结论　VHL基因和CD4 4v6表达可能在CCRCC进展中发挥作用 ,并为判断预后提供了有用的信息。     

胃良恶性病变组织中CD24和CD44v6的表达及其意义

目的： 研究胃良恶性病变组织中癌干细胞标记物CD24、CD44v6的表达并探讨其临床病理意义。方法: 49例胃癌、20例癌旁组织、36例淋巴结转移灶及80例不同类型胃良性病例（浅表性胃炎10例，萎缩性胃炎15例，胃溃疡20例，胃息肉20例，胃腺瘤15例）标本常规制作石蜡包埋切片，CD24和CD44v6染色方法为EnVision免疫组化法。结果: 胃癌病例CD24和CD44v6表达阳性率明显高于癌旁组织和不同类型胃良性病变（P＜0.05或P＜0.01），且阳性表达的良性病例胃黏膜上皮均呈中至重度不典型增生；转移灶CD24和CD44v6表达与相应原发灶呈现高度一致性（P>0.05）；组织学分级Ⅱ级、无淋巴结转移及无远处器官转移胃癌病例CD24和CD44v6表达阳性率明显低于组织学分级Ⅲ或Ⅳ级、淋巴结转移及远处器官转移病例（P＜0.05）。此外，浸润深度T₁-T₂及淋巴结N1站转移病例CD24表达阳性率明显低于浸润深度T₃-T₄和淋巴结N₂、N₃站转移病例（P＜0.05）。结论: CD24和CD44v6表达可能是反映胃癌发生、进展、生物学行为和预后的重要癌干细胞标记物，检测胃良性病例CD24和CD44v6表达水平对预防和早期发现胃癌可能有一定的临床价值。     

CD15 mRNA在原发性肝细胞癌中的表达及其预后意义

目的：研究CD15mRNA表达与原发性肝细胞癌（HCC）侵袭转移和预后关系及与CD44v6和nm23H1的mRNA表达相关性。方法：应用原位杂交和免疫组织化学方法，检测分析HCC组织中CD15mRNA及其蛋白、CD44v6及nm23H的mRNA表达。结果：99例HCC中，CD15mRNA及其 蛋白、CD44和nm23H1的mRNA表达阳性率分别为38．4％、36．7％、41．4％和76．8％。CD15mRNA表达与其 蛋白表达一致，与CD44v6 mRNA表达呈正相关，与nm23H1 mRNA表达呈负相关。CD15mRNA及其蛋白、CD44和nm23H1的mRNA表达均与HCC侵袭转移倾向和患者预后相关。结论：检测CD15表达有可能成为HCC侵袭转移和预后判断的一项新的病理生物学指标。     

口腔粘膜鳞状细胞癌CD44—v6跨膜粘附分子的表达

ＣＤ４４之所以具有多种功能系其基因转录产物ｍＲＮＡ前体通过交替剪接可产生多种异构体。采用自然转移模型分析已经证明异构体ＣＤ４４－ｖ６赋予鼠胰腺癌细胞以转移潜能，因此ＣＤ４４可能是癌转移的有用标志〔１〕。对ＣＤ４４不同异构体在人体肿瘤组织中表达进行研究...     

CD44剪接变异体在乳腺癌中的表达

目的观察乳腺癌细胞系及原发性乳腺癌组织中CD44剪接变异体种类及其表达情况。方法 RT-PCR法检测乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-231、MDA-MB-435和20例原发性乳腺癌组织中CD44变异体表达情况,分析其与临床病理参数之间的关系。结果 RT-PCR分析显示,在已知的8种剪接变异体、乳腺癌细胞系MDA-MB-231、MDA-MB-435和所检测的全部乳腺癌组织标本中,检测到CD44剪接变异体1、2、3、4、5、6、8,其中CD44剪接变异体4、5表达水平较高。CD44剪接变异体与临床病理参数分析显示CD44剪接变异体与患者年龄、TNM分期、淋巴结转移、ER、PR表达无关。CD44剪接变异体1和CD44剪接变异体2 mRNA的高表达与较小的肿瘤直径有关;CD44剪接变异体4的mRNA高表达与组织学高级别有关;CD44剪接变异体2、6的mRNA高表达与Her-2低表达相关;CD44剪接变异体5的mRNA低表达和Her-2高表达相关。结论 MDA-MB-231、MDA-MB-435及所检测的乳腺癌组织标本中,CD44剪接变异体为异质性表达,以标准型CD44表达水平最高。     

Soluble CD44 splice variants and pelvic lymph node metastasis in ovarian cancer patients

Alternative splicing of CD44 and aberrant levels of soluble CD44 protein in the serum of cancer patients has been correlated to tumor progression and metastasis. To examine the clinical value of CD44 serum levels (sCD44) in ovarian cancer we determined concentrations of the soluble, variable isoforms sCD44std, sCD44v5 and sCD44v6 with a sensitive ELISA. Pre-operative serum samples from 66 patients with histologically diagnosed invasive disease as well as sera taken from 40 healthy blood donors were analyzed. In sera of ovarian cancer patients we detected elevated concentrations of overall CD44 serum levels represented by sCD44std (p=0.001), but decreased levels of the specific isoforms CD44v5 (p=0.0002) and v6 (p=0.0001). This is the first report demonstrating that ovarian cancer patients with pelvic lymph node metastasis at the time of diagnosis showed specifically elevated sCD44v6 (p=0.073) serum concentrations in comparison to patients without lymph node involvement, whereas overall sCD44 serum levels did not differ. Decreased serum levels of sCD44v5 were found in progesterone receptor-positive tumors (p=0. 059) and postmenopausal patients (p=0.032). Increased concentrations of sCD44v6 were detectable in estrogen receptor-positive tumors but not significantly (p=0.138). Serum CD44v5 levels were associated with shortened relapse-free survival time. No association was found between serum CD44 isoforms and the classical clinicopathological parameters stage and grading or overall survival. CD44 splice variants are possibly involved in a complex interaction with the hormonal environment during tumorigenesis and metastasis of ovarian cancer.     

Expression of CD44 splice variants in spontaneous murine tumors

CD44 is a widely distributed set of cell surface glycoproteins expressed in several types of cells and tissues, implicated in cell-cell and cell-substrate interactions. This molecule plays a major role in cell differentiation, development and activation and has also been described as a potential marker of malignancy and metastasis. In the present study we investigated by RT-PCR followed by exon specific amplification the expression of CD44 splice variants in four different murine tumors as well as in the invaded organs in order to correlate the expression of CD44 variants with potential tumor invasiveness and their implications for growth. Our data showed deregulation in the expression of CD44 isoforms but no discernible correlation in isoform expression pattern. However, in all tumors studied isoforms presented by the primary tumor were detected in the invaded organs before metastasis could be demonstrated by histopathological analysis.     

Expression of CD44 splice variants in human skin and epidermal tumours

Splice variants of the adhesion molecule CD44 (CD44v) are important in the lymphatic spread of rat carcinoma cells. In several human tumours expression of CD44v correlates with tumour progression. However, little is known about the physiological functions of distinct variant exons. Here we report on the immunohistological evaluation of CD44 expression in normal human skin and epidermal tumours which do not metastasise, or do so vary rarely. Frozen tissues were stained with a panel of monoclonal antibodies, recognizing epitopes of the CD44 standard isoform, as well as of variant exons v5, v6, v7, v7–v8 and v10. Stratum basale and spinosum as well as the root shaft of hairs reacted strongly with the whole panel of anti-CD44 antibodies. Stratum corneum, acinar cells of sebaceous and eccrine sweat glands stained with anti-CD44v5, anti-CD44v6 and anti-CD44v7, but not with anti-CD44v10, the latter recognizing the epithelial isoform (CD44v8–v10) of CD44. Ductal cells of glands and apocrine glands did not express CD44v. Compared with its expression in normal human skin, CD44v expression was reduced in basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. This was particularly true of CD44v10. The expression of CD44v in normal skin and dermal appendages indicates that not all combinations of variant exons are involved in tumour progression. Since the epithelial isoform is particularly downregulated in basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, it is unlikely that exons v8–v10 play a role in tumour progression. Rather, they may be of functional importance in maintenance of the epidermal structure.     

CD44 splice variants in draining lymph nodes precede allograft rejection of endocrine cells

Upon allogeneic transplantation (Tx) of pancreatic islets under the kidney capsule of diabetic rats, cells from draining lymph nodes and, to a minor degree, bone marrow transiently upregulate CD44 splice variants as detected by RT-PCR using CD44 variant exon specific primers. Maximal expression was on day 5 post Tx in lymph nodes and thus precedes islet rejection sufficiently (in this model by 5 days) to still permit establishing rescue by immunosuppressive therapy. CD44 variant exon sequence could therefore serve as early markers of allograft rejection.     

CD44基因拼接体、p53基因突变和染色体倍性与大肠癌转移之间关系的机理研究

目的:探讨大肠癌CD44v6表达、p53基因突变和染色体倍性与大肠癌转移之间的关系和作用机理.方法:流式细胞仪测定大肠癌细胞倍性及其在细胞周期各相中的分布;RT-PCR方法及特异探针D3对大肠癌细胞进行Southern Blot,并对杂交条带进行辉度扫描;银染PCR单链构象多态性(SSCP)技术检测大肠癌细胞p53基因突变.结果:正常对照、良性腺瘤、肿瘤未转移和肿瘤转移组其CD44v6阳性率和p53基因突变率呈逐渐上升趋势,CD44v6辉度扫描表明肿瘤未转移组(2 317.26±198.73)和转移组(10024.16±855.40)相比较,表达量有显著差异(P＜0.02);CD44v6阳性和阴性两组中G2M期细胞均值分别占6.24%和5.48%(P＞0.05),异倍体细胞分别为62.16%和60.00%(P＞0.5);而p53基因突变和未突变两组中G2M细胞占10.33%和4.01%(P＜0.05),异倍体细胞分别为85.20%和30.00%(P＜0.005);肿瘤异倍体细胞转移率显著高于二倍体细胞.结论:CD44v6的表达与转移高度相关,CD44v6和p53基因突变与肿瘤转移关系可能涉及不同的作用机理.CD44v6与p53基因突变相比较而言,CD44v6不失为一个更好的肿瘤转移标记.     

大鼠肝癌诱导过程中肝癌干细胞标志及炎症因子的动态变化

背景：近年来已有研究者从肝癌组织和细胞系中发现了CD133、乙醛脱氢酶(ALDH)、CD90、CD44、EpcAM、CD13、OV6、K19、c-kit、ABCG2等多种肝癌干细胞的标志物,其中CD家族的CD133、CD90、CD44等被认为与肝癌的复发和转移密切相关。 目的：探讨大鼠肝癌诱导过程中肝癌干细胞标志及炎症因子的动态变化及两者相关性。 方法：应用二乙基亚硝胺(DEN)溶液饲养SD大鼠24周诱导大鼠肝癌模型,并设立普通水喂养的健康对照组。 结果与结论：免疫组织化学检测显示,模型组肝癌诱导过程中Kupffer细胞相关ED2表达呈现出逐渐增多的情况,与健康对照组比较,模型组ED2在诱癌第12,16,20,24周的表达均显著升(P < 0.05)。定量PCR 检测显示,肝癌诱导过程中CD90呈逐渐上升趋势(P < 0.05),较之健康肝脏组织,肝癌组织中CD90上升更明显(P < 0.05);CD133 呈现出一定升高趋势,但经单因素方差分析无统计学意义(P > 0.05);在诱癌过程中其他肝癌干细胞标志物未出现明显改变(P > 0.05)。肝癌诱导过程中,肿瘤坏死因子α、转化生长因子β、MCP-1及白细胞介素6均明显上升(P < 0.05),较之健康肝脏组织,肝癌组织中转化生长因子β、MCP-1、白细胞介素6表达显著偏高(P < 0.05),其余炎症因子在诱癌过程中则未出现明显改变(P > 0.05)。经Pearson相关性分析,MCP-1、转化生长因子β、白细胞介素6与CD90的表达之间呈显著正相关(P < 0.05)。表明Kupffer细胞所释放的部分炎症因子与肝癌干细胞标志之间存在一定的相关性,Kupffer细胞可促进肝癌的发生。     

Effects of eHealth for patients and informal caregivers confronted with cancer: A meta-review

BackgroundeHealth can be defined as information provision about illness or health care and/or support for patients and/or informal caregivers, using the computer or related technologies. eHealth interventions are increasingly being used in cancer care, e.g. to support patients and informal caregivers in managing symptoms and problems in daily life.ObjectivesTo synthesize evidence from systematic reviews on the effects of eHealth for cancer patients or their informal caregivers.Materials and MethodsA systematic meta-review, in the sense of a systematic review of reviews, was conducted. Searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library. All steps in the review process were either performed by two reviewers independently or checked by a second reviewer. Disagreements were resolved by consensus.ResultsTen systematic reviews were included. All reviews focused on the effects of eHealth for patients and none on effects for informal caregivers. Except for one review of high methodological quality, all reviews were of moderate methodological quality. Evidence was found for effects on perceived support, knowledge levels, and information competence of cancer patients. Indications of evidence were found for health status and healthcare participation. Findings were inconsistent for outcomes related to decision-making, psychological wellbeing, depression and anxiety, and quality of life. No evidence was found for effects on physical and functional wellbeing.ConclusionThere is evidence for positive effects of eHealth on perceived support, knowledge, and information competence of cancer patients. For effects on other outcomes in cancer patients, findings are mainly inconsistent or lacking. This meta-review did not find relevant reviews focusing on or including the effects of eHealth on informal caregivers, which seems a rather unexplored area.