Effect of Post-weld Tempering on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in the Simulated HAZs of a High-Strength-High-Toughness Combination Marine Engineering Steel

The effects of tempering temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the simulated coarse-grain heataffected zone(CGHAZ) and inter-critical heat-affected zone(ICHAZ) were investigated for a high-strength-high-toughness combination marine engineering steel.The results demonstrate that the microstructure of the simulated CGHAZ and ICHAZ after tempering is characterized by tempering sorbites and coarse grain in the simulated CGHAZ.As tempering temperature increases,the tensile strength of the simulated CGHAZ and ICHAZ decreases and the Charpy absorbed energy of the simulated ICHAZ at-50℃increases remarkably,but the impact toughness of the simulated CGHAZ is not improved.After tempering at 550℃,the coarse flake carbides,which distribute at the prior austenite grain and martensite lath boundaries,deteriorate the impact toughness of the simulated CGHAZ.With the increase in tempering temperature,the morphology and the size of the carbides gradually change from coarse flake to fine granular,which is beneficial to the improvement of impact toughness.However,the coarse-grain size of the simulated CGHAZ and the M23 C6-type carbide precipitated along the grain boundaries weakens the enhancing effect of carbides on impact toughness.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of heat-affected zone of 680MPa grade steel endured thermal cycle of double-wire SAW

Based on the measured thermal cycle of double-wire submerged arc welding (SAW), the gleeble thermal test was performed. Meanwhile, the Charpy V-notch impact test at -50℃ and hardness test at room temperature were carried out after the thermal test. Thermally cycled microstructure and fracture surfaces were observed too. The results indicate that impact toughness of heat-affected zone (HAZ) at -50℃ is lower than that of parent metal with different wire spacing and welding speed. The microstructure of coarse-grains heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) is mainly made up of lath bainite with serious brittleness. The study also shows that a smaller energy input could be adopted to ensure the toughness of welded joints at the welding process in a common molten pool, while a higher energy input could be exerted to enhance welding efficiency at the welding process in two separate molten pools.     

铁素体不锈钢激光-MAG复合热源焊缝成形及接头冲击韧性分析

利用激光-MAG 复合热源分别进行了 T4003 和 TCS 铁素体不锈钢的焊接试验研究.通过与常规 MAG 焊的对比,测试分析了两种焊接方法的焊缝成形、接头的低温冲击韧性及接头的微观组织.结果表明,激光-MAG 复合热源焊接易于实现铁素体不锈钢的单面焊双面成形,与常规 MAG 焊相比,其焊接效率可以提高 1 倍以上.利用激光电弧复合热源可以提高铁素体不锈钢焊接接头的低温冲击韧性,较常规 MAG 焊,复合焊接头的低温冲击韧性可以提高 50%以上.激光-MAG 复合热源焊接接头热影响区粗晶区组织宽度明显小于常规 MAG 焊接头的粗晶区宽度.

Abstract：

Laser-MAG hybrid welding of T4003 and TCS ferrite stainless steels was studied. Through comparing with the conventional MAG welding of ferrite stainless steel, the results of the two welding methods including the appearance of weld, impact toughness under low temperature and the microstructure of the butt joints were tested and analysed. The analysing results show that it is easy to get one-side welding with back by laser-MAG hybrid welding. Comparing with the conventional MAG welding, the welding efficiency of ferrite stainless steel by laser-MAG hybrid welding can be improved more than one times, the low temperature impact toughness of the joints by laser-MAG hybrid welding can be improved over 50% than that of conventional MAG welding joints, and the width of coarsegrained zone of hybrid welding joints is thinner than that of MAG welding joints.     

Influence of Welding Thermal Cycle on Microstructure and Properties in Heat-affected Zone of X80 Pipeline Steel

Single welding thermal–cycles with different input linear energies (ILE)(15, 20, 30, 40, 50 kJ/cm) and peak temperatures (PT) (900, 1050, 1200, 1300, 1350 ℃) were simulated by MMS-300 to study the correlation of toughness and microstructure in heat-affected zone (HAZ) of a X80 pipeline. The evolution characteristics of microstructure were investigated by OM, SEM and EBSD. The results show that numerous polygonal ferrites and grain boundary ferrites appear, and the sizes apparently decrease as the heat input decreases. Heat input in single welding should be less than 35 kJ/cm to ensure well Charpy impact toughness. The toughness of course grain zone is the lowest when welding heating temperature is 1350 ℃ and it is the weakness part in welded zone. The uniformity of prior austenite grain is worsened as increasing the heat input. Moreover, the characteristics of M-A constituents and high angle grain boundaries (HAGB) are influenced by heat input and PT. In the case of low heat input and PT, higher density of HAGBs, dispersed and fine M-A constituents were observed. Otherwise, with high heat input (≥40 kJ/cm), the effective grain size is almost the diameter of prior austenite grain, and it will decrease the density of HAGB, moreover, coarse M-A constituents which are prone to crack initiation will be generated, thus, the impact toughness of the coarse grain zone will be worsened obviously in welding HAZ.     

Study on the microstructure and hardness of in-service welded joint of X70 pipeline steel

Hydrogen induced cracking （HIC） is one of the main problems of in-service welding onto active pipeline. Microstructure and hardness of welded joint have a vital effect on hydrogen induced cracking. The microstructure and hardness of welded joint of XTO pipeline steel were studied using simulation in-service welding device. The results show that the main microstructures of in-service welded seam are grain boundary ferrite , intracrystalline acicular ferrite , as well as small amount of widmanztatten structure. The main microstructures of coarse grain heat-affected zone （CGHAZ） are coarse granular bainite, lath ferrite and martensite. Metastable phases such as martensite and lath ferrite are found in CGHAZ because of the too quick cooling velocity a＇nd the hardness of the CGHAZ is high.     

Study of microstructures and of domestic X70 properties for girth welding pipeline steels

With the development of domestic pipeline steels, it is necessary to develop suitable welding technology which can improve the properties of the welded pipeline. In this paper, the microstructures and mechanical properties of domestic XTO pipeline steels and welded joints are discussed. The welding consumables of BOHLER E6010 and HOBART 81N1 are matched for girth welding. The following characteristics in heat-affected zone（ HAZ） are indicated that microstructures of intercritical HAZ（ ICHAZ） is finer and more uniform, the grain sizes of fine-grain HAZ （ FGHAZ） and subcritical HAZ （ SCHAZ） are smaller than that of coarse-grain HAZ（ CGHAZ）. The hardness, tensile strength and toughness of welded joints come up to the standard. The micrographs of impact specimens in welded joints are cleavage, quasi-cleavage and dimple which shows there is typical ductile rupture.     

Effect of groove shapes on mechanical properties of welded joints of ASTM4130 steel

The 30 mm thick ASTM4130 steel pipe was fabricated by gas tungsten arc welding and shielded metal arc welding under quenched and tempered conditions.Whereafier,the mechanical properties of welded joints of both V groove and combination double V groove were measured,while the microstructure feature and fracture morphology of both welded joints were investigated.Moreover,the effect of groove shapes on the properties of welded joints was explored.The results show that the welding efficiency of the combination double V groove joint is as two times as that of the V groove joint.But the hardness and toughness of the heat-affected zone (HAZ) with combination double V groove can not satisfy the requirements.Also,the coarse grain heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) of the cap layer is mainly composed of granular bainite,tempered manensite and a small amount of carbon-free bainite,and the fractured surface of the fusion line is entirely dominated by the quasi-cleavage mode.That the mechanical properties of the combination double V groove are lower than that of the V groove lie in the penetration ratio,welding heat input,and the areas and distribution feature of brittle zones.The combination double V groove is not suitable for the fabricating of ASTM4130 steel.     

Numerical simulation of stress and deformation of in-service welding onto gas pipeline

SYSWELD was used to simulate in-service welding process of gas pipeline of X70 pipeline steel. Welding thermal cycle, stress and deformation of in-service welded joint were studied. The results show that peak temperature of coarse grain heat-affected zone （CGHAZ） of in-service welding onto gas pipeline is the same with routine welding, but ts/5, ts/3 and ts/1 decrease at certain degree. For the zone near welded seam, axial stress and hoop stress in the inner pipe wall are compressive stress when welding source passes through the cross-section that is studied, but residual axial stress and residual hoop stress after welded are all tensile stress. Transient deformation and residual deformation are all convex deformation compared with the original pipe diameter size. Deformation achieves maximum when welding thermal source passes through the cross-section that is studied and then decreases during the cooling process after welding.     

Investigation on the weldability of a Zr-Ti microalloyed X120 linepipe

Three-wire submerged arc welding was utilized to weld a newly developed Zr-Ti microalloyed X120 linepipe with heat input of 21kJ/cm. The microstructure in the heat-affected zone (HAZ), predominantly consisted of bainite, was examined by means of optical and scanning electron microscope. The average Vickers hardness of grain coarsening heat-affected zone (GCHAZ) is about 290HV0.2. The lowest Vickers hardness in HAZ is about 265HV0.2. No obvious softening occurred in HAZ. The average impact toughness at -30℃ in HAZ was 186-191J. The tested results indicated that HAZ of newly developed Zr-Ti microalloyed X120 linepipe steel had high strength and excellent low temperature toughness which met the requirements of API 5L standard.     

P92钢焊接接头蠕变本构关系

通过热处理方法模拟焊接热循环,在 3.53 K/s 的升温速度下制备 P92 钢焊接热影响区各微区的模拟组织试样,通过单轴蠕变试验获得 923K 下 P92 钢熔敷金属、热影响区各微区和母材组织不同应力水平下的单轴蠕变数据,用最小二乘法拟合得到 P92钢焊接接头各区域组织在稳态蠕变条件下的蠕变本构方程.结果表明,相比焊接接头其它微区组织,试验应力较低时,细晶区的蠕变应变率最大,因此在低应力下细晶区容易发生蠕变开裂;随着应力水平的增加,焊接接头和母材蠕变速率逐渐超过细晶区,蠕变断裂易发生在焊缝或母材上.

Abstract：

The welding heat thermal cycle was simulated through the heat treating method, and the simulated microstructures of the coarse grain heat-affected zone (CGHAZ), fine grain heat-affected zone (FGHAZ) and intercritical heat-affected zone (ICHAZ)of P92 steel were prepared by using a furnace at 3.53 K/s of heating rate. The uniaxial creep data of the base metal, deposited metal and simulated CGHAZ, FGHAZ and ICHAZ specimens were obtained through the creep tests under the temperature of 923 K, and the creep constitutive equations of each material were obtained too. The result shows that the creep strain rate of FGHAZ is higher than the other zones of the welded joint under the low stress. So the creep rupture is easy to occur in te FGHAZ. In addition, the creep properties are obviously different among the CGHAZ, FGHAZ and ICHAZ, which indicate the HAZ has the obvious material heterogeneity.     

Zr对高强度钢热影响区第二相粒子及韧性影响

研究了0.012 4%锆对低合金高强度钢焊接热影响区粗晶区第二相粒子和冲击韧性的影响.结果表明,模拟20 kJ/cm焊接线能量下无锆钢焊接热影响区粗晶区中第二相粒子为Al-Ti复合氧化物和（Ti,Nb） N析出物.而含锆钢则是Zr-Al-Ti复合氧化物及（Al,Ti,Nb） N和（Ti,Nb） N析出物.同时,定量数据分析表明含锆钢中氧化物和氮化物粒子密度更高且尺寸更加细小.这些高密度的细小的第二相粒子在焊接过程中能有效钉扎晶界移动,抑制奥氏体晶粒粗化,在焊接热影响区粗晶区中得到尺寸相对细小均匀的原奥氏体晶粒,使得含锆钢焊接热影响区粗晶区呈现韧性断裂和极好的低温冲击韧性.     

低合金高强钢大热输入焊接热影响区组织性能

利用MMS-200热力模拟试验机研究了610 MPa级低合金高强度钢不同热输入焊接热影响区粗晶区(coarse grain high affected zone,CGHAZ)的组织和性能.结果表明,随着热输入的增加,试验钢CGHAZ组织逐渐粗大,低温冲击吸收功下降,但在80～100kJ/cm的大热输入冲击下,热影响区仍...     

ASTM4130钢再热粗晶热影响区组织及韧性分析

采用金相、扫描电镜、透射电镜和焊接热模拟方法,研究了二次热循环对ASTM4130钢焊接粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ)显微组织、冲击韧性和断口形貌的影响.结果表明,再热粗晶热影响区低温冲击韧性均低于母材,发生热影响区整体脆化.临界粗晶区(IRCGHAZ)冲击吸收功损失分别为母材和CGHAZ的96.6%和37.9%,脆化现象最...     

Microstructure and mechanical performances of CGHAZ for oil tank steel during high heat input welding

Microstructure and mechanical performances of the coarse grain heat-affected-zone (CGHAZ) for oil tank steel with different Ti content were investigated through Gleeble-3500, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectrometer. The results show that the strength and low-temperature toughness of base material are significantly improved for the high titanium content steel, but the impact toughness of CGHAZ is seriously deteriorated after the high heat input welding and declined sharply with the heat input increasing, while the effects of heat input on impact toughness are very weak for the low titanium content steel, impact toughness of which is gradually larger than that of high titanium content steel with the welding heat input increasing because of the granular bainite increasing, TiN particle coarsening, and (Ti, Nb) N composition evolution during the high input welding for high titanium content steel.     

大线能量焊接船体钢的研究

大线能量焊接时由于高温停留时间长、相变冷却速度慢,焊接热影响区奥氏体晶粒急剧长大,得到侧板条铁素体为主的组织,韧性恶化。降低钢中的C含量及碳当量(Ceq)、细化焊接热影响区奥氏体晶粒尺寸以及改善焊接热影响区的组织是发展大线能量焊接用钢的主要技术措施。"氧化物冶金"技术利用钢中细小的氧化物,通过促进晶内针状铁素体形核明显改善焊接热影响区的组织,成为大线能量焊接用钢最有效的技术途径。实验结果表明:Ti-Mg复合处理明显细化钢中氧化物颗粒尺寸,促进了晶内针状铁素体形核,在100～200kJ/cm的大线能量焊接条件下粗晶热影响区得到针状铁素体为主的组织,-20℃冲击功达到350J。     

含Ti微合金钢中的第二相粒子对焊接粗晶热影响区组织及韧性的影响

利用碳萃取复型技术研究了含Ti微合金钢及其模拟粗晶区 (CGHAZ)中的第二相粒子 ,并利用OM(光镜 )、TEM(透射电镜 )及系列冲击试验对含Ti微合金钢及一种成分相近的不含Ti低合金高强钢焊接粗晶区的组织及韧性进行了研究。研究结果表明 ,含Ti微合金钢中含有大量的、尺寸细小的TiN粒子 ,这些粒子非常稳定 ,在焊接热循环过程中能有效地阻止奥氏体晶粒长大 ,抑制粗大贝氏体的形成 ,促进针状铁素体析出及M -A组元的分解 ,从而显著改善低合金高强钢焊接粗晶热影响区的韧性 ,t8/5(80 0～5 0 0℃冷却时间 )越大 ,这种改善作用越明显     

Microstructure and Impact Toughness of Welding Heat-Affected Zones of a Fe-Cr-Ni-Mo High Strength SteelEI北大核心CSCD

Marine engineering steel is the key material for the construction of major marine infrastructure projects. Due to the harsh environment in the deep sea, the mechanical properties such as strength, low temperature toughness and so on of the marine steel are required to be higher. In this work, the weldability of a Fe-Cr-Ni-Mo high-strength steel was studied, and the microstructure and impact toughness of the steel after welding thermal cycling at different peak temperatures were analyzed. The results show that the average impact toughness of characteristic heat affected zone under different temperatures increases first and then decreases with the increase of peak temperature (T-p). The microstructures of coarse grain heat-affected zone (CGHAZ, T-P=1320 degrees C) and fine grain heat-affected zone (FGHAZ, T-p= 1020 degrees C) are quenched martensite. Because of the coarse grain size, the impact toughness of CGHAZ is poor, which is lower than that of FGHAZ. The microstructure of inter-critical heat-affected zone (ICHAZ, T-p =830 degrees C and T-p =760 degrees C) is composed of quenched martensite and tempered martensite. Due to the randomness of the proportion of the interfaces between the mixed microstructures near the V-notch, the impact energy values of ICHAZ fluctuates greatly. The homogeneous fine grain structure in ICHAZ (T-p= 830 degrees C) has a crack arrest effect during the impact deformation, which makes the characteristic zone have the best impact toughness. Although the grain size in ICHAZ (T-P=760 degrees C) is also fine, the existence of the ultra-fine grain zones (the grain size in which is only 1 similar to 2 mu m) benefits the formation of secondary voids under the impact load. The undissolved M2C and MC precipitations in matrix promote the connecting of secondary voids and then form the secondary cracks. As a result, the impact toughness of the characteristic zone is poor, and becomes the weak region of HAZ.     

低碳微合金Ti-Nb可焊钢中的N及其第二相粒子

研究了系列低碳微合金Ti-Nb可焊钢中的N含量对模拟焊接热影响区(HAZ)高温奥氏体晶粒尺寸和冲击韧度的影响及其第二相粒子的作用.对试样进行了大热输入焊接热模拟,测定了高温奥氏体晶粒尺寸和焊后试样中的冲击韧度值,并用透射电子显微镜萃取复型法观察了典型试样中第二相粒子(Ti,Nb)N的形态及分布特征.结果表明,钢中Ti、N含量及第二相粒子的尺寸和数目与高温奥氏体晶粒尺寸及冲击韧度值具有很好的对应关系;钢中的N由于生成了细小弥散分布的第二相粒子(Ti,Nb)N而细化了高温奥氏体晶粒,改善了焊后韧性.低碳微合金Ti-Nb钢中适宜的含氮量有一个范围.     

EFFECT OF Zr ADDITION TO Ti-KILLED STEEL ON INCLUSION FORMATION AND MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION IN WELDING INDUCED COARSE-GRAINED HEAT AFFECTED ZONE

Effects of Zirconium on the chemical component and size distribution of Ti-bearing inclusions, favored the grain refinement of the welding reduced, coarse-grained heat affected zone （CGHAZ） with enhanced impact toughness in Ti-killed steels, which were examined based on experimental observations and thermodynamic calculations. It indicated that the chemical constituents of inclusions gradually varied from the TiO oxide to the Ti-O＋Zr-O compound oxide and a single phase of the ZrO2 oxide, as the Zr content increased from zero to 0.0100%. A trace of Zr （0.0030%-0.0080%, depending on the oxygen content in liquid steel） provided a large amount of nucleating core for Ti oxide because of the larger specific density of ZrO2 oxide, and produced a small size distribution of the inclusions favorable for acicular ferrite transformation with a high nucleation rate in the CGHAZ, and a high volume fraction of acicular ferrite was obtained in the CGHAZ, with enhanced impact toughness. Otherwise, a high content of Zr （-0.0100%） produced a single phase Zr02, which was impotent to nucleate acicular ferrite, and a microstructure composed of ferrite side plate and grain boundary ferrite developed in the CGHAZ. The experimental results were confirmed by thermodynamic calculations.     

Effect of Zr Addition on the Microstructure and Toughness of Coarse-Grained Heat-Affected Zone with High-Heat Input Welding Thermal Cycle in Low-Carbon Steel

Microstructures and toughness of coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) with high-heat input welding thermal cycle in Zr-containing and Zr-free low-carbon steel were investigated by means of welding thermal cycle simulation. The specimens were subjected to a welding thermal cycle with heat inputs of 100, 400, and 800 kJ cm^?1 at peak temperature of 1673 K (1400 °C) using a thermal simulator. The results indicate that excellent impact toughness at the CGHAZ was obtained in Zr-containing steel. The Zr oxide is responsible for AF transformation, providing the nucleation site for the formation AF, promoting the nucleation of AF on the multi-component inclusions. High fraction of acicular ferrite (AF) appears in Zr-containing steel, acting as an obstacle to cleavage propagation due to its high-angle grain boundary. The morphology of M-A constituents plays a key role in impact toughness of CGHAZ. Large M-A constituents with lath form can assist the micro-crack initiation and seriously decrease the crack initiation energy. The relationship of AF transformation and M-A constituents was discussed in detail.