己唑醇在苹果和土壤中的残留及安全使用评价

[方法]采用田间试验的方法,对己唑醇在苹果及土壤中的残留消解动态及最终残留量进行了研究.气相色谱电子捕获检测器进行定量分析.[结果]消解动态试验结果表明:己唑醇在土壤中的半衰期为7.1～14.4 d,在苹果中的半衰期为7.1～8.8 d;最终残留量试验结果表明:5％己唑醇悬浮剂按施药剂量为50、75 mg a.i./kg,连续喷药3～4次,施药间隔期7d,喷药后21 d土壤中已唑醇残留量＜0.01～0.215 mg/kg,苹果中已唑醇残留量为0.011～0.055 mg/kg,均低于0.1 mg/kg(MRL).[结论]推荐5％已唑醇悬浮剂在苹果上使用安全间隔期为21 d.     

异菌脲在苹果中的残留及消解动态的研究

经过两年两地对异菌脲在苹果中的残留及消解动态研究,在苹果中的半衰期为8～15天,用高浓度多次施药,收获时采摘的苹果中异菌脲的残留量均低于FAO/WHO规定的最高限量10ppm,在常用量情况下,异菌脲在苹果上的使用是十分安全的。     

40%乐果乳油在甘蓝和土壤中的残留及消解动态

采取田间试验方法，研究了40％乐果乳油在甘蓝和土壤中的残留动态和最终残留。乐果最低检测量为0．01mg／kg，在甘蓝和土壤中最低检出质量分数为0．03mg／kg。在甘蓝和土壤中的平均回收率为90．25％-110．39％，变异系数为1．51％-5．83％，符合农药残留分析的要求。试验结果表明，乐果在甘蓝和土壤中的消解较快．其半衰期分别为2d和1．5d，药后间隔3、7、10d，乐果在甘蓝中的残留量为ND至9．6989mg／kg，土壤中的残留量为ND至0．1732mg／kg。     

灭多威在棉花及土壤中的残留行为研究

为了解灭多威施用后在棉田中的残留降解行为,全面准确评价灭多威的生态环境安全性,指导其科学合理施用,笔者通过动态及残留实验．研究了灭多威在棉花及其土壤上的动态降解及最终残留行为。结果表明：施药3d后,灭多威在棉田土壤和棉叶中的消解率均大于50％：施药28d后,灭多威在棉田土壤和棉叶中的消解率均在90％以上。灭多威在湖南长沙的棉田土壤和棉叶中的半衰期为11．39d和10．04d;在河北石家庄的棉田土壤和棉叶中的半衰期为9．99d和8．94d。灭多威在棉田土壤中的最终残留量均低于0．50mg／kg;在棉叶中的最终残留量均低于0．40mg／kg：在棉籽中的最终残留量均低于最小检出量0．02mg／kg。研究表明灭多威在棉田土壤和棉叶中的降解速度较快,属易降解农药。按推荐剂量在棉田中使用,对棉田环境影响较低,可在生产实际中推广使用。     

氯氰菊酯在荔枝和土壤中的残留试验研究

2000～2001年我们在广东省电白县进行了5％氯氰菊酯乳油在荔枝和土壤中残留消解规律和最终残留量的研究。结果表明，氯氰菊酯在荔枝和土壤中消解较快，荔枝上的半衰期为2．3～2．5d，土壤中的半衰期为6．5d。在使用浓度1000倍、施药2次的情况下．最后一次施药距收获间隔期14d，荔枝全果中残留量为0．041～0．089，在果肉和土壤中的残量均低于0．001mg／kg。     

嘧霉胺在番茄中的残留研究及安全使用

采用田间试验的方法,对嘧霉胺在番茄及土壤中的残留消解动态及最终残留量进行了研究,并对其在番茄上的安全使用进行了评价。消解动态试验结果表明:嘧霉胺在土壤中的半衰期为7.3～10.1 d,药后21 d消解91%以上,在番茄中的半衰期为2.1～2.5 d,药后5 d消解92%以上;最终残留量试验结果表明:70%嘧霉胺水分散粒剂在番茄上用于防治番茄疫病,以577.5、866.25 g/hm2有效成分剂量,连续喷药3～4次,喷药后3 d收获的番茄中嘧霉胺残留量为0.043～0.352 mg/kg,均低于美国规定的嘧霉胺在番茄中的最大残留限量0.5 mg/kg,因此,按照推荐使用剂量在番茄上使用,按采收间隔期3 d收获是安全的。     

气相色谱法测定芦笋及其土壤中的苯醚甲环唑残留量

建立了气相色谱法测定芦笋及其土壤中苯醚甲环唑残留量的分析方法。实验结果表明：在苯醚甲环唑添加量为0．02～1．5mg／kg范围内苯醚甲环唑在芦笋茎枝中的平均添加回收率在87．47％～92．04％之间,相对标准偏差在4．58％。9．90％之间;在芦笋嫩茎中的平均添加回收率在91．35％～98．31％之间,相对标准偏差在5.34％～7．05％之间;在土壤中的平均添加回收率在91．64％～94．54％之间,相对标准偏差在5．02％～7．30％之间,方法的最小检出量为2．0×10^-11g,最小检测浓度为0．002mg／kg。采用本方法测定10％苯醚甲环唑WG在湖南长沙芦笋茎枝及其土壤中的消解动态,符合一级动力学消解模式,其消解方程分别为Y=19．199e^0.2708x和Y=0．1366e^-0.1054x,相关系数分别为0．9732和0．9414,在芦笋茎枝中的半衰期为2．56d;在土壤中的半衰期为6．57d。     

四唑嘧磺隆水分散粒剂在稻田环境中的残留动态

为评价除草剂四唑嘧磺隆在水稻上使用后的残留动态及环境安全性，在北京海淀区进行了50％四唑嘧磺隆水分散粒剂在水稻上的残留动态和最终残留试验研究。样品经丙酮提取抽滤后，再经液液分配及氧化铝柱净化、浓缩、定容后，用紫外检测器的液相色谱进行测定。其有效成分四唑嘧磺隆的最低检出量为0．02ng，在稻田水、土壤、鲜植株、稻壳、糙米样品中的平均回收率为82．4％-105．0％，变异系数为1．1％～14．1％，符合农药残留分析的要求。结果表明：四唑嘧磺隆在水稻植株上的半衰期为2．4d，在土壤巾的半衰期为5．5d，在稻田水中的半衰期为1．9d，施药后7d四唑嘧磺隆在水稻植株上的消解达到80％以上。50％四唑嘧磺隆水分散粒剂按80、120g／hm。使用，施药1次，收获时，四唑嘧磺降在糙米、稻壳、稻草、土壤中的残留量均未检出。     

异菌脲在不同栽培模式下的降解动态

采用气相色谱法研究了异菌脲在大棚和露地青菜上的残留降解动态.喷施500 g/L的异菌脲悬浮剂1000倍后,异菌脲在露地青菜上原始沉积量为41.04 mg/kg,药后14 d残留量为1.34 mg/kg,消解率达到96.7%,半衰期为1.98 d,在大棚青菜上的原始沉积量为33.15 mg/kg,药后14 d残留量为1.53 mg/kg,消解率达到95.4%,半衰期为2.45 d,两者无明显差异.异菌脲在露地青菜和大棚青菜上的残留量均符合一级反应动力学方程.以5 mg/kg为其最高残留限量,推荐其在青菜上的安全间隔期为8 d.     

利谷隆在玉米及土壤中的残留动态

采用高效液相色谱分析技术测定了利谷隆在玉米及土壤中的残留动态和最终残留量。喷施50％利谷隆可湿性粉剂（2812.5g a．i.／hm^2）测出在玉米植株上的残留量较低，施药后14d的残留量仅为0．08mg／kg；土壤中的原始沉积量为7．02mg／kg，半衰期为2．1d，据施药后第14d采样，消解率为72％。利谷隆属于易降解农药。     

Net primary production and nutrient cycling in an apple orchard–annual crop system in the Loess Plateau,China: a comparison of Qinguan apple,Fuji apple,corn and millet production subsystems

In this study, we investigated net primary production (NPP) and nutrient cycling in an apple orchard–annual crop system located in the Hill and Gully Region of the Loess Plateau, which included four production subsystems: Qinguan apple, Fuji apple, corn and millet. The results showed that NPP of corn (Zea mays L.) was two to three times greater than for millet (Setaria Italica L.) or apples (Malus domestica Borkh., cv ‘Fuji’ and ‘Qinguan’). Annual nutrient uptake by corn and millet was also much larger compared to apple trees. A comparison of nutrient use efficiency based on economic product showed that P and K use efficiency for Qinguan apples was about 50% greater compared to corn, while there was little difference in N use efficiency between apples and corn. More than 94% of the nutrients taken up by annual crops were lost from the system through the removal of grain and above-ground crop residue. In contrast, apple harvest and tree pruning resulted in the removal of 10–50% of the nutrients taken up annually by apple trees. Calculations indicated that farmers applied 60 times more N and 33 times more P to Qinguan apple orchards than was removed by apple harvest, but the amount of N and P fertilizer applied to corn was slightly less than the amount of N and P removed through crop harvest. In summary, the results indicated that increasing the proportion of land planted to apples and convincing farmers to leave annual crop residue in the fields would increase the sustainability of the apple orchard–annual crop system. Additional work needs to be done to determine the fate of N and P fertilizer applied to orchards as well as optimum fertilization rates for each of the four crops in the apple orchard–annual crop system.     

Host odor and visual stimulus interaction during intratree host finding behavior ofRhagoletis pomonella flies

Responses ofRhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae) flies to host fruit visual stimuli (apples or models of apples) and chemical stimuli (synthetic apple volatile blend) were studied in semidwarf field-caged apple trees. Three different fruit or model densities (1, 4, or 16 fruit or models/ tree) and two odor release rates [ca. 0.7g/hr (close to the natural release rate of a ripe apple) and ca. 500g/hr (amount of odor released by commercially sold apple maggot traps)] were tested. Individually released flies were followed as they moved within a tree for a maximum of 20 min. We recorded three-dimensional search paths followed by foraging flies and computed such variables as total relative distance traveled before alighting on a fruit or model, track length between individual alightment sites, and directness of flight to fruits or models. Effect of odor on propensity to alight on fruit or models and host-searching behavior prior to alighting on fruit or on models varied according to fruit or model color and density. If the fruit visual stimulus was strong (e.g., red color), odor did not increase the probability of finding fruit or fruit models. As the visual stimulus became progressively weaker (red to green to clear), odor (irrespective of concentration) appeared to aid flies during the fruit-finding process. As density of fruit or models increased, the probability of flies finding a fruit or model also increased (e.g., 50% of flies found a red fruit model at 1 model/tree while 90% found a red model at 16 models/tree; 4% of flies found a clear model with odor at 1 model/tree while 35% found a clear model with odor at 16 models/tree). Findings reported elsewhere indicate thatR. pomonella flies are able to discover a point source of odor (an odor-bearing tree in a patch of trees) by flying upwind (in the tree patch) in response to intermittent exposure to odor. Findings here indicate that after arrival on a host tree (point source), flies discover individual apparent and abundant host fruit on the basis of vision. If fruit are less apparent or scarce, odor appears to interact with vision during the fruit-finding process.     

Molecular and Immunological Identification of Low Allergenic Fruits among Old and New Apple Varieties

About 50–70% of patients allergic to birch pollen suffer from sensitization after apple ingestion. Apple allergenicity was established in only few varieties. Studies were performed on apple fruits of 21 traditional and nine modern varieties organically, intensively, or integratively produced. The aim of the study was to assess whether the factors like cultivation method, maturity stage, genotype, or type of tissue place an impact on the allergenic potential of apples. To answer these questions, we used semiquantitative real-time PCR, ELISA, and immunoblotting. Apple allergen genes present divergent expression across apple cultivars. Expression of the Mal d 1.06A correlates with the Mal d 1 level and is affected by the cultivation method and maturity of the fruit. The content of the main allergen Mal d 1 varied widely across cultivars. Interestingly, in our study, the Gala variety presented a low Mal d 1 concentration regardless of the cultivation method. Based on the Mal d 1.06A expression, the Mal d 1 protein content, and the immunoreactivity assay, the Kandil Sinap, Kosztela, Rumianka from Alma-Ata, Kantówka Gdańska, Reinette Coulon, and Gala cultivars emerged as potentially hypoallergenic apple cultivars. Our study allowed distinguishing between potentially low, medium, and highly allergenic varieties.     

啶虫脒在苹果和土壤中的残留及消解动态

应用气相色谱(电子捕获检测器-ECD)测定,研究了20%啶虫脒SP在苹果和土壤中的残留消解动态。结果表明,啶虫脒在苹果中半衰期为2.2～5.1d,在土壤中为0.14～2.6d。用量0.2g/L,施药一次,距最后一次施药21d收获苹果中啶虫脒残留量小于0.12mg/kg,建议20%啶虫脒SP在苹果上防治绣线菊蚜最多使用一次,用量为0.1～0.2g/L,安全间隔期为21d。     

THE INFLUENCE OF CONSTANT AND VARIABLE CONDITIONS ON THE DRYING KINETICS OF APPLES

Abstract

The purpose of this work was to examine the influence of constant and variable temperatures or velocities on apples' drying kinetics. The step changes of temperature influenced forcefully on apples1 temperature in all situations. The drying curves -6f apples showed the influence of air's temperature as well velocity on the water content. The largest difference between the apple drying curves and absolute value of drying rate are obtained after introducing step changes or rectangle impulses of air's temperature or velocity at the beginning of the process.     

THE INFLUENCE OF CONSTANT AND VARIABLE CONDITIONS ON THE DRYING KINETICS OF APPLES

The purpose of this work was to examine the influence of constant and variable temperatures or velocities on apples' drying kinetics. The step changes of temperature influenced forcefully on apples1 temperature in all situations. The drying curves -6f apples showed the influence of air's temperature as well velocity on the water content. The largest difference between the apple drying curves and absolute value of drying rate are obtained after introducing step changes or rectangle impulses of air's temperature or velocity at the beginning of the process.     

喹啉铜在西瓜和土壤中残留及消解动态

[目的]为评价50%多抗·喹啉铜可湿性粉剂在西瓜上使用安全性。[方法]利用超高效液相色谱-光电二极管阵列检测器(UPLC-PDA)对山东和浙江2年2地的西瓜和土壤中的喹啉铜残留消解动态及最终残留进行了测定和研究。用高剂量喹啉铜562.5 g a.i./hm^2喷施后2 h,1、3、5、7、10、14、21 d取样进行西瓜和土壤残留消解动态测定。用喹啉铜375、562.5 g a.i./hm^2分别喷施3次和4次,喷药后5、7、10 d取样进行全瓜、瓜肉和土壤最终残留测定。[结果]50%多抗·喹啉铜在西瓜和土壤中的消解动态曲线均符合一级动力学方程,半衰期分别为1.1~2.5、1.4~2.3 d,最终残留试验结果表明当喹啉铜施药量为375、562.5 g a.i./hm^2,施药次数为3次和4次时,距最后1次施药7 d后喹啉铜在西瓜全瓜、瓜肉和土壤的残留量均<0.20 mg/kg。[结论]50%多抗·喹啉铜可湿性粉剂属于易降解农药,在结果初期开始施用,施药剂量不高于562.5 g a.i./hm^2,次数不多于4次,施药间隔不小于5 d,西瓜上建议采收安全间隔期为7 d。试验为喹啉铜在西瓜上安全使用提供了理论依据。     

Reduction of Captan,Boscalid and Pyraclostrobin Residues on Apples Using Water Only,Gaseous Ozone,and Ozone Aqueous Solution

Intensive use of plant protection products in modern agriculture and horticulture often results in increasing residue levels of active ingredients of plant protection products in fruits and vegetables. Even if the maximum residue levels are not exceeded, the synergic effects of various compounds may have a serious impact on consumers' health. In particular, more sensitive consumer groups, e.g., children, may be affected. Therefore, it is important to develop an effective method that could be utilized for reduction of pesticide residue levels in food products of plant origin. In this work, possible application of ozone to reduce pesticide residue levels in apples has been investigated. The fruits were treated with ozone in gaseous state, in ozonized water, and in water alone, which was used for rinsing the fruits. The experiments included tests on apples that were subjected to a protection program using captan, boscalid and pyraclostrobin. The ozonized water and treatment with a gaseous ozone were found to be not more efficient in reducing the pesticide content on the fruits than simple washing procedures, e.g., 81–95% reduction of captan residue or 40–67% reduction of boscalid residue and 20–42% reduction of pyraclostrobin residue. Still, ozonation of water used for rinsing prevented fruits from consecutive contamination by pesticide residues present in water after several rinsing cycles. It was proven that application of ozonation process as a part of post-harvest treatment of apples may be beneficial for the fruit quality.