Ⅰ组亲代谢型谷氨酸受体配基不影响6-羟基多巴胺诱导的PC12细胞死亡及谷氨酸的释放

黑质致密部多巴胺能神经元大量缺失是帕金森病(Ｐａｒｋｉｎｓｏｎｓｄｉｓｅａｓｅ,ＰＤ)的一个重要特征。近年来 ,研究者对ＰＤ的发病机制提出了兴奋性氨基酸 (ＥＡＡ)的神经毒性学说。中枢神经系统中的主要ＥＡＡ是谷氨酸 (ｇｌｕｔａｍａｔｅ,Ｇｌｕ) ,其受体分为两大类 :亲离子型受体 (ｉｏｎｏｔｒｏｐｉｃｇｌｕｔａｍａｔｅｒｅｃｅｐｔｏｒｓ ,ｉＧｌｕＲｓ)和亲代谢型受体 (ｍｅｔａｂｏｔｒｏｐｉｃｇｌｕｔａｍａｔｅｒｅｃｅｐｔｏｒｓ,ｍＧｌｕＲｓ)。已发现的ｍＧｌｕＲｓ被分为三组 ,即ＧｒｏｕｐⅠ (ｍＧｌｕＲ1和ｍＧｌｕ…     

亲代谢型谷氨酸受体配基对黑质6-羟基多巴损毁大鼠的抗氧化作用

目的　探讨亲代谢型谷氨酸受体 (mGluRs)配基对帕金森病 (PD )模型大鼠的抗氧化作用。方法　采用 6 羟基多巴单侧黑质损毁建立帕金森病大鼠模型 ,应用化学比色法测定血清总抗氧化能力 (T AOC)、抑制活性氧能力 (ROS)和谷胱甘肽 (GSH )含量。结果　与模型对照组相比 ,Ⅰ组mGluRs拮抗剂 (SIB 1893 ) ,Ⅱ组mGluRs激动剂 (APDC) ,Ⅲ组mGluRs激动剂 (L SOP )和L DOPA均能增加血清T AOC和GSH水平 ,提高清除ROS能力 ,尤以APDC组作用最明显。结论　Ⅰ组mGluRs拮抗剂和Ⅱ、Ⅲ组mGluRs激动剂对 6 羟基多巴损毁大鼠具有部分抗氧化功能 ,有利于机体减轻氧化应激所致的损伤     

II、III组亲代谢型谷氨酸受体激动剂对脂多糖抑制C6胶质瘤细胞摄取谷氨酸的影响

目的：探讨II、III组亲代谢型谷氨酸受体（metabotropic glutamate receptors，mGluRs）激动剂对脂多糖（LPS）抑制C6胶质瘤细胞摄取谷氨酸（glutamate，GIu）的影响。方法：应用同位素标记法测定C6胶质瘤细胞对[^3H]-D，L-Glu的摄取。应用Hoechst染色法、噻唑蓝比色法（MTT）分别检测C6胶质瘤细胞的亡、细胞活力。结果：LPS（4、6μg／mL）显著抑制C6胶质瘤细胞摄取[^3H]-D，L-Glu，抑制率分别达17．6％和22．2％。Ⅱ组mGluRs激动剂DCG-IV100μmol／L和III组mGluRs激动剂L-AP4 100pznol／L逆转LlX3对C6胶质瘤细胞摄取[^3H]．D，L-GIu的抑制作用，这种逆转作用分别被Ⅱ、ⅡI组mGluRs拮抗剂APICA和MSOP取消。结论：DCG-IV和L-AP引起的C6胶质瘤细胞Glu摄取抑制，提示II、III组mGluRs激动剂通过促进Glu摄取，降低细胞外Glu浓度，从而发挥神经保护作用。     

6-羟基多巴胺诱导PC12细胞释放谷氨酸及死亡不受Ⅰ组亲代谢型谷氨酸受体配基的影响(英文)

目的:探讨Ⅰ组亲代谢型谷氨酸受体(mGluR)配基对6-羟基多巴胺(6-OHDA)诱导的PC12细胞死亡及谷氨酸(Glu)释放的影响。方法:培养PC12细胞,以100μmol/LⅠ组mGluR激动剂(RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine(DHPG)和拮抗剂DL-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid(DL-AP3)预先剌激细胞1h,再加入6-OHDA100μmol/L共孵育24h,显微镜下观察细胞形态变化,用TUNEL法检测凋亡细胞,用噻唑蓝(MTT)法检测细胞存活率,并用高效液相色谱检测Glu的释放量。结果:6-OHDA 降低PC12细胞存活率(P<0.01),其诱导的Glu释放呈浓度和时间依赖性。Ⅰ组mGluR配基不能减少6-OHDA引起的PC12细胞死亡,也不影响6OHDA引起的Glu释放量。结论:Ⅰ组mGluR配基对6-OHDA引起死亡的PC12细胞无保护作用。     

Ⅱ、Ⅲ组亲代谢型谷氨酸受体激动剂对脂多糖抑制C6胶质瘤细胞摄取谷氨酸的影响

目的探讨Ⅱ、Ⅲ组亲代谢型谷氨酸受体(metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluRs)激动剂对脂多糖(LPS)抑制C6胶质瘤细胞摄取谷氨酸(glutamate, Glu)的影响.方法应用同位素标记法测定C6胶质瘤细胞对[3H]-D,L-Glu的摄取.应用Hoechst染色法、噻唑蓝比色法(MTT)分别检测C6胶质瘤细胞的凋亡、细胞活力.结果LPS(4、6 μg/Ml)显著抑制C6胶质瘤细胞摄取[3H]-D,L-Glu,抑制率分别达 17.6%和 22.2%.Ⅱ组mGluRs激动剂 DCG-Ⅳ 100 μmol/L 和Ⅲ组mGluRs激动剂L-AP4 100 μmol/L 逆转LPS对C6胶质瘤细胞摄取[3H]-D,L-Glu的抑制作用,这种逆转作用分别被Ⅱ、Ⅲ组mGluRs拮抗剂 APICA和MSOP取消.结论DCG-Ⅳ和L-AP4逆转LPS引起的C6胶质瘤细胞Glu摄取抑制,提示Ⅱ、Ⅲ组mGluRs激动剂通过促进Glu摄取,降低细胞外Glu浓度,从而发挥神经保护作用.     

代谢型谷氨酸受体与应激损伤

代谢型谷氨酸受体 (mGluRs)在应激性损伤中的作用日益受到重视 ,它可参与GC水平的调节 ,影响谷氨酸神经毒性作用和突触可塑性 (LTP、LTD)的诱导 ,由此表明mGluRs在应激性损伤中可能占有重要的地位。由于不同类型的mGluRs具有不同的作用 ,机制较为复杂 ,因此 ,今后还需进一步加强mGluRs与应激性损伤关系的研究     

代谢型谷氨酸受体5与临床相关疾病的关系研究进展

代谢型谷氨酸受体5(mGluR5)是中枢谷氨酸能系统的重要受体之一,在中枢神经系统方面发挥着重要作用,广泛参与调控突触传递、突触可塑性、神经兴奋性/抑制性平衡等生理过程。研究发现,mGluR5与多种不同的神经系统疾病和非神经系统疾病密切相关,因此其作为潜在的药物治疗靶点日益受到关注。本文旨在对mGluR5的结构、分布、生理功能以及mGluR5在神经系统疾病、非神经系统疾病中的作用进行概述,以期为mGluR5在临床相关疾病中的研究提供有意义的参考。     

代谢型谷氨酸受体5与神经系统疾病的研究进展

代谢型谷氨酸受体5(mGluR5)作为重要的mGluR之一,通过第二信使发挥生物学效应。mGluR5以二聚体形式主要分布于大脑皮质、海马和纹状体等区域,通过激活磷脂酶C-肌醇1,4,5-三磷酸-甘油二酯-Ca~(2+)和磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶-哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白等信号通路,参与神经兴奋性网络调节、神经发生以及与学习记忆相关的突触可塑性形成。近来研究证实,mGluR5在神经性疾病中发挥着重要作用。研究表明,mGluR5的过度激活或抑制与多种神经性疾病的病理过程密切相关。多种选择性激活或抑制mGluR5活性的药物已被应用于神经性疾病的治疗。     

Therapeutic potential of targeting group III metabotropic glutamate receptors in the treatment of Parkinson's disease

Current drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson''s disease (PD), for example, L-DOPA and dopamine agonists, are very effective at reversing the motor symptoms of the disease. However, they do little to combat the underlying degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and their long-term use is associated with the appearance of adverse effects such as L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Much emphasis has therefore been placed on finding alternative non-dopaminergic drugs that may circumvent some or all of these problems. Group III metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors were first identified in the basal ganglia a decade ago. One or more of these receptors (mGlu4, mGlu7 or mGlu8) is found on pre-synaptic terminals of basal ganglia pathways whose overactivity is implicated not only in the generation of motor symptoms in PD, but also in driving the progressive SNc degeneration. The finding that drugs which activate group III mGlu receptors can inhibit transmission across these overactive synapses has lead to the proposal that group III mGlu receptors are promising targets for drug discovery in PD. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the role and target potential of group III mGlu receptors in the basal ganglia. Overwhelming evidence obtained from in vitro studies and animal models of PD supports group III mGlu receptors as potentially important drug targets for providing both symptom relief and neuroprotection in PD.     

Novel metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 and glutamate receptor 8 therapeutics for the treatment of anxiety

Introduction: The fast actions of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate are mediated by glutamate-gated ion channels (ionotropic Glu receptors). Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlus) are coupled to second messenger pathways via G proteins and modulate glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. Of the eight different types of mGlus (mGlu1–mGlu8), mGlu4, mGlu6, mGlu7 and mGlu8 are members of group III. Except for mGlu6, group III receptors are generally located presynaptically and regulate neurotransmitter release. Because of their role in modulating excitatory neurotransmission, mGlus are attractive targets for therapies aimed at treating anxiety disorders.

Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss the role of mGlu4 and mGlu8 in anxiety disorders. They also discuss how mGlu4 and mGlu8 have distinct expression patterns in the brain, which might have related functions. Finally, the authors discuss how compounds that target more than one mGlu receptor might be therapeutically more effective.

Expert opinion: mGlu4 might compensate for mGlu8 deficiency, and deficiency of both receptors might result in a more pronounced phenotype than deficiency of either receptor alone. The distinct and overlapping anatomical distribution and functions of mGlu4 and mGlu8 suggest that both receptors, either individually or combined, are attractive therapeutic targets in anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis.     

Positive allosteric modulators of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 for the treatment of schizophrenia

Background: Normalization of excessive glutamate neurotransmission through activation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) represents a novel and promising approach for the treatment of schizophrenia. This strategy has gained support through the evaluation of dual mGluR2/3 agonists that act directly at the glutamate (orthosteric) binding site. Importantly, clinical validation of the mechanism was achieved in a Phase II study in schizophrenia patients with mGluR2/3 agonist LY404039. Selective positive allosteric modulators (potentiators) of mGluR2 that bind to the transmembrane region of the receptor have shown efficacy in rodent models predictive of antipsychotic activity, but have yet to be evaluated in the clinic. Allosteric mGluR2 potentiators may offer advantages over orthosteric mGluR2/3 agonists as a result of their unique mode of action and ability to achieve superior mGluR2 selectivity. Objective/method: This review focuses on the structures and biological activities of small molecule potentiators of mGluR2 that appeared in the patent literature between 2006 and early 2009. Conclusion: Potent mGluR2 potentiators that span a broad range of structural diversity have been disclosed. Narrow patent filings within select series and drug-like properties of corresponding preferred compounds suggest that development candidates have likely been nominated.     

Modulation of the basal ganglia by metabotropic glutamate receptors: potential for novel therapeutics

The basal ganglia are implicated in a number of disorders including neurodegenerative motor diseases such as Huntington's and Parkinson's disease, as well as psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and obsessive compulsive disorder. In recent years, a great deal of effort has been focused on determining the basal ganglia circuitry that underlies normal behavior, as well as many of these syndromes. This has led to a detailed understanding of both the normal and pathophysiological flow of information through the basal ganglia, and has provided the opportunity to begin developing novel pharmacological methods of intervention by targeting neuromodulatory receptors with in the basal ganglia circuit. One group of receptors that holds much promise for several basal ganglia disorders is the metabotropic glutamate receptors. Data from behavioral, neurochemical, neuroanatomical and electrophysiological studies has begun to reveal the functional roles that the metabotropic glutamate receptors play in modulating the basal ganglia circuit, and suggests that compounds selectively targeting these receptors may provide novel therapies for a variety of disorders including Parkinson's disease, addiction, and epilepsy.     

Blockade of metabotropic glutamate receptors inhibits cognition and neurodegeneration in an MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease rat model

Hyperactivity of the glutamatergic system is involved in excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) modulates glutamatergic transmission and thus has been proposed as a potential target for neuroprotective drugs. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP), an mGluR5 antagonist, on working memory, object recognition, and neurodegeneration in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD rat model. Male Wistar rats were stereotaxically injected with MPTP into the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Starting 1 day after lesioning (day 1), the rats were treated daily with MPEP (2 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 14 days and rats underwent a T-maze test on days 8-10 and an object recognition test on days 12-14. MPTP-lesioned rats showed impairments of working memory in the T-maze test and of recognition function in the object recognition test and both effects were prevented by MPEP treatment. Furthermore, MPTP lesion-induced dopaminergic degeneration in the nigrostriatal system, microglial activation in the SNc, and cell loss in the hippocampal CA1 area were all inhibited by MPEP treatment. These data provide support for a role of mGluR5s in the pathophysiology of PD and suggest that MPEP is a promising pharmacological tool for the development of new treatments for dementia associated with PD.     

Metabotropic glutamate receptors modulate serotonin release in the rat periaqueductal gray matter

The role of metabotropic (mGluRs) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release has been studied in rat periaqueductal gray (PAG) matter by using in vivo microdialysis. (1S,3R)-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid [(1S,3R)-ACPD; 0.5 or 1 mM], a group I/group II mGluRs agonist, increased the dialysate 5-HT concentration. (2S)-α-ethylglutamic acid (EGlu; 1 mM), an antagonist of group II mGluRs, but not (RS)-1-aminoindan-1,5-dicarboxylic acid (AIDA; 1 mM), an antagonist of group I mGluRs, antagonized the 1S,3R-ACPD-induced effect. (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG; 0.5 and 1 mM), an agonist of group I mGluRs, did not modify dialysate 5-HT. (2S, 3S, 4S)-α-(carboxycyclopropyl)-glycine (L-CCG-I; 0.5 and 1 mM), an agonist of group II mGluRs, increased extracellular 5-HT. This effect was antagonized by EGlu. Similarly, L-serine-O-phosphate (L-SOP; 1 and 10 mM), an agonist of group III mGluRs, increased extracellular 5-HT and this effect was antagonized by (RS)-α-methylserine O-phosphate (M-SOP; 1 mM), an antagonist of group III mGluRs. Out of the several N-methyl-D-aspartate concentrations used (NMDA; 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 μM) only the 50 μM infusion significantly decreased dialysate 5-HT. The GABA_A receptor agonist, bicuculline (30 μM), increased 5-HT release on its own and antagonized the decrease caused by the opiate antagonist, naloxone (2 mM), as well as the increases caused by CCG-I or L-SOP. These data show that stimulation of PAG’s group II/group III mGluRs increases 5-HT release, while stimulation of NMDA glutamate receptors may decrease it. We speculate that glutamate does not modulate 5-HT release in the PAG directly, but via activation of tonically active GABAergic interneurons. Received: 15 January 1998 / Accepted: 22 July 1998