高血压脑出血患者血肿周围血-脑屏障超微结构的观察

目的 动态观察高血压脑出血后不同时间血肿周围血-脑屏障（BBB）的超微结构。方法 选取10例基底节区高血压脑出血患者,通过CT导向脑立体定向仪在血肿周围取脑组织标本,电镜下观察BBB的超微结构。结果：脑出血12h后BBB胶质足板水肿,胞饮水泡增多,24h后内皮细胞线粒体肿胀,嵴断裂,48h后足板水肿明显,内皮细胞水肿,细胞核增大;72h胞质稀疏,基底膜断开;5d内皮细胞胞膜及核膜溶解,毛细血管塌陷。结论 脑出血早期预防BBB的损害是治疗脑出血的重要方面。     

脑微血管内皮细胞TNFR差异表达对rhTNF开放血肿瘤屏障的影响

目的观察脑微血管内皮细胞的肿瘤坏死因子受体(TNFR)差异表达对rhTNF开放血肿瘤屏障的影响。方法建立TNFR1/TNFR2高表达的脑微血管内皮细胞株,并与C6胶质瘤细胞一起通过Transwell小室构建体外血肿瘤屏障模型。免疫荧光技术检测脑微血管内皮细胞TNFR的表达水平。荧光分析法测定给予rhTNF后的血肿瘤屏障通透性变化。结果脑微血管内皮细胞的TNFR1高表达时,rhTNF开放血肿瘤屏障的程度最大。而TNFR2高表达时,血肿瘤屏障开放程度与对照组相比无明显差异。结论 rhTNF可能是通过与脑微血管内皮细胞的TNFR1结合而引起血肿瘤屏障开放的。     

脑缺血与血脑屏障相互关系研究进展

1 血脑屏障的组成与结构 血脑屏障(BBB)是中枢神经系统特有的结构。它的形态学基础包括血液与神经元之间的一系列结构:毛细血管的内皮及内皮细胞之间的闭锁小带、基膜以及神经胶质细胞突起(胶质膜)。以上结构使血脑屏障具有自身的特点:内皮细胞没有窗孔,大分子物质不易透过;内皮细胞之间有闭锁小带形成一完整的闭锁带,阻挡溶质透过;脑毛细血管内皮细胞缺少收缩性蛋白,脑毛细血管内皮没有特定的收缩能力,因此内皮对蛋     

血管内注射可溶性β-淀粉样蛋白1-40对毛细血管内皮细胞和胶质细胞毒性的研究

目的研究血液内较高浓度的可溶性β-淀粉样蛋白1-40(Aβ1-40)对毛细血管内皮细胞和胶质细胞的毒性,以探讨其在阿尔茨海默病发病中的作用.方法成年雄性SD大鼠90只,随机分为注射Aβ1-40组、注射生理盐水组以及正常大鼠(非手术)组,每组30只.采用右侧颈外静脉血管插管并留置的方法,通过导管向血管内中每日2次注射10μg的可溶性的Aβ1-40,连续14天后,采用免疫组化和免疫印迹(Western blot)方法观察星形胶质细胞、小胶质细胞的激活状态以及转糖蛋白-1、转糖蛋白-3表达的改变.结果注射Aβ1-40以后,毛细血管周围星形胶质细胞的胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达明显增多;小胶质细胞呈明显的激活状态;Western blot法检测到脑实质内转糖蛋白-1以及转糖蛋白-3表达明显减少.结论血管内连续注射Aβ1-40以后,对血-脑屏障的内皮细胞有明显的损害,对胶质细胞有明显的激活作用,可能与AD发病有关.     

实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎与脑屏障变化

脑屏障改变是实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎 (EAE)较早期的病理改变 ,它促使免疫细胞及免疫信息分子大量入脑 ,从而引起脑组织的免疫炎性反应。本文对脑屏障概念 ,EAE时脑屏障变化情况及其可能的机理作一综述。     

实验性血脑屏障细胞模型及其评价

目的 :建立模拟在体血脑屏障 (blood brainbarrier ,BBB)形态、功能的体外细胞模型。方法 :将纯化的 1型星形胶质细胞、脑微血管内皮细胞分别接种于涂有鼠胶原的Transwell多聚酯膜两侧 ,共培养。分别检测共培养后BBB特异性酶γ 谷氨酰转酞酶 (γ GT)含量 ;测定荧光素钠 (FLU)、12 5Ⅰ 牛血清白蛋白 (BSA)在该模型上的通透量。结果 :共培养后内皮细胞表现出典型细胞形态 ;γ GT含量随共培养酶活性增强 ;模型对大分子蛋白质和小分子物质都具有良好限制通透的作用。结论 :脑微血管内皮细胞与 1型星形胶质细胞共培养能够形成与在体BBB类似的结构 ,并具有在体屏障的限制物质通透、酶屏障的功能     

高血压脑出血血肿周围组织血-脑屏障变化的动态观察

目的动态观察高血压脑出血血肿周围组织血-脑屏障的变化.方法对6例高血压脑出血患者实施立体定向血肿碎吸术,术中取血肿周围少许脑组织进行超微病理观察.结果血-脑屏障的损伤与出血时间的长短呈正比.脑出血后24 h,可见星形胶质细胞肿胀,部分细胞崩解、坏死.毛细血管周围细胞足突肿胀,血-脑屏障损坏.72 h,部分星形胶质细胞高度肿胀,细胞器溶解.毛细血管内皮细胞胞核增大,胞质突入管腔,内皮细胞间紧密连接消失.4～7 d,星形细胞高度肿胀,胞质内充满水肿液,细胞器消失,细胞变性.毛细血管星形细胞足突明显肿胀,血管周围可见微小出血灶.结论血-脑屏障的变化与患者的预后有密切关系.     

高血压脑出血血肿周围组织血—脑屏障变化的动脉观察

目的 动态观察高血压脑出血血肿周围组织血-脑屏障的变化。方法 对6例高血压脑出血患者实施立体定向血肿碎吸术,术中取血肿周围少许脑组织进行超微病理观察。结果 血-脑屏障的损伤与出血时间的长短呈正比。脑出血后24h,可见星形胶质细胞肿胀,部分细胞崩解、坏死。毛细血管周围细胞足突肿胀,血-脑屏障损坏。72h,部分星形胶质细胞高度肿胀,细胞器溶解。毛细血管内皮细胞胞核增大,胞质突入管腔,内皮细胞间紧密连接消失。4-7d,星形细胞高度肿胀,胞质内充满水肿液,细胞器消失,细胞变性。毛细血管星形细胞足突明显肿胀,血管周围可见微小出血灶。结论 血-脑屏障的变化与患者的预后有密切关系。     

高血压脑出血血肿周围组织血-脑屏障变化的动态观察

目的动态观察高血压脑出血血肿周围组织血-脑屏障的变化.方法对6例高血压脑出血患者实施立体定向血肿碎吸术,术中取血肿周围少许脑组织进行超微病理观察.结果血-脑屏障的损伤与出血时间的长短呈正比.脑出血后24h,可见星形胶质细胞肿胀,部分细胞崩解、坏死.毛细血管周围细胞足突肿胀,血-脑屏障损坏.72h,部分星形胶质细胞高度肿胀,细胞器溶解.毛细血管内皮细胞胞核增大,胞质突入管腔,内皮细胞间紧密连接消失.4～7d,星形细胞高度肿胀,胞质内充满水肿液,细胞器消失,细胞变性.毛细血管星形细胞足突明显肿胀,血管周围可见微小出血灶.结论血-脑屏障的变化与患者的预后有密切关系.     

酶屏障研究进展

血脑屏障(BBB)是血液与神经实质的调节界面,不仅有被动机械性保护屏障作用,且能有选择地将脑内过剩物质泵出脑外,调节中枢神经系统的生理平衡,保持脑的内环境恒定。关于BBB的研究已近百年,近年由于生物膜理论与神经生化、组织化学技术的迅速发展,电镜及免疫酶标技术的应用,进一步肯定了BBB的结构基础是毛细血管内皮细胞与脉胳丛上皮,并发现脑毛细血管有其独特的酶系统,脉络丛也具有主动转运的酶系统。这些酶构成一道酶屏障,阻止相应底物入脑,对BBB的通透性具有不可忽视的作用。     

Early stages in the formation of the cerebellum in the frog

The formation of the cerebellum was studied during the first 6 months of the tadpole stage of the bullfrog by using standard histological methods and reconstructions from serial horizontal sections. Three major developmental phases were noted in the formation of the cerebellum. (1) During the first 5 weeks of development, the neuroepithelium proliferated and the dorsal mesencephalic plates increased in size. (2) Starting in the sixth week, a patch of neuroepithelium began to differentiate and gave rise to a small population of Purkinje cells. In subsequent weeks, the area of differentiation continued to spread and a Purkinje cell layer became established along the dorsal margin of the cerebellar plate. (3) In the 12th week, the ventrolateral part of the cerebellar plate began to increase in size and generate two populations of small cells. The lateralmost part of the neuroepithelium in this area generated a group of cells that formed an external granular layer that was one cell deep. Cells of this external granular layer migrated inward into the primitive molecular layer, and by the 26th week only a remnant of an external granular layer remained in the cerebellum. The more medially situated part of the neuroepithelium gave rise to another population of small cells that formed a column, which appeared to be continuous with the Purkinje cells, but differed from them in size. It should be noted that full maturation of the cerebellum occurs during metamorphosis, which in this species remains some 2 years away.     

Inhomogeneities in the propagation of the slow wave in the stomach

The propagation of the slow wave in the stomach and its role in inducing sweeping peristaltic contractions toward the pylorus, essential for a proper digestion and emptying, have been studied for many years. Irregularities in the timing or in the pattern of propagation of the slow wave have been known to induce various gastric malfunctions and, recently, several types of gastric dysrhythmias have been described which could lead to gastric contraction abnormalities. In this study, Du et al. have analyzed the disturbances caused by a simple transmural incision in a human stomach, performed to obtain a biopsy of the muscle, on the propagation pattern of the slow wave. In addition, they show that such an incision may by itself also induce new types of gastric dysrhythmias. These results are important in demonstrating that the function of the stomach can easily be disturbed by such procedures. This mini‐review describes several ways in which inhomogeneities in propagation may affect the conduction pattern of the slow wave, including the genesis of several dysrhythmias, and what is currently known about their impact on gastric contraction and digestion.     

Dysthymic disorder in the aged in the community

Summary The prevalence of dysthymic disorder and and its relationship to social and health variables were investigated in a Finnish population aged 60 years or over. The prevalence was lower in men (17.2 per 100) than in women (22.9 per 100). In the total population the occurrence was higher in the widowed (24.9 per 100) than in the married (18.3 per 100). In men, dysthymic disorder was more common in those with a lower educational level (22.6 per 100) than with a higher educational level (15.1 per 100), and more common in persons receiving long-term institutional care or home nursing or home help (28.7 per 100) than in persons living independently at home (14.6 per 100). The rate was not related to age, marital status or occupation. In women, the occurrence was not related to age, marital status, education, occupation or form of social and health care. The female rate was higher than the male in the older group (70 yrs. +), in married persons, in those with a higher educational level and in those living independently at home. Underdiagnosing was evident. The occurrence of dysthymic disorder was related to poor health and poor functional status and to the occurrence of social and health stressors. No differences were found in the occurrence of the related factors between persons with dysthymic disorder and persons with major depression. Our results support the conclusion that the majority of cases of dysthymic disorders in the elderly are affective illnesses and not personality disorders.     

Cells in the pretectal olivary nucleus are in the pathway for the direct light reflex of the pupil in the rat

Extracellular microelectrode recordings from 148 single cells in the pretectum of the hooded rat were classified according to their temporal response properties to light stimulation of their retinal receptive fields. Fifty-six cells were classified as tonic-on cells, 22 cells were classified as tonic-off cells, and 53 cells were classified as phasic cells. Seventeen cells could not be assigned to one of these 3 groups. The diameters of the receptive field centers of the tonic-on pretectal cell were clustered about a mean of 31° and the temporal response of these cells was sustained. Constriction of the contralateral pupil was produced by electrical stimulation through the recording electrode at sites containing tonic-on pretectal cells, but not at sites containing tonic-off pretectal cells or phasic pretectal cells. For this reason, we argue that tonic-on cells are likely to mediate constriction in the light reflex of the rat's pupil. Receptive field maps together with electrolytic marking lesions at recording and stimulation sites showed that tonic-on pretectal cells are retinotopically organized and are aggregated in a strip running from the dorso-medial tip of the pretectum to the ventro-lateral boundary. The anatomical distribution of these cells is coextensive with the region known as the pretectal olivary nucleus (PO) in the rat^26,27.Using fine microelectrodes, recordings were obtained from 27 axons presumed origin (fibers). Of these, 14 were tonic-on, 10 were phasic, 2 were tonic-off, and 2 were unclassified. Recordings from tonic-on fibers were obtained near tonic-on pretectal cells, typically in the most dorsal light-responsiveness region of the pretectum. These fibers were activated by single pulse electrical stimulation of the optic chiasm. The mean receptive field center diameter of 6 tonic-on fibers was 10.1°, or about a factor of 3 less than that of pretectal tonic-on cells. The mean conduction velocity of 14 tonic-on fibers was 3.1 m/s.We argue that the tonic-on cells of the PO serve to integrate signals from tonic-on center retinal ganglion cells with adjacent receptive fields to provide signals for constriction of the pupil to neurons in the oculomotor nucleus.     

Organization in the descending tracts of the dorsolateral funiculus in the cat

Organization of the fibers in the descending tracts of the dorsolateral funiculus of the cervical spinal cord was investigated in cats. The spinal cord was penetrated with microelectrodes at 400 mum intervals in the medio-lateral direction at the c5/c6 and c6/c7 segmental borders. Silicon substrate microelectrodes with a linear arrangement of activated iridium contacts were used. The stimulus consisted of a 20 ms train of charge balanced biphasic current pulses at 330 Hz. The evoked activities from selected forelimb muscles were acquired into computer. Only the data points with an activation threshold of less than 35 muA were considered in the analysis. Muscle contractions were mostly in the form of short twitches. In both spinal segments, an area of high threshold was found in the middle of the dorsolateral funiculus. Majority of the muscles studied had a dorsal or ventral concentration of activation points. The distal muscles were mostly activated in the ventro-lateral aspect of the funiculus, while the elbow muscle maps spread to both dorsal and ventral sides. These results show a functional organization in both cervical segments studied, with overlapping regions between the areas dedicated for each forelimb muscle.     

Experiences in the United States--a difference in the status in the United States and that in Japan]

Child and adolescent psychiatry has been established as a subspecialty in the United States. The systematic education, training and research opportunities are currently available and child and adolescent psychiatry is a major part of psychiatric practice in the US. However, there are many burdens to overcome to provide adequate child mental health care. Several important focus on child mental health care in US are to 1) improve the assessment of and recognition of mental health needs in children, 2) promote scientifically-proven and evidence based interventions and 3) increase access to and coordination of quality mental health care services. To understand the current status and problems in child and adolescent psychiatry in US may help the Japanese psychiatrists to develop and establish child and adolescent psychiatry in Japan.     

Apoplexy in the everyday practice in the eighteenth century

We report the original recipes applied to treat apoplexy in the eighteenth century, as written in the personal notes of doctor of that century.     

Asymmetry in the structural organization of the ganglion layer of the retina in the frog

Silver-impregnated retinal preparations were used to study the distribution density and topographic features of small and large ganglionic cells (GC) of Rana ridibunda and Rana temporaria. For both species the increased density of GC (a streak) stretched higher than the naso-temporal axis passing through the optic disk. Beyond the streak the density of small GC was maximal in the central zone of the retina and decreased towards its periphery. For the upper quadrants of the retina the density of small GC was higher than that for the lower ones by 26% on the average. On the contrary, the density of large GC was higher in the lower part of the retina as compared to the upper one, the difference being more pronounced for R. temporaria. The density of large GC was also asymmetric with respect to the dorso-ventral axis being higher in nasal quadrants than in temporal ones by 40-55%. The highest density of large GC was found in the middle zone of the retina. The found structural asymmetry in the retinal output raster may bear an adaptively ecological meaning and may condition the particularities of the formation of the visually guided prey-catching and avoidance reactions.     

Local nonuniformities in the syncytium of the horizontal cells of the retina in the turtle

Electrical coupling between horizontal cells of the turtle retina was investigated by means of two microelectrodes (current and recording ones) penetrating neighbouring cells at a fixed distance from each other. The morphological coupling was revealed by means of fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow. The electrical coupling was confirmed between elements of similar type (L1--axonal terminals, or L2--cell bodies, or R/G type cells) and no coupling was found between elements of different types, though L1 and L2 are directly connected through thin axons. In the L1 syncytium the electrical coupling at small (less than or equal to 50 microns) but fixed distances between microelectrodes could differ several times depending on the minimal displacement of microelectrodes. This local nonuniformity of coupling can be explained on the basis of structural nonuniformities in the L1 (axon terminal) network. It is unlikely however that the structural nonuniformities can influence the functional properties of horizontal cell network when the retina is stimulated adequately (by light).