大鼠胰十二指肠肾脏联合移植模型的实验研究

目的：为了进行胰肾联合移植基础研究，建立一种简易可靠的大鼠胰十二指肠肾脏联合移植（SPKT）模型，方法：雄性SD大鼠作同品系异体移植的供受体，受体尾静脉注射链脲霉素（STZ）50mg/kg，建立大鼠糖尿病模型，在保存液中，移植物门静脉与肾下下腔静脉作袖套式吻合；移植物肾上腹主动脉，肾上下腔静脉分别与受体肾下腹主动脉，肾下下腔静脉显微缝合吻合，移植物十二指肠与受体十二指肠端侧吻合，移植物带输尿管的膀胱片与受体膀胱吻合。结果：血管吻合时间及受体手术时间短，手术成功率为88％，移植胰腺及肾脏功能良好。结论：此模型是一种简易可靠的大鼠胰十二指肠肾脏联合移植模型。     

猪胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植的实验研究

目的 研究猪胰、十二指肠及肾联合移植早期自然排斥反应的监测指标和组织病理改变。方法 ３０头猪作为供受体,血管吻合采用移植物的腹主动脉段和门静脉与受体肾以下腹主动脉及下腔静脉分别吻合,十二指肠与受体膀胱侧侧吻合,输尿管置管外引流。监测受体的空腹血糖、尿淀粉酶和移植肾尿量,并观察移植物的病理变化。结果 １５头受体中,１３头获得移植成功。排斥反应发生时,尿淀粉酶的改变明显先于空腹血糖和移植尿肾尿量的变化     

猪同种异体胰十二指肠移植门静脉回流肠内引流模型治疗Ⅰ型糖尿病的实验研究

目的建立稳定、可靠、符合解剖生理的猪胰十二指肠移植模型。方法选四川当地杂种长白猪46头（体重25-32kg），分为供受体两组（n=20），进行同种异体胰十二指肠移植手术。供体全身肝素化，用UW液从腹主动脉灌注、门静脉流出，压力80-100cmH2O。切取供体的胰十二指肠，修剪供体、供体髂总动脉及髂内、外动脉分别与移植胰腺的腹腔动脉和肠系膜上动脉“Y”型吻合。切除受体胰腺建立Ⅰ型糖尿病模型。供体的门静脉与受体的肠系膜上静脉或门静脉端-侧4吻合；呈“Y”形的髂总动脉与受体腹主动脉端-吻合；供体的十二肠与受体的空肠侧-侧吻合。颈外静脉切开置管，术后输液。观察术后手术合并症，术中，术后1～7d检测血糖、胰岛素、胰高血糖素水平，移植物存活，急性排斥反应。结果进行猪同种异体胰十二指肠移植23例，手术中因麻醉意外死亡1例，手术成功率为95．6％。发生手术合并症2例，其中静脉血栓形成1例，发生率为4．6％。十二指肠空肠吻合口漏1例，发生率4．6％。在切除胰腺30min可见血糖升高，手术后第2天开始恢复正常水平。胰岛素和胰高血糖素在切除胰腺30min内开始下降，术后第2天开始恢复正常水平。术后第1天开始出现排斥反应，且逐渐加重，第7天达到高峰，但是未出现血糖、胰岛素、胰高血糖素水平变化和排斥反应的临床症状。结论门静脉回流＋肠内引流手术保持内分泌稳定，符合解剖生理，有临床应用的可行性。猪的门静脉回流＋肠内引流手术模型的成功建立为临床开展胰腺移植门、肠引流手术奠定基础。     

单独的胰腺同种移植:经皮活检的作用和排斥的标准组织学分级

胰岛素依赖性糖尿病和终末期肾病者施行胰一肾同种移植（SPK）的1年生存率达1000／0而单独胰腺移植（PTA）和肾移植后再行胰移植（PAK）的移植胰1年存活率分别为54％和52％，明显低干SPK的刀％，三者移植排斥率分别为280%、32%和8%，以SPK为最低。设想经皮活检的标准组织学排斥分级或可改善单独胰移植体的生存。作者分析30例PAK和5例PTK的结果。移植胰包括脾、十二指肠和近端空肠、置于受体的右髂窝，其脾动脉及肠系膜上动脉连接至供体的骼总动脉分叉，切除受体的脾脏。门静脉吻合至受体的骼外静脉，供体的Y型血管移植体的部总动脉…     

胰肾联合移植一例报告

我院于１９９８年６月施行了１例临床胰肾联合移植,患者现已带胰肾有功能存活近半年,报告如下。患者,男,５３岁。１９９８年６月２３日接受胰肾联合移植术。供者用腹主动脉插管,ＵＷ液灌注,整块切取全胰、十二指肠、脾脏、双肾及输尿管,低温保存。修剪时将腹腔动脉和肠系膜上动脉开口修成一袖口状。受者行下腹弧形切口,胰腺移植于右髂窝,将供者腹主动脉袖口和门静脉分别与受者右侧髂外动、静脉端侧吻合,开放血流后有胰液流出,总缺血时间为１０小时。十二指肠与膀胱右前壁双层侧侧吻合。肾脏移植于左髂窝,供肾动静脉与左髂外动静…     

一种新型的大鼠胰肾联合移植模型的建立

目的建立一种简易、可靠的大鼠胰肾联合移植(SPK)模型。方法雄性SD大鼠作同品系异体移植的供受体,受体术前腹腔一次性注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)70mg/kg体重。采用供体右肾,移植物门静脉与肾下下腔静脉袖套式吻合,供受体肾上下腔-下腔、腹主-腹主两血管显微缝合;供体十二指肠与受体Treitz韧带下3~4cm的空肠侧侧吻合,移植物带输尿管的膀胱片与受体膀胱吻合,切除受体双肾。结果正式实验30例中手术成功率为90%(27/30),血管吻合时间30min,移植前血糖为(20.02±2.12)mmol/L,移植后24h血糖、肌酐即降为正常。结论此模型手术成功率高,术后并发症少,可进一步用于SPK的相关研究。     

新型同种异体猪全胰十二指肠移植模型的建立与评价

目的 建立一种符合生理、稳定的猪全胰十二指肠移植模型。方法 采用手术切除受体胰腺，制造Ⅰ型糖尿病模型。移植物的门静脉与受体门静脉或肠系膜前静脉吻合；移植物的腹主动脉下段与受体腹主动脉下段吻合；十二指肠与受体空肠吻合。结果 16例动物移植后效果满意，胰腺功能良好。同时，猪的免疫和胰腺解剖与人极为相似。结论 在胰腺移植的研究中，猪全胰十二指肠移植是较理想的动物模型。     

门静脉回流、胰液肠内引流术式猪全胰十二指肠移植模型的建立

目的建立稳定的、符合生理的门静脉回流、空肠内引流术式猪全胰十二指肠移植模型。方法40头四川本地杂种猪分为供、受体两组(n=20)。采用UW液低温灌注的方法，整块切取供体全胰十二指肠，保留腹主动脉Carrel片和门静脉。UW液保存、修整后的胰腺十二指肠移植物用髂血管延长的动脉与供体腹主动脉段端-侧吻合；门静脉与供体肠系膜上静脉端-侧吻合；十二指肠与供体空肠侧-侧吻合。结果共完成猪全胰十二指肠移植手术20例。胰腺移植术后1例因麻醉过深，呼吸抑制而术后未能复苏；1例移植胰腺血栓形成、血管栓塞；另1例死于肠瘘导致的腹腔感染。17例术后第2天检测外周血血糖正常。结论猪全胰十二指肠移植门静脉回流、空肠内引流术式大动物模型稳定、可靠。     

成功的上腹部器官簇移植1例：供体器官的切取及修整

目的探讨上腹部多器官移植中器官簇的切取、修整、血管整形方法及移植效果。方法供体器官簇获取采用腹部多器官联合切取，腹主动脉、肠系膜上静脉、胆管及十二指肠同时灌注降温。器官簇肠系膜上动脉和腹腔干分别与供体髂内、外动脉吻合，通过髂总动脉与受体腹主动脉吻合。受体为胰腺囊腺癌并肝内转移患者，行上腹部肝、胆、胰、脾、十二指肠、全胃、空肠上段及大小网膜切除，接受肝、胰、十二指肠器官簇移植。结果移植后器官簇存活及功能良好，肝、胰功能均在术后4天恢复正常，患者现已完全康复，未出现明确并发症。结论获取质量良好的上腹部器官簇及合理血管整形，是保证移植效果的前提；上腹部器官簇移植是治疗上腹局部晚期肿瘤的有效方法。     

肠道-腔静脉引流的胰肾联合移植术

目的 探讨肠道-下腔静脉引流的胰肾联合移植术的手术操作及临床效果.方法 对3例慢性肾衰竭合并2型糖尿病患者施行肠道-腔静脉引流的胰肾联合移植术,3例均为首次移植,年龄52、58、58岁.每日胰岛素用量20～55 U.供体切取均采用多器官联合切取.热缺血时间8～12 min,供体修整均采用肝总动脉与胃十二指肠动脉端-端吻合以重建十二指肠动脉弓,利用供体髂总静脉延长供体门静脉,切除供体脾脏.以供体髂内动脉与供肾动脉端-端吻合备用.受者手术采用右下腹经腹直肌切口,游离腔静脉下段及右侧髂外动静脉,取动脉延长之供肾,将供肾静脉与受者髂外静脉行端-侧吻合,将供体髂总动脉与受者髂外动脉行端-侧吻合,供体髂外动脉(残端修整成斜面)以动脉夹暂时夹闭备用,十字切开侧腹膜,将供肾埋入,输尿管经腹膜外隧道牵至膀胱底行膀胱输尿管吻合术,胰腺移植采用供体门静脉与受者下腔静脉行端-侧吻合,腹腔干-肠系膜上动脉之腹主动脉袖片与供体髂外动脉残端吻合,开放血流后行供体十二指肠与受体小肠侧侧吻合并关闭十二指肠残端.术后保留胃肠减压,待患者胃肠道功能恢复后拔除.每4 h测血糖、每6 h测血清及胰周引流液淀粉酶1次,每日超声监测胰腺及肾脏血流,生长抑素0.1 mg皮下注射8 h 1次,2周后停用.免疫诱导采用抗胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白减激素方案.结果 3例患者手术过程顺利,手术时间分别为7.5、8.0及10.0 h,术中失血量300～500 ml,仅1例术中输注浓缩红细胞2 U.术后1～3 d内完全停用胰岛素.术后3～7 d内移植肾功能恢复正常.实验室检查SCr分别为86、98及112μmol/L.1例术后10 d出现消化道出血,考虑为肠道吻合口出血;停用抗凝药.给予止血药及输血6 U治疗后1 d出血停止.3例随访2～6个月,无排斥反应发生,空腹及餐后血糖正常.结论 利用供体髂动脉搭桥的方法进行的胰肾同侧联合移植术手术操作简单,创伤较小而且仪使用一侧髂血管,对于左侧髂动脉硬化严重的患者仍可施行该术式.因而扩大了受者的范围;为患者保留一侧髂血管,为今后再次肾移植创造了条件.同时腔静脉引流的胰肾联合移植术使供体门静脉与脾静脉的夹角更符合生理角度,可能减少脾静脉血栓形成的发生率.     

Description of a new auxiliary heterotopic partial liver transplantation technique with portal vein arteriolization of applicability in heterotopic liver xenotransplantation

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe a new model of auxiliary heterotopic partial liver transplantation with portal vein arterialization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three standard hepatectomies were performed in pigs. The left lateral lobe was surgically resected and portal vein arteriolization constructed by an end-to-side "Y" anastomoses between the distal to the celiac axis aorta and the portal vein. RESULTS: The graft was placed in the left iliaca fossa using anastomoses of the donor infrahepatic inferior cava vein end-to-side to the host infrarenal inferior vein and the donor aortic stump with portal vein arteriolization end-to-side to the left iliac artery. After graft reperfusion, the 3 recipients showed intraoperative hypotension, which was treated with fluid administration and vasoactive drugs. At the end of the operation, the graft displayed normal arterial blood flow and good venous drainage. The donor liver graft appeared more red than the host liver, which was due to the increased arterial blood flow. One pig of 3 died at 24 hours after surgery, probably due to hypothermia. However, the other 2 pigs survived the procedure and remained stable. Echographic monitoring showed intrahepatic arterial expansion, which may be the result of high blood pressure due to the arteriolization procedure. CONCLUSIONS: We have developed a novel and easy to perform technique that diminishes the number of anastomoses and does not involve vessels from other organs.     

猪辅助性部分肝移植模型制作及比较

目的建立猪的辅助性部分肝移植模型,观察其肝功能和术中血流动力学变化。方法 24头健康良种家猪,体质量23-30 kg,被随机分为供体(n=12)和受体(n=12)。气管插管 全麻,硫喷妥钠静脉维持。移植前切除受体肝左叶,供肝右叶作为植入肝。预实验2例行经体位转流的原位辅助性部分肝移植,对照组(5例)行简易转流下的原位辅助性部分肝移植。模型组(5例)行异位辅助性部分肝移植, 供肝被植入受体肝下间隙,供肝肝上下腔静脉与受体肝下下腔静脉端侧吻合,供肝门静脉与受体门静脉行端侧吻合,供肝肝动脉与受体脾动脉行端端吻合。供肝胆总管置管外引流。结果预实验中行体位静脉转流的原位辅助性部分肝移植的2例受体在肝上下腔静脉阻断后很快陷入血流动力学紊乱死亡。5例行简易静脉转流的原位辅助性部分肝移植的受体,2例在24 h内死亡,1例28 h,2侧超过48 h。而模型组受体 5例中有4例存活超过24 h。AST,ALT指标手术开始至术后24 h呈持续升高。模型组术中血流动力学较其他组稳定。结论该辅助性肝移植模型简明易建且具有不需静脉转流等优点,为研究辅助性部分肝移植原肝和供肝功能及血流变化提供了理想的平台。     

Surgical technique for inferior mesenteric vein to renal vein shunt in portal hypertension.

An important role still exists for the creation of surgical portasystemic shunts. Multiple techniques have been described. However, no particular one is satisfactory for all clinical situations. The objective of the present paper is to describe an alternative surgical technique for the creation of a decompressive portasystemic shunt. This technique consists of an end-to-side anastomosis between the inferior mesenteric vein and the left renal vein. In our experience, the inferior mesenteric vein to left renal vein anastomosis may be a useful portal decompressive shunt for patients with otherwise difficult peri-portal or peri-pancreatic anatomic exposures. This technique should be a useful tool in the armamentarium of surgeons dealing with patients who need portal decompressive surgical shunts.     

肝移植治疗晚期肝硬化

目的 肝移植治疗肝脏终末期病变。方法 采用改良的背驮式肝移植技术即保留肝后下腔静脉的全病肝切除,将供肝植于受肝原位,供、受体肝上下腔静脉,供、受体门静脉,供、受肝动脉行对端吻合;结扎供肝肝下下腔静脉。用ＦＫ５０６、晓翻和强的松三联免疫抑制剂抗排斥反应,加强术后监护和感染的控制。结果 例１、例２目前分别存活１１个月、８个月余,生活自理,例３因术后并发急性肾功能衰竭死亡,存活１４d。结论 肝移植是治愈肝脏终末期病谱的可靠方法。     

简化的大鼠异位全小肠移植术

目的:建立简化的大鼠异位全小肠移植术技术,以提高手术成功率,为相关研究奠定基础.方法:供、受体均为雄性近交系Wistar大鼠,共180只,配对手术.采用供肠的肠系膜上动脉与受体肾下腹主动脉端侧吻合、门静脉与受体左肾静脉套管法端端吻合重建移植小肠血供,移植小肠远端腹壁造口.结果:手术耗时130min,移植小肠热缺血时间约30min.90只受全大鼠术扣即时存活率为100%,长期存活率(＞7d)为95.6%.结论:简化术式具有操作简便,移植小肠的热缺血时间短,手术成功率高等优点,有利于后续研究工作的开展.     

Combined pancreaticoduodenal-kidney transplantation in rats

The objective of this work was to establish a stable and simple simultaneous pancreaticoduodenal-kidney transplantation model in rats. The methods involved harvesting a pancreaticoduodenal-kidney (left) (PDK) and 1-cm inferior vena cava (IVC) with a 0.5-cm left and right iliac communis vein from donors and to "cuff" anastomose between portal vein and right iliac communis vein, left kidney vein, and left iliac communis vein, converging donor portal vein and left kidney vein into IVC together. Next, we performed an anastomosis of the donor arterial segment and recipient abdominal aorta and a "cuff" anastomosis between donor IVC and recipient left kidney vein. Of 67 transplanted rats in which diabetes was induced, 57 survived >7 days, 55 survived 1 month, 54 rats have survived >4 months. In 51 rats, nonfasting plasma glucose levels were euglycemic. We performed three "cuff" anastomoses to simplify the surgical procedure and to shorten the ischemia time of the graft; the recipient vein system has an integrated endovenous membrane to avoid venous thrombi in venous anastomosis sites.     

Simultaneous pancreaticoduodenal-kidney transplantation in rats.

AIMS: To establish a stable and simple simultaneous pancreaticoduodenal-kidney transplantation model in rats. METHODS: Pancreaticoduodenal-kidney (left) and 1 cm of the inferior vena cava (IVC) with 0.5 cm left and right iliac communis vein were harvested from donors. We performed 'cuff' anastomoses between (1) portal vein and right iliac communis vein and (2) left kidney vein and left iliac communis vein, converging donor portal vein and left kidney vein into IVC together. Next, we performed an anastomosis of donor arterial segment and recipient abdominal aorta and a 'cuff' anastomosis between donor IVC and recipient left kidney vein. RESULTS: Of 40 transplanted rats in which diabetes was induced, 33 survived over 7 days, and 31 rats have survived over 4 months. 30 rats' nonfasting plasma glucose levels were euglycemic. CONCLUSIONS: We performed three 'cuff' anastomoses to simplify the surgical procedure and to shorten the ischemic period of the graft. The recipient vein system has an integrated membrane to avoid thrombi in venous anastomosis sites, enhancing the transplantation success rate.     

Technical consideration in management of renovascular hypertension in an infant with double renal arteries

Renovascular hypertension is a curable disease that has recently been recognized with increasing frequency. A renal scan in a 1-month-old hypertensive white male showed diminished function of the right kidney, and his peripheral vein renin was elevated. Multiple antihypertensive medications failed to control his hypertension, and right kidney function deteriorated. An arteriogram showed two stenotic renal arteries supplying the right kidney. The smaller inferior artery supplied 35% of the kidney. Selective vein renin levels were greater than 15,000 ng/dL on the right side. Technical considerations in the repair of this lesion included midline transabdominal incision to expose the abdominal aorta and the inferior vena cava; dissection of inferior vena cava (IVC) with division of selected lumbar veins; full mobilization of right kidney and transsection of both renal arteries and the renal vein; perfusion of kidney via each renal artery with cold Sach's solution after resection of arterial stenoses; end-to-side microvascular anastomosis of the smaller (2 mm) renal artery to the main renal artery at the hilum with 10-0 nylon over in situ perfusion cannula; renal artery passed under the IVC to the aorta; and right kidney autotransplanted to a new site on the abdominal aorta with an end-to-side (5.0 mm) renal artery to the aorta and an end-to-side renal vein to IVC anastomosis. Following revascularization, perfusion was excellent and the blood pressure returned to normal. At 6 months follow-up, selective renal vein renins were normal and an arteriogram showed no stenosis. Meticulous dissection, cold perfusion, microvascular anastomosis, and autotransplantation salvaged this kidney and resolved the hypertension.