移动电话使用与脑肿瘤病例-对照研究的Meta分析

目的应用M eta分析方法总结移动电话使用与脑肿瘤的危险性之间的关系。方法搜索2000—2009年关于＂移动电话使用和脑瘤关系＂的文献,经过文献筛选和资料提取采用其中文献17篇。对各类型脑肿瘤的数据进行分层比较分析。结果分层分析结果显示神经胶质瘤组的合并OR值为0.84、95%CI为0.76~0.93,其中使用移动电话大于5年的合并OR值为0.88、95%CI为0.70~1.11;脑（脊）膜瘤组合并OR值为0.81、95%CI为0.72~0.90,其中使用移动电话大于5年的合并OR值为1.06、95%CI为0.81~1.40;听神经瘤组合并OR值为0.85、95%CI为0.68~1.06。结论移动电话的使用与脑肿瘤发生风险的增加没有显著相关性。     

脑肿瘤与手机使用病例对照研究的Meta分析

目的评价手机使用与脑肿瘤危险性的联系。方法采用Meta分析方法对2000年至2011年发表的关于脑肿瘤与手机使用相关的病例对照研究文献进行定量分析。结果 13篇病例对照研究文献纳入,规律使用手机者未见脑瘤危险性增高;而长期使用手机10年以上者与脑肿瘤发生存在关联(OR=1.11,95%CI:1.01～1.22),长期同侧使用手机发生脑肿瘤危险性增加32%(OR=1.32,95%CI:1.14～1.54)。结论规律使用手机并不增高脑肿瘤发生的风险,长期使用手机可能增加脑肿瘤发生的风险,但分析中的偏倚与混杂因子可能影响因果关系的解释。     

手机电磁辐射与脑肿瘤关系的Meta分析

目的分析手机电磁辐射与脑肿瘤的关系.方法对手机电磁辐射与脑肿瘤研究方面原始文献按所制定纳入标准进行分类整理,然后采用固定效应模型(Fixed effect model )和随机效应模型(Random effect model ),分析两者之间关联强度,分别计算合并后的队列研究和病例对照研究两者各自总标化死亡比(SMR)值,最后调整混杂因素(研究设计),采用 Mantel-Haenszel 分层分析法,再将已合并的病例对照研究和队列研究进行合并,计算出调整后总SMR值. 结果分别合并队列研究和病例对照研究所得SMR值及其95%可信区间为SMR队合 =0.95, 95%可信区间为0.89,1.23;SMR病合 =0.89,95%可信区间为0.72,1.12.调整混杂因素(研究设计)合并队列研究与病例对照研究所得总SMR值为SMR总合=0.93,95%可信区间为0.82,1.05.经假设检验,P>0.05,手机电磁辐射与脑肿瘤之间的联系无统计学意义.结论就现有资料不支持手机电磁辐射致脑肿瘤的观点,与世界卫生组织近期公布的结论一致.     

移动电话手机对神经行为影响调查

为研究移动电话电磁辐射对使用者神经行为的影响,对８１名拥有移动电话和６３名无移动电话的公司职员进行了调查。以问卷方式对其一般情况及健康状况,日常生活习惯,精神压力,移动电话手机使用情况,居住及工作环境状况,患病情况等进行调查,并进行核心行为测试。资料用卡方检验,逐步回归和协方差分析等。结果显示;移动电话手机使用组平均反应时间延长,使用手机年限与正确反应次数呈负相关,每日使用手机时间与最快和最慢反应     

怀孕早期电磁辐射暴露对异常妊娠结局影响的病例对照研究

目的 研究怀孕早期电磁辐射暴露对妊娠结局的影响.方法 将经临床确诊为自然流产、死胎、胚胎停育和胎儿畸形等异常妊娠行人工流产的孕妇作为病例组,排除母婴排斥和生殖器官畸形等引起的自然流产或胎儿畸形;应用1:1匹配的病例对照研究方法,选择与病例同年在同一医院就诊的、年龄相匹配(±2岁)的、足月分娩正常新生儿的产妇作为对照.调查了200对病例及对照在怀孕早期接触电磁辐射等情况,应用多因素条件Logistic逐步回归进行分析.结果 在单因素分析中,病例组每周看电视≥10 h、每周使用电脑≥45 h、使用复印机、微波炉、电磁炉、电热毯、移动电话、居住地附近或工作场所中有电磁辐射设备的比例显著高于对照组;多因素分析中,在调整了其他危险因素的作用后,怀孕早期经常使用微波炉和移动电话的孕妇发生异常妊娠的相对危险性分别是不使用者2.23倍(95%CI:1.08~4.59)和4.63倍(95%CI:1.63~13.17).结论 怀孕早期经常使用微波炉和移动电话可能显著增加孕妇发生异常妊娠结局的相对危险性,建议孕妇尽量避免使用存在较高电磁辐射强度的电器,或在使用中注意离开一定的距离,进行安全防护.     

移动电话对医学生睡眠质量的影响

目的研究移动电话电磁辐射对青少年睡眠质量的影响,为采取预防措施措施依据。方法对238名拥有移动电话和95名无移动电话的医学生进行调查。以问卷的方式对其一般情况、移动电话的使用情况、睡眠质量、网络使用情况进行调查。结果每日使用移动电话次数和失眠呈正相关(OR=1.92,P<0.05),每日使用短信的次数和服药、睡眠中易惊醒均呈正相关(OR=2.70,3.40,P值均<0.05)。结论使用移动电话对医学生的睡眠质量可能有不良影响。     

移动电话电磁辐射对脑血流量的影响

芬兰学者开展了一项旨在探讨移动电话产生的902MHz电磁辐射对人脑血流量影响的研究。该研究以14名健康的右利手受试者为研究对象,采用双盲法,以H215O为示踪剂,以正电子发射断层扫描(PET)技术检测了暴露于使用状态的移动电话所产生的电磁辐射对受试者脑血流量的影响,并在检测过程中使受试者从事一项视觉工作记忆的操作。结果发现暴露于移动电话电磁辐射的受试者大脑听觉皮层对称地出现局部脑血流量(rCBF)的相对减少,而在电磁场强度最高的大脑皮层区域却未见rCBF的下降。学者们认为这很可能是移动电话发出的听觉信号所导致的,而不是电磁…     

移动电话手机对神经衰弱症状影响的调查

为研究移动电话手机电磁辐射对使用者健康影响,对拥有移动电话手机的１１５名公司职员和１０１名无移动电话手机的公司职员进行了调查。以部卷方式对其一般及健康状况、日常生活心惯、精神压力、移动电话手机使用情况、居住及工作环境状况、患病情况、神经衰弱症状等进行调查。资料用卡方检验和多因素Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析。结果显示：移动电话手机使用年限与胸闷（Ｐ＜０．０５）、恶心（Ｐ＜０．０１）和食欲减退（Ｐ＜０．０     

移动电话手机对睡眠质量及抑郁影响调查

目的 研究移动电话手机电磁辐射对使用者睡眠质量及抑郁的影响。方法 对拥有移动电话手机的８８名公司职员和７７名无移动电话手机的公司职员进行调查。以问卷方式对其一般及健康状况、日常生活习惯、精神压力、移和机使用情况、居住及工作环境状况、想情况、睡眠情况、抑郁等进行调查。资料用卡方检验。多元逐步回归、多因素Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析和协方差分析。结果 移动电话使用组失眠率增高（Ｐ〈０．０５）,其ＯＲ值为３     

电磁辐射对妊娠及子代的影响

近年来,电磁辐射对妊娠的影响越来越引起人们的关注,并开展了大量的流行病学研究和实验研究。电磁辐射对妊娠及子代的影响主要有自发性流产、早产、低出生体重、出生缺陷及儿童肿瘤等,但由于现有的研究方法和研究结果存在不一致性,关于电磁辐射对妊娠及子代的影响还在很多方面值得进一步研究及探讨。该文综述了国内外电磁辐射与各种异常妊娠结局之间关系的研究结果 。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.