膜生物反应器中膜污染机理与应对

膜生物反应器是将膜分离技术和生物反应器结合而成的一种新型污水处理工艺,文章主要针对膜生物反应器中膜污染进行了综述,分析了膜污染途径,并提出了应对措施。     

延缓膜生物反应器膜污染的技术措施探讨

膜生物反应器(MBR)是膜分离技术和污水生物处理技术有机结合产生的一种新型污水处理工艺,与传统污水处理工艺相比具有很多优点,但膜污染是限制膜生物反应器广泛应用的关键因素.介绍了膜污染的定义,系统论述了膜污染的研究进展,着重从改良膜的性质,改善污泥混合液的特性和优化膜分离操作条件3个方面介绍了国内外有效延缓膜污染的技术措施.     

膜生物反应器运行条件的优化及膜污染的控制

初步讨论了膜生物反应器MBR运行条件的优化和膜污染的控制 ,提出低压操作不仅有利于提高能量利用效率 ,而且有利于膜通量长时间保持较高水平。试验结果表明 :膜的污染是造成膜生物反应器能耗较高的主要原因 ;采用恒通量操作方式 ,在运行初期控制初始膜通量 ,有利于控制膜污染的产生 ;反冲洗是保持恒定膜通量 ,维持系统长期稳定运行的有效措施     

膜—生物反应处理工艺中微生物对系统的影响

膜—生物反应器是近年来污水处理研究的热点,但受膜污染因素的影响,使其在实际应用中发展缓慢。由于膜—生物反应器的运行机理不是在生物反应器和膜组件的基础上简单叠加,并且由于生物特性和种类的改变,因此对系统的影响也不同于传统的活性污泥法。由于其独特的运行方式使微生物种类、数量发生变化,微生物在膜—生物反应器中不仅仅只起到去除有机物和脱氮、除磷的作用,对系统的运行也产生了一定的影响,尤其是对膜污染的影响。该文从微生物角度对其进行阐述,以期为膜污染治理提供一份参考。     

膜生物反应器膜污染阻力分析

为解释膜生物反应器过滤分离中膜污染的原因,以达西方程为核心,建立膜通量数学模型,其中沉积阻力是以指数形式出现,对膜通量的影响最大;膜污染阻力分布测定试验可知,系统沉积层阻力占到总阻力的90%以上,沉积层阻力是过滤过程中的优势污染阻力,过滤受沉积层控制.     

投加活性炭膜污染控制的研究

比较了不同粒径(20～40目、40～60目、80目、100～150目)的活性炭对膜生物反应器减缓膜污染的效果,粒径确定后比较不同投加量(0、1g/L、2g/L)对膜生物反应器膜通量的影响,结果表明:粒径过大或过小都不利于减缓膜污染,本试验适宜的活性炭粒径为40～60目;1g/L的颗粒活性炭膜通量下降比较缓慢,2g/L的活性炭反而会加剧膜污染。活性炭减缓膜污染的主要原因是改善了活性污泥混合液的性能,阻碍污泥层在膜面的形成。     

浸没式超滤膜处理地表水的膜污染影响因素试验研究

采用中试考察浸没式膜处理地表水的膜污染影响因素,主要通过运行压力的变化,确定膜通量、混合液性质、膜材料对膜污染状况的影响.试验结果表明:膜通量高于临界膜通量越多,膜运行压力增长速度越快,试验用膜的临界膜通量为20 L/(m2·h);混合液的浊度及有机物含量越高,膜运行压力增长越快,膜污染越严重;温度升高可以减轻膜污染;对于相同的膜通量,PVDF超滤膜运行压力要低于PVC合金超滤膜,PVDF膜的抗污染能力要强于PVC合金膜.     

膜-生物反应处理工艺中微生物对系统的影响

膜-生物反应器是近年来污水处理研究的热点,但受膜污染因素的影响,使其在实际应用中发展缓慢.由于膜-生物反应器的运行机理不是在生物反应器和膜组件的基础上简单叠加,并且由于生物特性和种类的改变,因此对系统的影响也不同于传统的活性污泥法.由于其独特的运行方式使微生物种类、数量发生变化,微生物在膜-生物反应器中不仅仅只起到去除...     

膜生物反应器的污泥特性和膜污染研究

对中试规模的缺氧—好氧—膜生物反应器(A/O—MBR)处理城市污水进行研究,并对好氧池内活性污泥的特性和膜污染后期的影响因素进行了分析。试验结果表明:污泥浓度(MLSS)对CODCr、氨氮等各指标的处理效果均有影响。与传统活性污泥工艺相比,膜生物反应器污泥负荷小、表观产泥率低。     

厌氧膜生物反应器中超声控制膜污染的方法和机理研究

本研究设计并构建了结合有超声装置的厌氧膜生物反应器,实现了超声换能器和膜组件的结合,并通过一系列试验研究了利用超声在线控制膜污染发展的方法和机理。操作条件试验的结果表明,膜污染速率在无超声作用时,随错流速度增大呈指数性衰减;在施加超声后,随超声能     

垃圾渗滤液膜浓缩液超声强化直接接触膜蒸馏处理工艺EI北大核心CSCD

为提高膜蒸馏在处理垃圾渗滤液膜浓缩液时渗透通量的稳定性,设计了一种新型的超声强化直接接触膜蒸馏(US-DCMD)装置,试验研究了超声对膜渗透通量的影响,并采用电子显微镜、X射线能量色散光谱等手段分析超声对膜面污染层的影响。试验结果表明:在60W的超声辐照条件下,渗透通量最高提升19.4%,并在膜溶液浓缩系数达到4时,相对渗透通量最高维持在77.1%,而未施加超声的相对渗透通量在膜溶液浓缩系数为2时降至20.7%;膜面的主要污染物为CaCO_(3)及腐殖酸,其中CaCO_(3)是限制膜渗透通量的主要因素;超声使污染层钙的质量分数从25.6%降至15.0%,并且不会引起有机物的降解或改性;超声辐照使膜面污染层不均匀且存在裂隙,减少了污染层厚度,维持了渗透通量的稳定。     

Influence of suspension viscosity and colloidal particles on permeability of membrane used in membrane bioreactor (MBR).

In this study, pilot scale experiments were carried out to examine membrane fouling occurring in membrane bioreactors (MBR) with or without pre-treatment (coagulation/sedimentation). Especially, the influence of suspension viscosity and dissolved organic matter (DOM) on membrane fouling was investigated. The pre-coagulation/sedimentation process improved the performance of a MBR in terms of membrane permeability by controlling irreversible fouling and formation of thick cake layer. The upper limit of MLSS concentration for an efficient operation in MBR without pre-treatment was suggested to be around 10 g/L based on the measurement of suspension viscosity. In this study, it was difficult to directly relate membrane fouling to DOM detected in the membrane chamber. A series of laboratory scale dead-end filtration experiments was carried out to investigate which fractions in biomass suspension would be the most influential in the deterioration of membrane permeability. Based on the dead-end tests, it was shown that the deterioration of membrane permeability was mainly caused by the colloidal particle fraction in the biomass suspension.     

混凝防止膜污染的研究

试验主要研究混凝改善膜通量和防止膜污染的效果。试验的每个工况均为0.1MPa过滤压力,连续膜过滤8h,观察膜通量的变化情况。结果表明:在直接过滤原水的情况下,反冲洗后的膜通量恢复率仅为初始通量的40%;而投加了混凝剂4mg/L和10mg/L(以Al计)后,反冲洗后的膜通量得到了完全的恢复。混凝防止膜污染取决于过滤过程在膜表面形成的滤饼层的性能。在过滤混凝液的情况下,膜表面会形成滤饼层,从而有效地防止膜污染,而在过滤上清液的情况下,无法被混凝去除的中性亲水性的有机物沉积在膜表面,造成膜污染。     

PVDF 膜污染及清洗试验研究

考察了采用膜混凝反应器处理滦河原水后膜污染情况及几种清洗方法。试验结果表明膜污染主要由铁污染和有机污染组成,碱洗能去除大部分的有机污染,而无机污染主要由酸洗去除。为使系统在较高通量下长期稳定运行,需依靠定时在线化学清洗及时恢复跨膜压力,在长期运行中持续投加1200mg/L次氯酸钠及时清除有机污染,当跨膜压力较高时再投加1.5%盐酸执行一次。进行化学清洗时氢氧化钠、次氯酸钠和盐酸三种清洗剂结合清洗效果很好,此外,水温、加药量及清洗时间是决定化学清洗效果的重要因素。     

Effect of coagulation treatment on antifouling properties of PVC nanocomposite membrane in a submerged membrane system for water treatment

A submerged membrane system was used in this work to investigate the effect of the polyaluminum chloride (PAC) coagulant on the antifouling performance of the polyvinyl chloride/alumina (PVC/Al₂O₃) nanocomposite membrane. The prepared nanocomposite membranes were characterized with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy, contact angle, porosity measurement, and pure water flux. The results revealed that the membrane containing Al₂O₃ nanoparticles (the mass ratio of PVC to Al₂O₃ was 98.5/1.5) had a higher hydrophilicity, porosity, and pure water flux than other membranes. The FE-SEM images showed that when Al₂O₃ nanoparticles were present in the PVC membrane, large pores and macrovoids formed on the surface and cross-section of the membrane. The fouling behavior of membranes was investigated through the filtration of humic acid (HA) solution with and without the PAC coagulant. Without PAC addition, the PVC/Al₂O₃ membrane significantly decreased the irreversible fouling ratio from 60.7% to 19.4% and showed a high HA removal efficiency of approximately 90.5%. The Hermia model confirmed that the cake formation mechanism best described the experimental data for the neat PVC and nanocomposite membranes with the presence and absence of the PAC coagulant. This confirms that the PAC coagulant can significantly mitigate fouling and improve HA removal in the submerged membrane system.     

Evaluation of the importance of various operating and sludge property parameters to the fouling of membrane bioreactors

A single-fibre microfiltration system was employed to investigate the importance of various operating and sludge property parameters to the membrane fouling during sludge filtration. The sludge was obtained from a submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR). A series of comparative and correlative filtration and fouling tests were conducted on the influence of the operating variables, sludge properties and the liquid-phase organic substances on the membrane fouling development. The test results were analysed statistically with Pearson's correlation coefficients and the stepwise multivariable linear regression. According to the statistical evaluation, the membrane fouling rate has a positive correlation with the biopolymer cluster (BPC) concentration, sludge concentration (mixed liquor suspended solids, MLSS), filtration flux and viscosity, a negative correlation with the cross-flow velocity, and a weak correlation with the extracellular polymeric substances and soluble microbial products. BPC appear to be the most important factor to membrane fouling development during the sludge filtration, followed by the filtration flux and MLSS concentration. The cross-flow rate also is important to the fouling control. It is argued that, during membrane filtration of SMBR sludge, BPC interact with sludge flocs at the membrane surface to facilitate the deposition of the sludge cake layer, leading to serious membrane fouling.     

磁性悬浮颗粒减缓MBR中膜污染的研究

向MBR中投加磁性悬浮颗粒,通过改善污泥混合液特性来控制膜污染,试验结果表明:最佳吸附剂为四氧化三铁/硅藻土复合颗粒,吸附剂的最佳投加量为0.1 g/L;投加复合颗粒的MBR出水的COD、氨氮和硝态氮均优于参比MBR,说明复合颗粒能改善膜出水水质;投加颗粒的MBR膜表面的EPS各组分均低于参比MBR,说明四氧化三铁/硅藻土复合颗粒能有效的吸附污泥悬浮液中的EPS,加强MBR的通量稳定性,从而延缓膜污染,减少膜清洗次数,降低运行成本。     

Characteristics of membrane fouling in submerged membrane bioreactor under sub-critical flux operation.

Recently, the membrane bioreactor (MBR) process has become one of the novel technologies to enhance the performance of biological treatment of wastewater. Membrane bioreactor process uses the membrane unit to replace a sediment tank, and this can greatly enhance treatment performance. However, membrane fouling in MBR restricts its widespread application because it leads to permeate flux decline, making more frequent membrane cleaning and replacement necessary, which then increases operating and maintenance costs. This study investigated the sludge characteristics in membrane fouling under sub-critical flux operation and also assessed the effect of shear stress on membrane fouling. Membrane fouling was slow under sub-critical flux operation. However, as filamentous microbes became dominant in the reactor, membrane fouling increased dramatically due to the increased viscosity and polysaccharides. A close link was found between membrane fouling and the amount of polysaccharides in soluble EPS. The predominant resistance was the cake resistance which could be minimized by increasing the shear stress. However, the resistance of colloids and solutes was not apparently reduced by increasing shear stress. Therefore, smaller particles such as macromolecules (e.g. polysaccharides) may play an important role in membrane fouling under sub-critical flux operation.     

Removal of cyanide from acrylonitrile wastewater using gas membrane

Acrylonitrile wastewater is one of the most refractory industrial wastewaters as it contains cyanide at a high concentration. This study introduced a safe, effective and economic strategy, that is, use of the gas membrane to acrylonitrile wastewater treatment. Due to the complicated constituents of acrylonitrile wastewater, cyanide removal rate by gas membrane is very low. In order to enhance HCN removal, the operational conditions were optimized; pre-treatment strategies for fouling mitigation were also proposed and tested for acrylonitrile wastewater. The optimal operational parameters were achieved at an acidified pH of 5.0, wastewater velocity of 0.14 m s(-1), NaOH concentration of 10% and a temperature of 40 °C. The major factor affecting HCN removal was the pH of the acidified wastewater. The reason for the low removal rate was further explored and found to be the decrease of HCN transfer coefficient, which was caused by membrane fouling. Furthermore, the predominant foulants have been identified as colloidal organic materials and inorganic salts. Alkalization, which is effective in reducing these materials, has been proven to be most effective in mitigating membrane fouling and improving HCN removal, which was also confirmed by a pilot-scale study. The overall removal rate was therefore significantly enhanced to 87.1%.