Different thermal fatigue behaviors between gray cast iron and vermicular graphite cast iron

The initiation and propagation of thermal fatigue cracks in gray cast iron and vemicular graphite cast iron were investigated by Uddeholm method to reveal the complex thermal fatigue behaviors of cast iron. Differences of thermal fatigue behaviors of gray cast iron and vemicular graphite cast iron were observed and analyzed. It is found that the observed differences are related to the combination of graphite morphology and the oxidization of matrix. More oxidized matrix is observed in gray cast iron due to its large specific surface area. The brittle oxidized matrix facilitates the propagation of microcracks along the oxidization layer. By contrast, the radial microcracks are formed in vermicular graphite at the edge of graphite due to fewer oxidization layers. It indicates that the thermal fatigue resistance of gray cast iron is dominated by graphite content and morphology while that of vermicular graphite cast iron strongly relates to the strength of the matrix.

     

采用双联熔炼技术的灰铸铁熔炼材料的选用

总结了双联熔炼工艺中灰铸铁熔炼材料的要求和特点,并针对使用过程中容易出现的问题进行了分析,同时分析了熔炼材料对铸件性能可能造成的影响,为合理选用熔炼材料提供了依据。     

定向石墨灰口铸铁的拉伸行为

提出了一种新的灰口铸铁(GCI)热加工工艺,即包覆压缩(CCC)。采用该工艺,经大于45%热变形压缩,制备了定向石墨灰口铸铁。经80%热变形的GCI拉伸性能显著提高,抗拉强度从117MPa提高到249MPa,伸长率从0提高到5.2%;热变形量超过45%的GCI,拉伸断口有分层现象,出现了一些韧性断裂的特征。     

HT250灰铸铁干熄炉风帽断裂原因分析

为了考察HT250灰铸铁干熄炉风帽在使用过程中发生断裂的原因,分别利用化学分析法、光学显微镜和布氏硬度计,对断裂后风帽材料的化学成分、微观组织和布氏硬度(HBW)进行了分析、观察和测定,并根据布氏硬度值计算材料的抗拉强度。结果表明,风帽材料中的铁素体含量高于HT250灰铸铁件的要求上限,在风帽非工作面附近的基体组织中,铁素体含量达50%以上;铁素体含量过高导致HT250灰铸铁风帽材料的抗拉强度低于正常,是造成风帽断裂的主要原因。     

Eutectic solidification mode of spheroidal graphite cast iron and graphitization

The shrinkage and chilling tendency of spheroidal graphite (abbreviated SG) cast iron is much greater than that of the flake graphite cast iron in spite of its higher amount of C and Si contents. Why? The main reason should be the difference in their graphitization during the eutectic solidification. In this paper, we discuss the difference in the solidification mechanism of both cast irons for solving these problems using unidirectional solidification and the cooling curves of the spheroidal graphite cast iron. The eutectic solidification rate of the SG cast iron is controlled by the diffusion of carbon through the austenite shell, and the final thickness is 1.4 times the radius of the SG, therefore, the reduction of the SG size, namely, the increase in the number, is the main solution of these problems.     

Laser surface hardening of gray cast iron used for piston ring

The process parameters for laser surface-hardening has been experimentally established for improving the wear life of piston rings used for marine diesel engines by the formation of a proper hardened layer on it. The parameters of interest were the laser power and travel speed. Various hardened layers of gray cast iron were analyzed with respect to microstructure, hardness value, hardening depth, surface roughness, and wear resistance. The hardness of the laser-hardened layer was in a range between 840 and 950 Hv0.1, regardless of the laser power and travel speed range studied. Both the surface roughness and hardening depth increased in an almost linear manner with the increase in the heat input applied. Thus, the hardened layers formed with heat input ranges between 30 and 45 J/mm satisfied the piston ring application requirements for surface roughness (<6.3 μm in Ra) and the minimum effective hardening depth of 0.3 mm (>450 in Vickers number). Wear-test results obtained using a pin-on-disk-type wear-test machine showed that the wear life of the laser-hardened layer was almost twice that of the untreated one. This was directly attributed to the formation of the martensitic microstructure.     

High Cr white cast iron/carbon steel bimetal liner by lost foam casting with liquid-liquid composite process

Liners in wet ball mill for mineral processing industry must bear abrasive wear and corrosive wear,and consequently,the service life of the liner made from traditional materials,such as Hadfield steel ...     

气体渗氮工艺对NbVTi合金化灰铸铁组织与性能的影响

针对发动机高速重载的发展趋势,对新型NbVTi合金化灰铸铁气缸套材料进行了不同温度的气体渗氮处理。通过光学显微镜、维氏硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机、扫描电镜等手段,研究了NbVTi合金化灰铸铁气缸套表面的气体渗氮工艺对组织性能的影响。结果表明:随着渗氮温度的增加,NbVTi合金化灰铸铁气缸套的渗氮层深度都有所增加,距离表面100 μm和130 μm处的显微硬度先增后降。在最佳的渗氮温度570 ℃渗氮后,气缸套尺寸膨胀量在0.010~0.055 mm标准范围内,渗氮层平均厚度约140 μm,距离表面100 μm扩散区平均硬度达到500 HV0.1以上,可满足高速重载气缸套的使用要求。气体渗氮后,气缸套的摩擦磨损性能得到了大幅提高,随着载荷的增大和速度的增加,磨损率随之增大,其磨损机理由磨粒磨损向粘着磨损转变。     

Microstructures and formation mechanism of hypoeutectic white cast iron by isothermal electromagnetic rheocast process

An investigation was made on the evolution of microstructures of hypoeutectic white cast iron slurry containing 2.5wt.%C and 1.8wt.%Si produced by rheocasting in which the solidifying alloy was vigorously agitated by electromagnetic stirrer during isothermal cooling processes. The results indicated that under the proper agitating temperatures and speeds applied, the dendrite structures in white cast iron slurry were gradually evolved into spherical structures during a certain agitating time. It also revealed that the bent dendrites were formed by either convection force or by the growth of the dendrites themselves in the bending direction; then, as they were in solidifying, they were gradually being alternated into separated particles and into more spherical structures at the end of the isothermal cooling process. Especially, the dendrites were granulated as the bending process proceeding, which suggested that they were caused by unwanted elements such as sulfur and phosphor usually contained in engineering cast iron. Convective flow of the melt caused corrosion on the dendritic segments where they were weaker in strength and lower in melting temperature because of higher concentration of sulfur or phosphor. And the granulation process for such dendrites formed in the melt became possible under the condition. Certainly, dendrite fragments are another factors considerable to function for spherical particles formation. A new mechanism, regarding to the rheocast structure formation of white cast iron, was suggested based on the structural evolution observed in the study.     

Effect of cooling rate on eutectic cell count, grain size, microstructure, and ultimate tensile strength of hypoeutectic cast iron

This article describes a series of microstructural and strength studies performed on hypoeutectic cast iron, which was sand cast using a variety of end chills (metallic, nonmetallic, water-cooled, and subzero, respectively). The effects of cooling rate on the eutectic cell count (ECC), grain size, and the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) were evaluated. Attempts were also made to explain these effects and to correlate the UTS with ECC. It was found that subzero chilled and water-cool, chilled cast iron exhibit severe undercooling compared to normal sand cast iron. It was concluded from this investigation that nucleation conditions are completely altered but growth conditions prevail as usual. Therefore, undercooling during solidification is considered to be responsible for variation in ECC, grain size, microstructure, and tensile strength.     

造纸烘缸用灰铸铁力学性能试验研究

为对超长年限服役的灰铸铁造纸烘缸的力学性能状况进行更准确判断，采用不同方法对一台连续服役62年的烘缸灰铸铁材料进行硬度试验和拉伸试验，并对试验结果进行了比对分析。试验结果表明：D型冲击装置里氏硬度计的试验结果与实验室台式布氏硬度计的试验结果存在较大偏差，不宜采用D型冲击装置里氏硬度计进行灰铸铁造纸烘缸的现场检验；G型冲击装置里氏硬度计试验结果与实验室台式布氏硬度计的试验结果相对接近，不同部件的试验结果偏差也存在较大差异；灰铸铁材料的硬度和强度之间并没有明显的线性对应关系，建议可结合显微组织检验等方法对材料性能状况进行综合判断。     

造纸烘缸用灰铸铁力学性能试验研究

为对超长年限服役的灰铸铁造纸烘缸的力学性能状况进行更准确判断,采用不同方法对一台连续服役62年的烘缸灰铸铁材料进行硬度试验和拉伸试验,并对试验结果进行了比对分析。试验结果表明：D型冲击装置里氏硬度计的试验结果与实验室台式布氏硬度计的试验结果存在较大偏差,不宜采用D型冲击装置里氏硬度计进行灰铸铁造纸烘缸的现场检验;G型冲击装置里氏硬度计试验结果与实验室台式布氏硬度计的试验结果相对接近,不同部件的试验结果偏差也存在较大差异;灰铸铁材料的硬度和强度之间并没有明显的线性对应关系,建议可结合显微组织检验等方法对材料性能状况进行综合判断。     

微合金化铸铁同质焊条焊接工艺

应用微合金化铸铁同质焊条,采用小电流打底、大电流连续焊工艺,研究了预热温度与焊缝组织及性能之间的相关性.结果表明,微合金化铸铁焊条石墨化能力强,焊缝白口倾向小;小电流打底、大电流连续焊工艺可有效地减小熔深,在很大程度上抑制了熔合区白口的产生.微合金化铸铁焊条可实现常温焊接.预热温度小于200℃即可获得组织和性能与母材一致的同质焊缝.随着焊件预热温度的升高,焊缝中的石墨形态由细小的点状逐渐向菊花状、片状过渡,铁素体含量增多,焊缝硬度减小.焊件预热至200℃所获得的焊缝组织由珠光体、铁素体和细片状石墨及菊花状石墨组成,熔合区则由珠光体、少量碎块状铁素体及过冷石墨片组成,接头力学性能良好.     

Control of the casting process of grey cast iron by means of the wedge-penetration test

The graph of force versus penetration-depth from a wedge-penetration test gives information on the structure of the phases of the material under test. The simplicity of this test makes it ideal for on-line quality control of cast pieces. When strength is not satisfactory, knowledge about this structure permits a fast correction of the solidification conditions, increasing production capacity. Finally, it is proposed to adopt wedge strength as a standard, instead of converting this strength to tensile strength.     

镍硬铸铁Ⅳ的热处理工艺

以镍硬铸铁Ⅳ为研究对象,进行了热处理工艺试验,并探讨了热处理工艺对其组织及硬度的影响,拟定了镍硬铸铁Ⅳ的最佳热处理工艺。试验表明,硬化处理时合适的奥氏体化温度范围为800～820℃,为消除应力可考虑硬化处理后进行450℃回火;550℃+450℃的双重退火工艺,但对于零件硬度要求在60 HRC以上者不可取,对硬度要求在58 HRC左右的,则可采用。镍硬铸铁Ⅳ具有良好的热处理工艺性能,生产中易于掌握。     

Heat treatment process of bimetallic clad chromium cast iron by pipe made of carbon steel Q235/high centrifugal casting

采用离心浇铸制备外层为碳钢Q235,内层为高铬铸铁的双金属复合管。在不同温度（950、980℃）及不同冷却方式（空冷、水冷、风冷）下对复合管进行热处理试验。结果表明,试验温度下,空冷、水冷、风冷方式都可消除Q235钢铸态组织中的魏氏组织;水冷可提高复合管的硬度,但复合管出现严重畸变甚至开裂。合理的热处理工艺为950℃×1 h,空冷＋450℃×3.5 h回火＋350℃×3.5 h回火,可使复合管达到较高的硬度（60～63 HRC）,满足标准DL/T 680—1999《耐磨管道技术条件》的要求。     

Preparation of in situ-formed WC/Fe composite on gray cast iron substrate by a centrifugal casting process

An iron-based composite reinforced by in situ-formed tungsten carbide particles was fabricated on gray cast iron substrate by a centrifugal casting process. The as-prepared composite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and microhardness and wear testers. An appropriate pouring temperature (1300 °C) of the gray cast iron melt was chosen considering the dissolution temperature of the tungsten wires determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The experimental results showed that the tungsten wires were dissolved partially by the cast iron melt. As a result, primary and secondary tungsten carbide particles and pearlite with a negligible amount of graphite flakes were formed as the reinforcing phase and the matrix, respectively. The composite with a thickness of about 3 mm was dense and metallurgically bonded to the gray cast iron substrate. Wear resistance was determined by a pin-on-disc wear test technique, indicating that the composite containing high volume fraction of hard tungsten carbides presented higher wear resistance compared with the unreinforced gray cast iron.     

镁合金铸轧凝固层焊合点控制及工艺优化

结合镁合金铸轧工艺特点,分析镁合金板坯铸轧过程中凝固层焊合点位置与板坯缺陷的影响规律;针对板坯厚度、铸轧区长度及铸轧速度等关键参数,简化凝壳径向生长及凝固前沿周向转动过程,确定铸轧速度匹配范围,建立凝固层焊合点位置控制模型,并通过工艺试验对控制模型进行验证.结果表明通过理论模型确定工艺匹配范围,可稳定并优化镁合金铸轧工艺,大幅度降低铸轧板坯宏观缺陷,获得表面光洁、质量良好的镁合金铸轧板坯.     

Simulation and control model for interactions among process parameters of directional solidification continuous casting

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Enhancement of wear resistance and impact toughness of as cast hypoeutectic high chromium cast iron using niobium

The effect of niobium additions on the as-cast microstructure of a hypoeutectic high-Cr cast iron containing 2.2 wt.% C and 16.5 wt.% Cr was investigated. With increasing niobium content, the eutectic M₇C₃ carbides were refined and became less elongated as well as its volume fraction was decreased gradually. The first precipitated NbC particles could be act as heterogeneous substrate of proeutectic austenite and a barrier to M₇C₃ grain growth. The morphology of NbC carbides changed with increasing niobium content. Such NbC particles were increased with increasing Nb content and subsequently contributed to increased hardness. Optimum toughness was obtained for the irons alloyed with 2.14% Nb. The effects of applied load and Nb-additions on wear resistance of high chromium cast iron have been studied. The results showed that wear resistance increases with increasing Nb addition. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the NbC particles on the weight loss was more evident at higher loads.