甘草水溶物诱导MGC-803细胞凋亡中胞内Ca2+、pH与线粒体△ψm的变化

细胞凋亡时发生染色质凝聚、DNA呈梯状片段化、胞体皱缩、质膜起泡、形成凋亡小体等典型的形态和生化变化,并受凋亡信号系统激活所导致的细胞内一系列酶的活性以及凋亡相关基因表达的变化调控.近年来的研究表明,细胞内Ca2 、pH、线粒体膜电位(△Ψm)等生物物理性状的改变与细胞凋亡信号系统的调控有密切的关系,甚至是决定性的因素.糖皮质激素能非常有效地诱导胸腺细胞发生凋亡,已证实在这典型的凋亡过程中,细胞内Ca2 浓度变化是至为重要的环节,处理细胞早期就可见到细胞内Ca2 的持续升高,然后是DNA片段化.尽管也有文献报道在无Ca2 基质…     

质膜钙离子ATP酶

钙离子(Ca2+)是重要的第二信使,通过与效应蛋白的结合和解离,以及在不同细胞器之间的穿梭运动而精确调控细胞活动,参与多种重要生命过程。细胞内具有精确调节Ca2+时空分布的调控系统。在静息状态下,细胞内的游离Ca2+浓度约为100 nmol/L;而当细胞受到信号刺激后,胞内的Ca2+浓度可上升至1000 nmol/L甚至更高。细胞中存在多种跨膜运送Ca2+的膜蛋白,以精确调节Ca2+浓度的时空动态变化,其中,细胞质膜上的多种Ca2+通道(包括电压门控通道、受体门控通道、储存控制通道等),以及内质网/肌质网和线粒体等胞内"钙库"膜上的雷诺丁受体、三磷酸肌醇受体等膜蛋白复合物,均可提升胞内Ca2+浓度,而细胞质膜上的钠钙交换体、质膜Ca2+-ATP酶、"钙库"膜上的内质网Ca2+-ATP酶、线粒体Ca2+单向转运体等,可将Ca2+浓度降低至静息态水平。质膜钙ATP酶是向细胞外运送Ca2+的关键膜蛋白,本文将对其结构、功能及其酶活性的调控机制做一简要综述。     

Ca^2＋在细胞凋亡中的作用

本文探讨了Ca2＋在细胞凋亡中的作用。许多证据表明细胞内Ca2＋浓度的升高或下降都有可能引起细胞凋亡。Ca2＋通过对一些酶和基因的调控来传递死亡信号。细胞核中的Ca2＋一方面能使染色质DNA舒展开来便于核酸内切酶能靠近活动,另一方面Ca2＋依赖的核酸内切酶参与了将DNA降解为DNA片段的过程,从而使细胞呈现细胞凋亡的特征。     

对钙离子几种生理学效应的归纳与探讨

钙是人体重要的元素成分之一,在体内以2种形式存在:结合状态和离子状态(Ca2 )。但只有Ca2 才具有生理活性。体内Ca2 又分为细胞内Ca2 和细胞外Ca2 2种。研究表明,细胞内Ca2 浓度低,仅为细胞外的1(?)。体内的钙主要来源于食物,含钙的食物进入人体     

UVB诱导NIH 3T3细胞凋亡时的信号转导机制:Ⅱ.神经酰胺所致细胞内Ca2+和pH的变化

利用粘附式细胞仪 (ACAS -570)结合相应的荧光探针分别测定了外源性神经酰胺诱导NIH3T3细胞凋亡时胞浆游离Ca2 水平和UVB照射NIH3T3细胞所致细胞内 pH的变化以及神经酰胺的生成对这一变化的影响。结果表明 :1.神经酰胺能够导致NIH3T3细胞胞浆游离Ca2 升高 ;胞浆Ca2 升高既来源于胞外钙 ,又来源于胞内钙池 ,但外钙内流是引起和维持胞内Ca2 处于高水平的必要条件 ;NIH3T3细胞钙池上存在着两种受体 :IP3 受体和Ryanodine受体 ,其中IP3受体较占优势。2.UVB照射导致NIH3T3细胞凋亡时胞浆碱化并持续约2小时左右恢复正常 ,pH的变化参与了细胞凋亡的过程并受到神经酰胺生成的调控。这可能是UVB照射启动了磷脂肌醇通路激活磷脂酶C ,导致神经酰胺的生成、Ca2 动员和蛋白激酶C的活化 ,从而激活Na /H 对流引起胞浆碱化。所以 ,胞浆游离Ca2 的增加和 pH的升高不是两个孤立的事件。     

封面故事

<正>钙离子(Ca2+)是重要的第二信使,通过与效应蛋白的结合和解离,以及在不同细胞器之间的穿梭运动而精确调控细胞活动,参与多种重要生命过程。细胞内具有精确调节Ca2+时空分布的调控系统。在静息状态下,细胞内的游离Ca2+浓度约为100 nmol/L;而当细胞受到信号刺激后,胞内的Ca2+浓度可上升至1000 nmol/L甚至更     

钙网蛋白与凋亡细胞清除

钙网蛋白(calreticulin, CRT)是细胞内质网/肌浆网中主要的Ca2 结合蛋白,具有细胞内钙稳态调节、分子伴侣、抗原提呈等多种生物学功能.近来的研究发现, CRT在机体对凋亡细胞的有效识别、清除过程中起关键作用.     

冷诱导细胞凋亡及其调控机制

冷和细胞凋亡有着密切的关系,冷诱导细胞凋亡的研究已经成为器官移植医学领域里的热点。冷诱导细胞凋亡的信号转导过程错综复杂,细胞内活性氧自由基、Ca2 、Fe2 以及冷相关基因都介导或调控冷引起的细胞凋亡。结合有关冷和细胞凋亡方面的研究进展,综述了与冷引起的细胞凋亡相关的信号转导过程和相关基因的调控机制。     

细胞内自由钙离子浓度的测定方法

钙离子不仅是植物生长发育所必需的 1种大量元素 ,而且在植物的信号传导中起重要作用。钙离子作为一种第二信使把外源信号 (激素、光、重力、温度等 )转变成胞内信号 ,导致一系列胞内事件的发生。大量的研究表明 ,Ca2 +的信使功能是通过调控细胞内游离 Ca2 +浓度来实现的。 Ca2 + 信号的产生和终止是细胞内 Ca2 + 增减、波动的结果。因此测定细胞溶质中的 Ca2 +浓度是十分重要的。从理论上讲 ,测定细胞内 Ca2 + 浓度的方法应符合如下要求 :首先 ,所使用的 Ca2 +指示剂必须对 Ca2 +有很强的专一性 ;其次 ,是灵敏度高 ,能够测定低浓度的Ca…     

水分胁迫及复水过程中小麦幼苗叶片内Ca2+的定位

展现了冬小麦幼苗在干旱胁迫及干旱后复水过程中叶肉细胞内Ca2 的动态分布 :在正常水分条件下生长的小麦幼苗 ,其细胞中的Ca2 主要位于液泡内 ,同时 ,细胞间隙中有大量的Ca2 分布。在水分胁迫下 ,随着胁迫时间的加长 ,液泡和细胞间隙的Ca2 逐渐进入细胞质 ,导致细胞质中自由Ca2 浓度过高 ,并对细胞造成伤害。复水后 ,细胞质中高浓度Ca2 迅速排入液泡和细胞间隙 ,细胞质中Ca2 浓度又基本恢复正常水平 ,形象地展示了细胞内Ca2 的稳态调控机制     

Ca^2＋与细胞凋亡

Ｃａ＾２＋在某些因素诱导的细胞凋亡中起着重要信使作用。细胞内Ｃａ＾２＋浓度上升可来源于胞外Ｃａ＾２＋内汉、内库钙动员或者二者兼之。     

The specificity of Ca2+ signalling

A calcium signal is a sudden increase in concentration of calcium ions (Ca2+) in the cytosol. Such signals are crucial for the control of many important functions of the body. In the brain, for example, Ca2+ signals are responsible for memory, in muscle cells they switch on contraction, whereas in gland cells they are responsible for regulation of secretion. In many cases Ca2+ signals can control several different processes in the same cell. As an example, we shall deal with one particular cell type, namely the pancreatic acinar cell, which is responsible for the secretion of the enzymes essential for the digestion of food. In this cell, Ca2+ signals do not only control the normal enzyme secretion, but also regulate growth (cell division) and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Until recently, it was a mystery how the same type of signal could regulate such diverse functions in one and the same cell. Recent technical advances have shown that different patterns of Ca2+ signals can be created, in space and time, which allow specific cellular responses to be elicited.     

Intracellular elevations of free calcium induced by activation of histamine H1 receptors in interphase and mitotic HeLa cells: hormone signal transduction is altered during mitosis

A broad range of membrane functions, including endocytosis and exocytosis, are strongly inhibited during mitosis. The underlying mechanisms are unclear, however, but will probably be important in relation to the mitotic cycle and the regulation of surface phenomena generally. A major unanswered question is whether membrane signal transduction is altered during mitosis; suppression of an intracellular calcium [( Ca2+]i) transient could inhibit exocytosis; [Ca2+]i elevation could disassemble the mitotic spindle. Activation of the histamine H1 receptor interphase in HeLa cells is shown here by Indo-1 fluorescence to produce a transient elevation of [Ca2+]i. The [Ca2+]i transient consists of an initial sharp rise that is at least partially dependent on intracellular calcium followed by an elevated plateau that is absolutely dependent on extracellular calcium. The [Ca2+]i transient is completely suppressed by preincubation with the tumor promoter, phorbol myristate acetate, but is unaffected by preincubation with pertussis toxin (islet-activating protein). In mitotic (metaphase- arrested) HeLa cells, the [Ca2+]i transient is largely limited to the initial peak. Measurement of 45Ca2+ uptake shows that it is stimulated by histamine in interphase cells, but not in mitotics. We conclude that the histamine-stimulated generation of the second messenger, [Ca2+]i, in mitotic cells is limited by failure to activate a sustained calcium influx. The initial phase of calcium mobilization from intracellular stores is comparable to that in interphase cells. Hormone signal transduction thus appears to be altered during mitosis.     

Role of calcium in apoptosis of HL-60 cells induced by harringtonine

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Matrix regulation of skeletal cell apoptosis III: mechanism of ion pair-induced apoptosis

Our previous work has demonstrated that while the Ca(2+) and Pi ions acting in concert function as a potent osteoblast apoptogen, the underlying mechanisms by which it activates cell death is not known. We hypothesize that the ion pair causes release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores ([Ca(2+)]i); the increase in intracellular calcium prompts the mitochondria to uptake more calcium. This accumulation of calcium eventually results in the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and, subsequently, apoptosis. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated apoptosome formation in MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells treated with the ion pair. Western blot analysis indicated migration of cytochrome-c and Smac/DIABLO from mitochondria to the cytoplasm. Inhibition of either the electron transfer chain (with antimycin a and rotenone), or the activation of a MMP transition (with bongkrekic acid) inhibited apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Pre-treating osteoblasts with ruthenium red, a Ca(2+) uniporter inhibitor of both mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), also completely abolished Ca(2+.)Pi-induced apoptosis. Moreover, we showed that an increase in [Ca(2+)]i preceded the increase in MMP over the first 45 min of treatment; a mitochondrial membrane permeability transition was evident at 75 min. To determine the role of ER, Ca(2+) stores in the generation of the apoptotic signal by the ion pair, cells were treated with several inhibitors. Apoptosis was inhibited when cells were treated with dantrolene, an inhibitor of ER ryanodine receptors, and 2-aminodiphenylborate, an IP3 Ca(2+) channel inhibitor, but not cyclopiazonic acid, an ER Ca(2)-ATPase inhibitor. Together, these data demonstrate that Ca(2+) Pi-induced osteoblast apoptosis is characterized by the generation of an apoptosome and that Ca(2+) release from ER stores may promote ion pair-dependent cell death.     

Control of apoptosis by IP(3) and ryanodine receptor driven calcium signals

Intracellular calcium signals mediated by IP(3)and ryanodine receptors (IP(3)R/RyR) play a central role in cell survival, but emerging evidence suggests that IP(3)R/RyR are also important in apoptotic cell death. Switch from the life program to the death program may involve coincident detection of proapoptotic stimuli and calcium signals or changes in the spatiotemporal pattern of the calcium signal or changes at the level of effectors activated by the calcium signal (e.g. calpain, calcineurin). The fate of the cell is often determined in the mitochondria, where calcium spikes may support cell survival through stimulation of ATP production or initiate apoptosis v ia opening of the permeability transition pore and release of apoptotic factors such as cytochrome c. The functional importance of these mitochondrial calcium signalling pathways has been underscored by the elucidation of a highly effective, local Ca(2+)coupling between IP(3)R/RyR and mitochondrial Ca(2+)uptake sites. This article will focus on the IP(3)R/RyR-dependent pathways to apoptosis, particularly on the mitochondrial phase of the death cascade.     

IL—6诱导肝癌细胞BEL—7402细胞凋亡及其Ca^2＋转导机制

白细胞介素－6（interleukin-6,IL-6）具有直接或间接的抗肿瘤活性,本组在以前的体内外实验中证明其具有明显的抑制肝癌作用。本文主要报告应用流式细胞仪和共聚焦显微镜检测IL－6对肝癌细胞（BEL－7402）凋亡的作用和该过程中Ca^2 转导机制。生长曲线描绘以及MTT分析结果表明,IL－6（6000u/ml）作用于BEL－7402细胞24小时后,生长抑制率达12％左右,而流式细胞仪结果显示IL－60（6000u/ml）作用于BEL－7402细胞24小时后,BEL－7402细胞凋亡率达8.2％。流式细胞仪分析还表明,IL－60（6000u/ml）作用于BEL－7402细胞24小时后,对照组平均FTTC荧光值为1.03而IL－60（6000u/ml）组为0.759,也就是说,IL－6引起了bcl－2基因表达下降。激光共聚焦显微镜测定表明,IL－60（6000u/ml）作用于BEL－7402细胞后,胞浆[Ca^2 ]c升高达2倍。若事先加入TC（thapsigargin),15min后再加入IL－6,则抑制了胞浆内[Ca^2 ]c升高;事先10min或5min分别加入EGTA和普鲁卡因（procaine）也有同样的抑制作用。上述结果表明,IL－6在一定剂量下可以诱导肝癌细胞BEL－7402发生细胞凋亡,该凋亡过程可能与Ca^2 转导及bcl-2基因表达下调有关。     

SR compartment calcium and cell apoptosis in SERCA overexpression

The relationship between SR Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) activities, cell calcium level, SR calcium store and cell cycle events is not clearly understood. We studied SERCA overexpression in Cos cells using an adenovirus vector. Twofold increases in SERCA mRNA and in protein were correlated with a 2.3-fold and a 1.6-fold paralleled increase in SR calcium pump activity (R = 0.97 and R = 0.99 respectively). Dose-related apoptotic cell death was associated with SERCA overexpression (R = 0.92). When serum was reduced to 4%, cell apoptosis further increased from 20.7 +/- 4.8% to 47.5 +/- 12.9% (M+/-SD; P<0.05; n=3). Flow cytometry identified cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. The interleukin-1 converting enzyme (ICE) inhibitor z-VAD-fmk reduced apoptosis for low-, medium- and high-expressing constructs, whereas the CPP-32 inhibitor z-DEVD-fmk had no effect. Flow cytometry using Fluo-3 and Fura-Red revealed a 1.5-fold higher basal calcium and a 10-fold SR calcium overload. ICE inhibitor z-VAD-fmk did not alter calcium loading. An epitope-tagged SERCA mutant, which has no intrinsic Ca2+-pump activities, had a much smaller effect on the SR calcium. These findings suggest that SERCA2A overexpression has an intrinsic role in altering cell-cycle progression, augmenting cellular and SR calcium loading, and precipitating ICE protease-mediated apoptosis; this represents as a novel model for primary SR calcium overload and associated cell apoptosis.     

Enhanced calreticulin expression promotes calcium-dependent apoptosis in postnatal cardiomyocytes

Calreticulin (CRT) is one of the major Ca2+ binding chaperone proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and an unusual luminal ER protein. Postnatally elevated expression of CRT leads to impaired development of the cardiac conductive system and may be responsible for the pathology of complete heart block. In this study, the molecular mechanisms that affect Ca2+-dependent signal cascades were investigated using CRT-overexpressing cardiomyocytes. In particular, we asked whether calreticulin plays a critical role in the activation of Ca2+-dependent apoptosis. In the cells overexpressing CRT, the intracellular calcium concentration was significantly increased and the activity of PKC and level of SECAR2a mRNA were reduced. Phosphorylation of Akt and ERKs decreased compared to control. In addition the activity of the anti-apoptotic factor, Bcl-2, was decreased and the activities of pro-apoptotic factor, Bax, p53 and caspase 8 were increased, leading to a dramatic augmentation of caspase 3 activity. Our results suggest that enhanced CRT expression in mature cardiomyocytes disrupts intracellular calcium regulation, leading to calcium-dependent apoptosis.