剪切波速和含水率双指标评价黄土震陷

为了研究地震荷载作用下黄土场地的震陷预测问题,以兰州黄土为研究对象来分析剪切波速和含水率与震陷系数的关系,并分别得出拟合函数关系。通过分析剪切波速和含水率在震陷过程中的内在联系,建立剪切波速和含水率双指标预测黄土震陷系数的方法,并依据该方法预测永登地震区黄土场地震陷量。研究结果表明:在一定的剪切波速区间内,震陷系数随着含水率的增加而增大;在一定的含水率区间内,震陷系数随着剪切波速的增加而减小。同时提出剪切波速可以反映黄土不因外部条件而变化的潜在震陷能力为绝对震陷能力的概念,相应的震陷系数称为绝对震陷系数,含水率影响潜在震陷能力的释放。通过震害实例计算验证剪切波速和含水率双指标预测方法的可行性。     

黄土震陷研究及相关问题探讨

The research and achievements made on seismic subsidence of loess, obtained over the past 30 years, were reviewed. Seismic Subsidence of Loess （SSL） has been verified by microstructure characteristics, dynamic triaxial experiments, and in-situ explosion tests, and has become an important subject in the field of seismic loess engineering research. While, the research is still in the stage of theoretical study of saturated soil, and there are no representative cases of seismic subsidence of loess in historical earthquakes. It is difficult to express structure characteristics using microstructure morphology. While, soil mechanics are available methods for this. Seismic subsidence judgment is absolute in some certain value ranges for several parameters. Therefore, probabilistic judgment should be developed. The seismic subsidence ratio is estimated mostly by empirical formulas or semi- empirical and semi-theoretical formulas, which are based on laboratory data. These formulas are not established on the basis of physical process and mechanics of seismic subsidence, and this leads to more variables, complicated computation, and poor practicability. To solve these problems, we need to distinguish the main factors and corresponding variables, to establish a mechanics model for seismic subsidence estimation, and to characterize its physio-mechanical process. The key of anti-seismic subsidence treatment is to reduce the seismic subsidence property of soils, and to lower the interaction between the soil body and underground structures.     

1995年永登地震黄土震陷变形特征及其形成机理

通过对1995年永登地震形成的黄土震陷场地现场考察及震区震陷形成的地震动和黄土厚度条件,用震区震陷试验曲线计算了震区试验震陷量。并通过震区震陷黄土和未震陷黄土微结构对比分析,探讨了黄土震陷形成的机理。结果表明,震区试验计算的震陷量略小于实际地震震陷量;黄土震陷产生的机理为地震力剪切作用下孔隙结构破坏,在重力和压力作用下振动质密所致。     

黄土震陷下限深度研究

利用兰州和西安地震小区划黄土震陷数据,获得了这两个地区黄土震陷下限深度预测的经验公式,与实验结果较为吻合。结果显示在一定的地震动条件下黄土的物理指标含水量、固结压力、剪切波速能够比较好的反映黄土震陷特性,通过研究它们与残余应变的关系可以预测黄土震陷下限深度。     

含水量对黄土震陷性定量影响研究

含水量是影响黄土震陷性非常重要的参数。本文以洮河三级阶地上典型的Q3黄土为研究对象,对其震陷性特征进行了全面、系统的研究。通过在20 m深探井中依次取得4 m、8 m、12 m、16 m、20 m处黄土原状试样进行室内试验,得到以下结果:(1)天然黄土存在震陷性随深度增加而逐渐减弱的规律;(2)通过增湿、减湿获得5%,10%,15%和20%四种不同含水量黄土试样,同一深度黄土随着含水量增加其震陷性增长的规律明显;(3)通过实验数据分析得到了含水量对黄土震陷性定量影响规律,并根据其规律给出了不同动应力作用下的黄土震陷临界含水量。     

黄土震陷灾害典型震例的综合研究

阐述了1995年甘肃永登5.8级地震时造成的黄土震陷灾害形成条件、震害形态特征、黄土的基本性质及湿陷性和静、动土力学参数与震陷灾害的成因关系。并用震陷量预测计算方法和三维有限元数值模拟方法检验了黄土震陷灾害预测的理论、方法并解释了永登5.8 级地震黄土震陷现象。     

黄土震陷初判指标的界定研究

通过对宝鸡和兰州地震小区划中所获得黄土震陷数据的统计,对黄土震陷的影响因素如含水量、孔隙比、干密度、初始弹性模量进行了分析,得出了对震陷初判更实用、更为具体的多项指标标准,并对弹性模量应用于黄土震陷的判断进行了探讨。     

干密度对击实黄土震陷性影响的试验研究

干密度是表征黄土地基振密、挤密处理后土体紧密程度的一个重要物理指标。本文通过对不同干密度的非饱和击实土样的震陷试验,研究了干密度对击实黄土震陷性的定量影响规律,建立了击实黄土的震陷曲线方程,得到了不同振次下干密度与震陷系数的定量关系。文中提出了由干密度算不同振次和任一动应力下击实黄土震陷系数的经验公式,并为黄土地基抗震陷处理初步提供了干密度波速、标贯和孔隙比等方面的标准。     

考虑土体性质的黄土震陷灾害区域性特征

本研究在通渭、兰州、西吉、宝鸡、西安等多个西北典型黄土震陷灾害场地获取原状土样,通过对密度、含水率、孔隙比、塑液限等物理指标的测试,分析其与土体震陷性的关系;通过动弹性模量和阻尼比、动强度、震陷等室内动力特性试验,并结合大量前人研究资料,分析土体性质对岩土震陷灾害的区域性影响。结果表明：1）震陷系数与单一土体物性参数呈正相关或负相关关系,六盘山以西和以东的黄土震陷特性反映了明显的地区变化规律,在相同地震荷载作用下震害东轻西重;2）随着时间的推移,人类的活动增加,改变了土的含水率,导致土体上覆压力增大,在上覆压力的作用下,土体的初始孔隙数量有所减少,其固结程度越来越好,宏观表现为土体的易损性即震陷性减小。     

永登5.8级地震中黄土震陷灾害的探讨

在1995年兰州永登发生的5.8级地震中,震区产生了严重的黄土震陷灾害。为了研究震区黄土震陷灾害的成因,对震区黄土进行了土工试验和土动力学试验,探讨了该区黄土的基本物理力学指标和土动力特性参数与黄土易损性的关系,分析了易损性与震区黄土震陷灾害的关系。经过多指标综合分析研究发现,震区黄土的易损性大,震陷性强。利用黄土震陷试验分析计算预测方法对震区黄土场地的震陷量进行预测研究,所得结果与实际地震的震陷量符合较好。     

地震荷载作用下黄土地基震陷研究

在某大型企业的地震安全性评价工作中,采用随机地震荷载输入动三轴进行了黄土震陷试验,探讨了该场地黄土在不同动荷载作用下的震陷特性。并对该场地地基未来可能发生的震陷灾害进行了评价,为工程地基抗震处理提供了依据。     

基于几个黄土物性参数的震陷判定研究

依据试验数据,研究了含水量、孔隙比和埋藏深度对黄土震陷性的影响规律,结果显示,黄土震陷临界含水量随着动应力的增加而减小,浅层黄土较深层黄土水敏性更强,在50~80kPa之间,临界含水量有一个急剧下降的特征;在典型黄土地区,黄土的孔隙比小于一定数值(宝鸡地区0.73、兰州地区0.86)时,震陷不会发生;在天然含水量情况下,黄土震陷深度曲线随动应力的增加经历了一个从平稳、快速、再收敛至最大震陷深度的发展过程。     

Experimental study on the influence of seismic subsidence of loess under bidirectional loading modes

Water content, dry density, void ratio, depth of soil layer, and seismic loading may all exert influence on the seismic subsidence of loess. Many scholars have carried out seismic subsidence tests of loess to simulate the stress on soil using unidirectional (axial) vibration instead of bidirectional vibration. We conduct seismic subsidence tests of loess using two different dynamic stress loading methods, unidirectional and bidirectional dynamic stress. In addition, the effects of different dynamic stress loading modes on the development of seismic subsidence of loess are compared for a case-study in northwestern China. The results show that (1) the increasing ratio of radial stress to axial stress has exerted significant influence on the seismic subsidence coefficient of loess under the loading mode of bidirectional dynamic stress (2) there is a critical ratio of radial stress to axial stress for seismic subsidence of loess, ranging from 0.6 to 0.8; when the ratio of radial load to axial load is greater than the critical value, the effect of bidirectional load on the development of seismic subsidence is more remarkable (3) when the ratio of radial load to axial load is smaller, the seismic subsidence of loess calculated by the existing unidirectional stress loading method is safe for engineering projects. However, if the value exceeds the safety ratio range it is dangerous to conduct safety evaluations using the seismic loess subsidence. The prediction value of seismic subsidence at engineering sites directly affects the later foundation treatment and the safety of the overlying structures. The seismic subsidence calculation and evaluation method in this study may provide a scientific basis for safety evaluations of loess sites in northwestern China.     

黄土的湿陷和震陷

黄土的湿陷性和震陷性分别是黄土在遇水和地震作用下产生的岩土灾害。黄土湿陷性评价及防治已经相对成熟。有些专家试图联系二者,以便解决黄土震陷性的工程评价和处理。本研究中,作者分析了黄土湿陷性与震陷性之间的联系与差异。研究认为,二者的产生都基于黄土的亚稳态结构,都是黄土架空结构破坏所引起,但其触发机制却是不同的。湿陷性产生的主要原因是吸力丧失,而震陷性主要由黄土在动荷载作用下的土体剪切破坏所导致。因此,关于二者之间的联系还不存在坚实的物理基础。     

甘肃永登湿陷性新近堆积黄土的微观结构分析

甘肃永登县树屏村某工程场地土为第四纪新近堆积黄土,其工程性质较为特殊,具有较大的湿陷性,但在天然湿度下震陷性却很小。本文利用扫描显微镜对其微结构图象进行分析,同时结合土工试验结果,揭示了导致其特殊工程性质的微观机理。最后提出了在工程施工中应注意的问题。     

Regional subsidence of Mexico City and its effects on seismic response

Changes expected in Mexico City's seismic response due to land subsidence caused by groundwater extraction are examined. Settlements of the land surface observed in the recent past are compiled and processed to predict regional subsidence in the near future. This information is used in combination with the iso-depth and iso-period maps stipulated by the building code to estimate the compaction of surface sediments and the shortening of soil periods. The time-progressive evolution of the official seismic zoning maps and the associated site-specific response spectra is predicted. The same is done with spectral response contours expressed in terms of the site and structure periods. The subsidence effects are considered through an impact factor, which represents the increase or decrease in the spectral ordinates with respect to the current values specified for design purposes. The detrimental or beneficial effects depend on the relative values of the structure and site periods.     

Deaggregation of seismic loss of spatially distributed buildings

The catastrophic nature of seismic risk resides in the fact that a group of structures and infrastructure is simultaneously excited by spatially correlated seismic loads due to an earthquake. For this, both earthquake-to-earthquake (inter-event) and site-to-site (intra-event) correlations associated with ground motion prediction equations must be taken into account in assessing seismic hazard and risk at multiple sites. The consideration of spatial correlation of seismic demand affects aggregate seismic losses as well as identified scenario seismic events. To investigate such effects quantitatively, a simulation-based seismic risk model for spatially distributed structures is employed. Analysis results indicate that adequate treatment of spatial correlation of seismic demand is essential and the probability distribution of aggregate seismic loss can be significantly different from those based on the assumptions that seismic excitations are not correlated or fully correlated. Furthermore, the results suggest that identified scenario events by deaggregation in terms of magnitude and distance become more extreme if the spatial correlation is ignored.     

地震长期效应对黄土力学性质的影响

黄土高原地区,具有大孔隙、弱胶结特征的黄土遭遇地震荷载影响后,其内部结构受到扰动,微结构的变化会在后期物理力学性质中集中反映出来.通过动三轴试验对原状黄土试样进行模拟历史地震预处理,对处理试样依次进行饱和、固结、不排水剪切试验.结果表明:黄土试样的初始含水率为10％时,经历历史地震扰动的黄土较未扰动黄土相比,其偏应力明...