大规模MIMO系统中基于Lanczos方法的低复杂度预编码

针对大规模MIMO系统中因基站天线数与用户数过大导致迫零(ZF)预编码矩阵求逆复杂度较高的问题,提出一种基于迭代子空间投影算法的Lanczos方法低复杂度预编码方案。根据大规模MIMO系统信道矩阵具有对角占优特性,将信道大矩阵求逆诺依曼级数的第1项作为迭代的初始值,从而加快算法的收敛速度,使得ZF预编码的复杂度从O(K~3)降低到O(K~2)。仿真结果表明,该算法以较快的收敛速度逼近传统ZF预编码方案的信道容量与误码率性能。     

基于MF预编码的大规模MIMO网络SINR概率密度分析

大规模MIMO系统中,相对于其他基于信道矩阵分解的波束成形算法,如迫零、最小均方误差算法等,匹配滤波（Matched filter, MF）具有复杂度极低的优点,从而成为一种极具实用潜力的波束成形算法。鉴于此,本文推导了基站采用MF波束成形算法时,用户端信干噪比（Signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio, SINR）的近似概率密度函数（Probability density function, PDF）。该函数对于推导与分析系统性能,如和速率、中断概率等至关重要。仿真表明：当基站天线数趋于大规模时,SINR公式的PDF曲线趋近于通过纯仿真得到的PDF曲线。     

多用户MIMO系统低复杂度收发联合波束成形方案

基于多用户多输入多输出(MIMO)有限反馈系统提出了一种收发联合波束成形方法。该方法在发送端采用每个用户酉速率控制(PU2RC)波束成形技术,在接收端采用基于信干噪比(SINR)最大化的天线合并算法。天线合并算法利用用户SINR的广义Rayleigh熵特性寻找最佳的天线合并矢量。仿真结果表明,该方法能充分利用信道信息,不仅改善了传统PU2RC系统的和速率性能,相对于已有的迫零(ZF)联合波束成形方法,对信道状态信息的量化误差的敏感性更低,用户选择算法的复杂度更低,且低速率反馈条件下和速率性能更优。     

基于NOMA系统的用户分组和功率分配策略

针对非正交多址接入（NOMA）系统的最优用户分组和功率分配方案的高复杂度问题,提出一种改进的用户分组和功率分配策略。首先,对用户进行分组,由信道增益值确定每个子信道的第一个用户,再由贪婪匹配方法分配剩余用户;然后,对用户的功率进行分配,将该功率分配问题分成子信道间和子信道内两部分,对于子信道间采用线性注水算法分配功率,对于子信道内则采用所提的迭代功率分配算法分配功率;最后,构造拉格朗日函数以实现在最大发射功率以及保证每个用户最低数据速率的约束下系统吞吐量的最大化。仿真结果表明,在多用户的情况下,与线性注水的分数阶功率分配（LWF-FTPA）算法和等分数阶功率分配（EQ-FTPA）算法相比,系统吞吐量分别提高了8%和20%,所提策略优于传统算法。     

基于格基缩减的MU-MIMO下行传输策略

块对角化（Block diagonalization, BD）预编码算法通过两次奇异值分解实现多用户间干扰消除并将下行多用户多输入多输出（Multi-user multiple-input multiple-output, MU-MIMO）信道解耦成多个独立 的单用户MIMO（Single-user MIMO, SU-MIMO）信道,但其计算复杂度也随着用户数量和矩阵维数的增加而增加 。在MU-MIMO下行系统中,提出基于格基缩减的改进块对角化传输策略,将BD算法的第2次奇异值分解替换为基于格基缩减的线性检测,可得到比传统BD传输策略更好的误码率性能以及更低的计算复杂度。     

基于大规模MIMO技术的中继协作物理层安全研究

传统无线通信的安全依靠上层加密,无法保护物理层的安全。为了克服传统无线通信系统加密的不足,采用人工噪声(Artificial Noise)生成和随机预编码器来研究中继协作下大规模多输入多输出(MIMO)下行链路系统的安全传输方法。针对估计的信道状态信息推导出和速率表达式,分析得出用户节点上的保密率。针对基站处的最小均方误差预编码器(MMSE)和迫零(ZF)预编码器,分析对比其性能差距。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该方法可以为大规模MIMO中继系统设计安全的物理层传输策略,且MMSE预编码器比ZF预编码器表现出更好的保密性能。     

面向C-V2X通信的基于深度学习的联合信道估计与均衡算法

为了在不显著提升计算复杂度的情况下,有效提升通信系统的误码率（BER）性能,利用深度学习在数据处理方面的强大能力,提出一种面向基于蜂窝网络的车联网（C-V2X）通信的基于深度学习的联合信道估计与均衡算法——V-EstEqNet。与传统算法分两个阶段分别进行信道估计与均衡不同,V-EstEqNet将通信系统接收机中的信道估计与信道均衡进行联合考虑,并利用深度学习网络直接对接收数据进行校正和恢复,无须进行显式的信道估计环节即可完成信道均衡。具体而言,首先利用大量的接收数据对网络进行离线训练,使网络学习到叠加在接收数据中的信道特性;然后利用该特性恢复原始的发送数据。仿真实验结果表明,在不同的速度场景下,所提算法可以更加有效地追踪信道特性;同时,相较于传统信道估计算法（最小二乘法（LS）和线性最小均方误差法（LMMSE））配合传统信道均衡算法（迫零（ZF）均衡算法和最小均方误差（MMSE）均衡算法）,所提算法在低速环境下有最高有6 dB的BER增益,在高速环境下最高有9 dB的BER增益。     

基于CDMA系统的低复杂度预均衡技术

面对复杂的无线信道干扰,提出一种低复杂度的频域预均衡技术,即迫零频域预均衡（zero-forcing frequency do-main pre-equalization ,ZF Pre-FDE）。应用基于此技术的收发器能够消除频率选择性信道带来的干扰效应,在传输误码率方面也较传统收发器有所改善。通过计算机仿真比较了所选方法与传统方法在同样环境中的误码率,仿真结果表明,基于此均衡技术的收发器能够很好地改善系统误码性能,利用奇异值分解,降低了实现的复杂度。     

LTE-A系统中基于小区参考信号的信道估计算法

增强型长期演进（LTE-A）系统中,通常利用插值算法估计出所有数据位置的信道频率响应值。针对传统的线性最小均方误差（LMMSE）算法需要预先获取信道统计特性,矩阵实时求逆运算量大的问题,提出了一种改进的频域LMMSE信道估计插值算法。首先通过导频插值来增加虚拟导频,以此提升算法性能;然后借助时域内的信道能量比较集中的优势,给出了自相关矩阵和信噪比的近似估计方法;最后采用滑动窗方法进一步简化算法复杂度,从而完成频域LMMSE插值。仿真结果表明,所提算法总体性能优于线性插值以及基于离散傅里叶变换（DFT）的插值方法,且与传统LMMSE插值算法具有相近的误码率（BER）和均方误差（MSE）;但与传统算法相比,运算次数降低了98.67%,实现了算法性能与复杂度的较好折中,适用于实际的工程应用。     

基于MIMO系统的容量最大化资源分配算法

多输入多输出(MIMO)技术可以提高系统传输速率、增大系统容量。针对应急通信中短时间内用户激增,传统资源分配算法的系统容量无法满足用户需求的问题,提出一种基于MIMO-OFDM系统用户最小速率的系统容量最大化资源分配算法。该算法考虑了应急场景内通话类等低速率业务剧增的情况,首先根据用户速率由低到高依次分配子载波,然后根据分得的子载波数之比将剩余子载波按照用户速率由高到低分配;对于有盈余带宽的子载波,采用子载波分组的方法再分配,从而 最大化 系统服务用户数。为了补偿信道衰弱和抑制信道间干扰,提出一种对子载波信道矩阵分组的功率分配方法,减少了迭代次数,降低了复杂度。从吞吐量、服务用户数和计算复杂度等方面评估了容量最大化算法的性能。仿真结果表明,相对于传统的资源分配算法,所提算法增加了系统服务用户数,减小了计算复杂度。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).