求矩阵方程AXB=C的双对称最小二乘解的迭代算法

基于求解线性代数方程组的共轭梯度法的思想,通过特殊的变形与近似处理,建立了求矩阵方程AXB=C的双对称最小二乘解的迭代算法,并证明了迭代算法的收敛性.不考虑舍入误差时,迭代算法能够在有限步计算之后得到矩阵方程的双对称最小二乘解;选取特殊的初始矩阵时,还能够求得矩阵方程的极小范数双对称最小二乘解.同时,也能够给出指定矩阵的最佳逼近双对称矩阵.算例表明,迭代算法是有效的.     

带噪声抑制的GPS姿态测量算法

利用GPS载波相位测量载体的姿态时,各种误差源对定姿精度有很大影响。基于载波相位双差观测模型,分析了载波相位误差和接收机到卫星的可视矢量（LOS）误差以及这些误差在姿态测量中的影响权重。针对传统最小二乘方法中仅考虑观测矢量噪声的局限性,在基线解算过程中采用同时考虑LOS组成的设计矩阵和观测矢量噪声的总体最小二乘（Total Least Squares,TLS）方法,并从理论和实验两个方面证明该方法能有效抑制噪声影响,提高姿态解算的精度。     

线性矩阵方程异类约束最小二乘解的迭代算法

多矩阵变量线性矩阵方程(LME)约束解的计算问题在参数识别、结构设计、振动理论、自动控制理论等领域都有广泛应用。本文借鉴求线性矩阵方程(LME)同类约束最小二乘解的迭代算法,通过构造等价的线性矩阵方程组,建立了求多矩阵变量LME的一种异类约束最小二乘解的迭代算法,并证明了该算法的收敛性。在不考虑舍入误差的情况下,利用该算法不仅可在有限步计算后得到LME的一组异类约束最小二乘解,而且选取特殊初始矩阵时,可求得LME的极小范数异类约束最小二乘解。另外,还可求得指定矩阵在该LME的异类约束最小二乘解集合中的最佳逼近解。算例表明,该算法是有效的。     

基于区域网平差的多景SAR影像正射纠正

感兴趣区域若处于两景或多景SAR影像的交叠覆盖区,那么要得到该区域具有同等精度的正射影像产品,则需对覆盖该区域的各影像进行区域网平差处理.本文对这一问题进行了深入分析,建立了基于G.Konecny方程的区域网平差模型,通过岭估计和最小二乘迭代实现了平差模型的解算.为检验本文提出的区域网平差方法,选取了两景相邻轨道的Radarsat-1 SAR影像进行了区域网平差纠正处理,结果表明区域网平差所得产品的误差可在1.5个像素之内,显示了本文方法的可行性.     

加权总体最小二乘在铁路曲线正矢拟合的应用

针对铁路线路正矢数据特征,考虑自变量、因变量同时存在误差的情况,提出EIV（Error-in-Variables）模型下的加权总体最小二乘法（WTLS）进行曲线拟合。通过分析拟合点贡献的不等确定度以及修正设计矩阵[A]的列向量分别引入权阵[Py、][Px、][P0],并给出选权迭代算法。经实例证明,WTLS比传统的LS、TLS方法具有更高的拟合精度。     

基于约束总体最小二乘的泰勒级数定位算法

目前基于到达时间差(Time Difference of Arrival,TDOA)的无线定位算法既不能在基于距离平方差(Squared Range-Difference,SRD)的误差平方和最小模型中获得总体最小二乘准则下的全局最优解,也不能在基于距离差(Range-Difference,RD)的误差平方和最小模型中获得普通最小二乘准则下的全局最优解。将泰勒级数法与约束总体最小二乘法(Constraint Total Least Square,CTLS)相结合,提出一种基于约束总体最小二乘的泰勒级数定位算法(CTLS-Taylor)。利用CTLS方法获得目标节点的粗估计位置,并将该位置作为泰勒级数展开法的初始点,通过迭代,获得目标节点的精估计位置。仿真结果表明,CTLS-Taylor算法不仅能够获得与QCLS-Taylor算法相同的定位精度,而且迭代次数有了明显减少;同时与CTLS定位算法相比,当测量噪声较高时,CTLS-Taylor算法的定位精度更高。     

基于PSO的反对称矩阵反问题的最小二乘解

针对在反对称矩阵反问题的最小二乘解求解计算中,难以从问题的原始形式出发,构造出高效的迭代算法的计算难题,提出一种基于PSO算法的反对称矩阵反问题的最小二乘解的计算算法.该算法采用以带约束条件的反问题矩阵范数作为粒子群优化算法的适应度函数,建立起最小二乘解的计算模型.算例仿真结果显示,该算法是一种高效实用的求解算法.     

加权最小二乘联合遗传算法的无源定位

针对复杂环境下运动通信辐射源的无源定位,闭式解方法对于时频差模型中的测量噪声敏感且存在定位均方根误差较大问题.为了改善大观测误差下的定位性能,本文提出一种加权最小二乘联合遗传算法的递推式混合TDOA/FDOA定位方法.该方法首先利用已知站点观测大量时频差数据并建立误差模型,基于模型对定位过程中的多组时频差序列进行数据处理;其次通过加权最小二乘求解目标位置的初始值;然后采用改进的遗传算法在初始值的基础上通过多组时频差序列不断迭代、递推求解,修正位置坐标;最后利用位置估计和频差模型完成对目标速度估计.仿真结果表明,本文定位算法相比于经典两步加权最小二乘法具有更低的均方根误差,在大观测误差下能保持较高精度.同时相比于其他混合定位算法收敛速度快,可以有效减少计算量.     

矩阵方程AXB＋CX^T D=F自反最小二乘解的迭代算法

建立了求矩阵方程AXB＋CX^TD=F的自反最小二乘解的迭代算法,证明了迭代算法的收敛性,该算法能够在有限步迭代计算之后得到矩阵方程的一个自反最小二乘解,或者极小范数自反最小二乘解。另外,还给出了在解集合中对给定矩阵的最佳逼近。     

一类离散时间代数Riccati矩阵方程对称解的双迭代算法

利用逆矩阵的Neumann级数形式,将在线性二次优化问题中遇到的含未知矩阵之逆的离散时间代数Riccati矩阵方程(DTARME)转化为高次多项式矩阵方程,然后采用牛顿算法求高次多项式矩阵方程的对称解,并采用修正共轭梯度法求由牛顿算法每一步迭代计算导出的线性矩阵方程的对称解或者对称最小二乘解,建立求DTARME的对称解的双迭代算法。双迭代算法仅要求DTARME有对称解,不要求它的对称解唯一,也不对它的系数矩阵做附加限定。数值算例表明双迭代算法是有效的。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).