基于改进的GPL主曲线算法的指纹特征分析与提取

在对GPL(Generalized Polygonal Line)主曲线算法和指纹数据特点分析的基础上,针对指纹数据本身的特点,改进原来的GPL主曲线算法以得到更好的指纹骨架,并实现基于主曲线的指纹特征提取.实验结果表明,改进的GPL主曲线算法在指纹骨架提取的效率和效果上比原算法都有明显提高.基于主曲线的指纹特征提取相对于其它一些传统方法也有着更高的准确率,具有一定的应用价值.     

基于软K段主曲线的LPR字符特征的提取方法

车牌识别是智能交通系统的重要组成部分,提高车牌字符识别率的关键在于提取字符的特征。主曲线是主成分分析的非线性推广,它是通过数据分布“中间”并满足“自相合”的光滑曲线。通过对现有主曲线算法的分析可知:软K段主曲线算法对提取分布在弯曲度很大或相交曲线周围的数据的主曲线的效果较好。因此,尝试用该主曲线算法来提取车牌字符的结构特征。实验结果表明,利用该主曲线算法来提取车牌识别的结构特征能够取得较好的实验效果。所提方法为提取 车牌字符特征的研究提供了一条新途径。     

基于软K段主曲线算法的字符特征提取研究及实现

要提高脱机手写字符识别的识别率,关键是特征的提取。主曲线是主成分分析的非线性推广,是通过数据分布“中间”并满足“自相合”的光滑曲线。通过对现有主曲线算法分析可知：软K段主曲线算法对提取出分布在弯曲度很大或相交曲线周围的数据的主曲线效果较好。因此本文尝试用谊主曲线算法来提取脱机手写字符的结构特征。实验结果表明,利用该主曲线算法来提取脱机手写字符的结构特征不但是可行的,而且取得较好的实验效果。它为脱机手写字符特征提取的研究提供了一条新途径。     

基于MapReduce框架的分布式软K段主曲线算法

传统的主曲线算法在小规模数据集上能获得良好的效果,但单节点的计算和存储能力都不能满足海量数据主曲线的提取要求,而算法分布式并行化是目前解决该类问题最有效的途径之一。本文提出基于MapReduce框架的分布式软K段主曲线算法 (Distributed soft ｋ-segments principal curve,DisSKPC)。首先,基于分布式K-Means算法,采用递归粒化方法对数据集进行粒化,以确定粒的大小并保证粒中数据的关联性。然后调用软K段主曲线算法计算每个粒数据的局部主成分线段,并提出用噪声方差来消除在高密集、高曲率的数据区域可能产生的过拟合线段。最后借助哈密顿路径和贪婪算法连接这些局部主成分线段,形成一条通过数据云中间的最佳曲线。实验结果表明,本文所提出的DisSKPC算法具有良好的可行性和扩展性。     

利用改进的主图形算法提取指纹骨架

在传统的指纹识别系统中,一般使用指纹细化图对指纹信息进行描述。尝试使用主曲线代替指纹细化图,并对主曲线的主图形算法进行了较大改进,使其能够得到更好的指纹骨架。实验结果表明,主曲线骨架比细化图有着光滑性强、准确性高、抗噪音和信息量大的优点;而改进的主图形算法在指纹骨架提取的效率和效果上比原算法也都有一定提高。     

基于粒计算的复杂数据多粒度主曲线提取算法

传统的主曲线算法已被广泛应用到很多领域,但在复杂数据的主曲线提取上效果不佳,而有效的融合粒计算与主曲线学习算法是解决该类问题最有效的途径之一。为此,本文提出了基于粒计算的复杂数据多粒度主曲线提取算法。首先,利用基于t最近邻（T-nearest-neighbors, TNN）的谱聚类算法对数据进行粒化,提出拐点估计方法来自动确定粒的个数;然后调用软K段主曲线算法对每个粒进行局部主曲线提取,并提出通过消除假边来优化每个粒的主曲线提取过程;最后采用局部到全局的策略进行多粒度主曲线提取,并对过拟合线段进行优化,最终形成一条能较好描述数据原始分布形态的主曲线。实验结果表明该算法是一种行之有效的多粒度主曲线提取算法。     

改进的主曲线算法在指纹骨架提取中的应用

在指纹识别系统中,指纹骨架的提取是一个重要而困难的环节,传统的细化算法得到的骨架很容易受到噪声的干扰。因此,在研究指纹数据特点和Kégl的主曲线算法的基础上,提出了一种改进的主曲线算法。实验结果表明：改进算法与传统算法相比有着更好的效率和效果,它所提取的指纹骨架包含更多的信息且具有更高的准确性、可靠性和抗噪声性。     

基于复杂形态数据的主曲线提取算法及其在图像骨架提取中的应用

针对目前存在的主曲线算法对提取分散度大、高度弯曲及自相交等复杂形态数据效果不好的情况,提出从复杂数据集中找到主曲线的新方法.算法首先用细化算法初始化顶点集得到初步骨架图,并合并邻近顶点;然后采用Kégl主曲线算法的拟合光滑步思想并加以改进来平滑顶点位置,通过迭代构建出主图;最后采用Kégl主曲线算法的重构步进一步修正主图.算法在模拟数据集上进行试验而且还被运用于图像骨架提取,实验结果表明它对提取复杂数据的主曲线是非常有效的.     

基于方向图和Gabor滤波的指纹预处理算法

指纹图像在预处理过程中往往受多方面因素制约,有时无法满足指纹识别系统的要求。本文在传统指纹预处理算法基础上,给出一种有效的指纹预处理改进算法。首先,采用分块方差梯度分割算法分离指纹图像和背景区;再根据指纹特征,用方向图和均值滤波器进行图像增强,并用简化的Gabor滤波器,改进滤波模板滤除边缘模糊效应。二值化、细化并删除伪特征点后,提取出指纹脊线骨架并获得指纹特征点。实验表明,该预处理算法对不同质量的指纹图像均具有较好效果,算法灵活高效、易于实现、精确度高,达到了指纹识别系统的要求。     

基于方向滤波的指纹图像增强算法研究

论文在传统指纹图像增强算法的基础上,提出了一种改进的方向滤波指纹图像增强算法,算法速度得到提高,指纹图像增强效果显著。算法以方向滤波为基础,通过Sobel算子计算指纹图像的梯度和方向,根据指纹的特点设计方向滤波矩阵,由指纹局部方向选择相应方向滤波矩阵进行滤波,使指纹图像在纹线方向上得到增强,在垂直纹线方向上得到减弱,从而增加了前景和背景的对比度,消弱了噪声干扰,突出了指纹的有效信息,为后续的处理过程提供了良好的图像基础。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).