人工牛黄中胆红素研究进展

牛黄为牛科动物牛Bos taurus domesticus Gmelin干燥的胆结石,为名贵中药材,具有极高的药用价值,但来源稀少.为了缓解天然牛黄药源短缺,我国药学工作者根据天然牛黄的成分,成功地研制出人工牛黄.它由贝斯素、胆酸、猪去氧胆酸、胆红素、胆固醇、无机盐等配制而成.胆红素是人工牛黄中的主要成分,也是评价人工牛黄品质优劣的依据,故考察胆红素的提取工艺及含量测定方法具有现实意义.     

人工培植牛黄中主要成分的薄层色谱扫描法

天然牛黄为名贵中药材,但货源紧缺供不应求,为此拟利用人工培植方法获得天然牛黄以利扩大药源。本文对十七个人工培植牛黄主成分进行定量分析,并与天然牛黄及人工合成牛黄作对比,从成分上探讨了人工培植牛黄的质量。     

培植牛黄与天然牛黄的化学成分比较研究 Ⅱ、游离和结合胆汁酸的薄层定性和比较

<正> 培植牛黄是在活体牛的胆囊内引入致黄因子,经培育而得的牛黄物质。前文报道了培植牛黄与天然牛黄的胆红素、胆酸含量的测定和比较。其中胆酸只是胆汁酸类成分之一,胆汁酸有游离和结合胆汁酸两大类(见表1)。牛黄中既含有一类游离胆汁酸,也含有结合胆汁酸,是牛黄中主要的活性成分,我们采用高效薄层层析方法,通过与已知对照品对照,对21批培植牛黄、3批天然牛黄及一批冻干牛胆粉的游离和结合胆汁酸进行了定性和比较研究。     

人工牛黄中胆酸的改进测定法

人工牛黄是由胆红素、胆固醇、牛(猪、羊)胆酸、无机盐、淀粉等成份制成的复合制剂,其含量测定方法〔江苏省药品标准1978年版,卫生部部标准(试行)WS,-12(B-12)-89〕采用标准曲线比色法。测定误差较大,为减小误差,提高准确性,笔者在反复实验的     

差热分析法鉴别天然牛黄与人工牛黄

天然牛黄(Bos taurus demestieus Gmelin)是名贵中药,具有清热、解毒、镇惊、祛痰等独特功效。因货源紧缺,价格高达每公斤20万元,目前常以人工牛黄替代(每公斤价格1千元左右),由于人工牛黄的功效不及天然牛黄及它们的价格相差悬珠,因此对它们的鉴别具有实际的经济意义。目前对牛黄的鉴别主要依据性状鉴别,显微鉴别及理化鉴别等方法。由于天然牛黄与人工牛黄均为粉末状时,用上述方法难于鉴别。本文作者根据差热分析原理和方法,应用现代热分析技术对天然牛黄与人工     

天然牛黄、人工培植牛黄与人工牛黄的鉴别

目的:对天然牛黄、人工培植牛黄、人工牛黄进行鉴定比较.方法:从性状、显微、理化、生物检定等几方面鉴别.结果与结论:天然牛黄与人工培植牛黄无明显差异,人工牛黄与天然牛黄差别较大.     

共价、结合胆红素在牛黄中的作用

牛黄为名贵中药材 ,有 2 0 0余种中西药复方制剂需用牛黄作为原料 ,需求量很大 ,由于天然牛黄来源稀少 ,远不能满足需要 ,供需矛盾十分突出。为此 ,国内从 2 0世纪 5 0年代开始人工牛黄的研究。数十年来 ,其配方几经修改。至 1998年 ,卫生部公布人工牛黄新配方 ,是在原配方中增加了一味“贝斯素”(牛胆粉 ) ,这应该说是一种进步。但对其他成分 ,特别是作为重要成分的胆红素 ,均未变动。作者认为牛黄的多种药理效能均与胆红素有关。因此 ,作为人工牛黄的改进 ,重点应考虑胆红素。在天然牛黄中总胆红素最高含量在 5 9%～ 6 6 % ,《中国药典》…     

关于加强含牛黄中成药监管的探讨

天然牛黄为传统名贵中药材，市场货源一直紧缺。国家批准的牛黄及代用品标准共有四个，即牛黄、培植牛黄、体外培育牛黄、人工牛黄。据初步统计，市场上销售的含牛黄（人工牛黄）的中成药品种达200多种，能否对含牛黄类中成药实施有效监管涉及许多方面的问题，笔者试从处方成分、质量标准、消费者权益三个方面探讨加强此类中成药监管的重要性。     

人造牛黄的研究

本文总结了国内外人造牛黄的历史,讨论了两种人造牛黄的方法,也提出了改进的意见。在动物培育牛黄的方法中,提出可以用羊代牛,它可以增加产量和提高质量。并提供了广泛生产的可能性;在人工配制牛黄的方法中,作者主张人造牛黄的成份应尽可能与天然牛黄相近。为了提高人造牛黄的质量,除了胆红素、胆汁酸和胆固醇等外,还应增加牛黄的肽类,氨基酸、牛磷酸、浅黄色粘体强心成份和芳香性成份等。     

3种牛黄的鉴别方法

目的对天然牛黄,人工培植牛黄,人工牛黄进行几方面的鉴定比较。方法使用性状鉴别,显微鉴别,理化鉴别,生物检定等。结果天然牛黄与人工培植牛黄经各方面鉴定无明显差异,人工牛黄的各种鉴别与天然品相比差别较大。结论人工牛黄由于价廉易得,在临床上可以代替天然品。     

Modulation of bile acids induced by paraquat in rabbits

Rabbit bile was examined for changes in composition induced by paraquat. Paraquat was administered intraperitoneally and changes in bile components were monitored by high performance liquid chromatography. Alterations in the ratios of total glycine/taurine conjugated bile acids (TGC/TTC), cholic acid/deoxycholic acid (CA/DC), cholic acid/chenodeoxycholic acid (CA/CDC) and cholic acid/cholesterol (CA/CH) were measured as an index of paraquat toxicity. A statistically significant increase in the ratio of TGC/TTC was observed, while CA/DC, CA/CDC and CA/CH showed a decrease. Phospholipids, protein, sugar, bilirubin, beta-carotene, vitamin A and vitamin E in the bile and serum of the experimental animals were also monitored. In bile, the levels of cholesterol, phospholipids, protein, sugar, and total bile acids increased while the levels of the antioxidants beta-carotene, vitamin A and vitamin E decreased. A decrease in the bilirubin content of the bile was also observed. These modifications may be useful clinically for assessment of paraquat toxicity.     

Comparison of the choleretic properties of bile acids

The choleretic properties of cholic, chenodeoxycholic, and deoxycholic acid and their taurine and glycine conjugates were compared to their ability to form micelles. It has previously been concluded that deoxycholate has the lowest critical micellar concentration; chenodeoxycholate is slightly higher and cholic is much higher. Conjugation with glycine and taurine has little or no effect on the critical micelle concentration. Since the choleretic properties of bile salts are thought to be directly proportional to their osmotic activities, one might suspect that deoxycholic acid would be the least choleretic, chenodeoxycholic slightly more choleretic and cholic much more choleretic, with little difference between the conjugated and unconjugated forms. However, in the present study, cholic, chenodeoxycholic and taurocholic acid produced similar increases in bile flow (450–700 μl/kg) after an equimolar dose (55 μM/kg). Except for the conjugation of deoxycholic acid with taurine, conjugation of these bile acids with glycine or taurine always decreased the choleretic properties of the bile acids. Therefore, it has been concluded that there is not a good correlation between the in vitro osmotic properties of bile acids and their ability to increase bile flow.     

反相高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测法同时测定人工牛黄中多组分含量

目的 :建立人工牛黄中多组分色谱分离条件 ,并对除无机盐外各成分同时测定进行方法学考察。方法 :用反相高效液相色谱 蒸发光散射检测法 ,蒸发光散射检测器参数 :漂移管温度 10 5℃ ,雾化气体 (N2 )流速 :2 0 5SLPM。结果 :在选定色谱条件下 ,胆固醇、各种胆汁酸及无机盐在室温下可达很好分离 ,胆酸与猪去氧胆酸的非衍生分离尚属首次。除无机盐外 ,各物质色谱峰面积与浓度呈良好线性关系 (γ >0 998)。 3个浓度水平的回收率测定值为 98 3 %～ 10 2 4 %。进样 2 0 μL组分最低检出量为 0 0 5～ 0 10 6μg。 结论 :蒸发光散射检测器与高效液相色谱法联用 ,可使不含生色团物质的分离、分析更为准确、灵敏。可为人工牛黄的质量控制提供更为科学的依据     

人工培植牛黄中主要成分的薄层色谱扫描法

Natural cow-bezoar is a precious Chinese traditional medicine. Now its supply falls short of demand because of low production. To get "natural cow-bezoar" by artificial culture can increase its production and enlarge its source.In this study the main principles (cholic acid, deoxycholic acid, cholesterol, cholerythrin) of 17 kinds of artificial cow-bezoar were analyzed quantitatively by model CS-930 thin layer scanner, and compared with the natural cow-bezoar and synthetic eow-bezoar. The results indicate that the content of cholerythrin in artificial cow-bezoar is lower than that in natural cow-bezoar, but is higher than that in synthetic cow-bezoar. The total contents of cholic acid and deoxycholic acid in the cow-bezoar which was cultivated more than a year and ten months is higher than that in natural cow-bezoar of the same producing area, but its cholesterol content is lower. The individual exception in the analyses is probably due to difference of the specific animal. Therefore, it is necessar to do further research about this problem.     

天然牛黄的质量分析

目的对2批土耳其产牛黄与国产牛黄的质量进行分析比较,判断其是否符合我国牛黄用药标准。方法薄层色谱检识牛黄中的胆酸及胆红素;采用UV比色法测定胆红素的含量;采用薄层色谱扫描法测定胆酸的含量。结果 2批牛黄中含胆红素与胆酸,土耳其产牛黄胆红素与胆酸含量分别为51.32%、4.63%,均高于现行版中国药典的标准;国产牛黄胆红素与胆酸的含量为51.56%、3.22%,其中胆酸含量达不到药典中的要求。结论该批土耳产牛黄可供药用,国产达不到入药标准。     

ca~(2+)在培植牛黄形成过程中作用的研究

本文通过体外实验(37℃)探讨了Ca~(2+)对胆红素沉淀的影响,结果表明:Ca~(2+)能明显促进胆红素和粘蛋白沉淀(P<0.01),但对胆汁胆酸的含量影响不大,同时一定浓度的Ca~(2+)能提高胆汁沉淀物中眼红素的含量.本文还比较了胆汁沉淀物与培植牛黄的超微结构及组织化学性质,发现二者基本一致.     

薄层扫描法测定熊胆引流物中胆汁酸含量

熊胆向以贵重药材闻名,被称之为稀有药品,为开发熊胆资源,解决熊胆奇缺问题,我校解剖教研室已成功地完成了人工引流熊胆汁技术,可随时进行人工引流获取熊胆汁。为了确定胆汁的质量指标,了解其主要成分,我们进行了引流胆汁与天然熊胆的分析。文献报道,熊胆中主要含熊去氧胆酸(ursodesoxycholic acid,UDCA)、鹅去氧胆酸(cheno desoxycholic acid,CDCA)、胆酸(cholic acid,CA)、去氧胆酸(deoxycholic,acid DCA)等。     

The maternal pheromone and bile acids in the lactating rat

Bile was drawn from virgin rats and from postpartum rats that were with young for 5, 12, 21, and 30 days, respectively. The bile thus drawn was analyzed enzymatically after chromatographic separation to test an hypothesis relating cholic acid and one of its metabolites, deoxycholic acid, to the appearance of the maternal pheromone. Our finding that cholic acid, but not deoxycholic acid, reached a peak that was tied specifically to the period of pheromonal emission led us to advance a revised hypothesis. We now think that cholic acid alone, or more likely a cholic metabolite other than deoxycholic acid, underlies the appearance of the pheromone.     

Effects of fluvastatin on biliary lipids in subjects with an elevated cholesterol saturation index

OBJECTIVE: 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors have been suggested as agents to reduce the biliary cholesterol saturation index (CSI) in duodenal bile and therefore might be supportive in primary or secondary prevention of gallstones. However, the efficiency of the therapy seems to depend on both the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor used and the study population selected. METHODS: We therefore investigated the effect of a high-dose application of fluvastatin on biliary lipid composition in 21 subjects exhibiting mild hypercholesterolaemia and a history of current gallstones or cholecystectomy due to gallstone disease. Subjects were treated either with 40 mg fluvastatin twice per day over a 3-month period (n = 14) or with placebo (n = 7). Bile samples were aspirated during endoscopy after intravenous ceruletid stimulation before and after therapy. RESULTS: Both groups were comparable in CSI (mean +/- SD) at baseline (1.78 +/- 0.2 placebo vs. 1.97 +/- 0.4 verum). CSI significantly decreased in the verum group to 1.45 +/- 0.4 (P = 0.003) mainly due to increased phospholipid levels, whereas no difference was observed in the placebo group (1.85 +/- 0.7, n.s.). In addition, the verum group exhibited a significant reduction of hydrophobic deoxycholic acid, which has been reported to induce cholesterol crystal precipitation, and an increase of hydrophilic cholic acid. CONCLUSION: Fluvastatin might decrease the risk of cholesterol gallstone formation in patients with elevated biliary CSI during long-term treatment by reduction of biliary cholesterol saturation and percentage change in deoxycholic acid content.