关于修订小麦粉标准的思考

从1986年实施修订后的《小麦粉》国家标准以来，虽然先后发布了《高筋小麦粉》和《低筋小麦粉》国家标准和九类专用小麦粉行业标准，但是这些标准都在不同程度上落后于社会主义市场经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高。为进一步规范市场，满足不同层次消费者和食品工业的需求，小麦粉标准亟需修订。本文就如何修订小麦粉国家标准提出了初步建议，供业内人士讨论。     

我国粮食食品安全标准的整合修订

目的确定我国粮食产品安全标准的整合修订思路。方法采取资料比较分析法和专家座谈调研法,对比我国与国际食品法典现行粮食产品标准,并对粮食产品安全相关的重点指标进行研讨,明确我国现行粮食产品标准已有的指标类型。结果根据食品安全国家标准定位,确定粮食产品安全国家标准整合修订的思路是充分考虑粮食产品特殊性、紧扣粮食产品安全指标,清理整合现行粮食国家标准,结合我国粮食相关政策实际,提出保障消费者健康的粮食产品强制性标准。结论我国粮食标准的体系框架中强制性的粮食安全产品标准应紧紧围绕粮食产品的安全性指标而不断完善。     

我国粮食储藏标准体系的现状与展望

按照从新中国成立初期的空白状况,到逐步建立管理规定、颁布技术法规,再到制定发布技术标准、管理标准,直至制定标准体系的整个过程,结合粮油储藏设施的逐步改善和粮油储藏技术水平的不断提高,概述了我国粮食储藏标准体系的发展历程和现状,简要分析了发展的特点和存在的问题,总结出本领域国际标准和国外先进标准可借鉴的经验以及发展的四个特点,认为我国粮食储藏标准体系将在储粮安全管理方法标准、与储粮工艺相配套的检测技术标准和储粮品质评价方法标准等三个方面逐步得到完善。     

对我国现行小麦粉标准的几点修改意见

本文通过对现行小麦粉检验项目的分析,提出小麦粉标准存在的问题和对标准制定的建议。     

我国粮食中农药残留限量标准现状

现行食品中农药最大残留限量标准中涉及食品类别繁多,每类食品农药最大残留限量特点各异,尚未有针对粮食这一大类别农药残留限量的特点分析。本文重点介绍了我国粮食中农药残留限量总体状况,比对了GB 2763-2016、GB 2763.1-2018与GB 2763-2014标准中粮食农药残留限量的变化,包括农药种类、残留限量指标值、检测方法等内容,使广大粮油检测工作者全面系统了解粮食中农药残留限量现状,为今后监测工作提供帮助。同时在分析涉粮农药残留限量标准基础上,探讨了GB 2763-2016农残限量标准存在的问题,并提出了修改建议,对完善我国粮食农药残留限量标准具有现实意义。     

关于绿色食品大米和绿色食品小麦粉标准的商榷

本文主要指出了绿色食品大米和绿色食品小麦粉标准中存在的某些问题，并提出一些建议，对粮食加工厂生产这些产品有参考价值。     

健全小麦粉标准体系促进我国制粉工业健康发展

1　健全小麦粉标准体系的重要意义1 1　迎接“入世”后制粉工业所面临的挑战我国“入世”以来 ,大宗粮油的原料受到国外的强烈冲击 ,小麦的情况尤为严重 ,进口小麦配额逐年增加 ,而国产小麦与进口小麦相比 ,普遍存在着品质差、专用性不强和价格高的问题。为此 ,从源头抓起 ,抓根本问题 ,结合中国国情 ,瞄准国际水平 ,制订出系统的符合国情并切实可行的小麦粉标准体系 ,从而使小麦种植业、加工业及面制食品消费整个产业链都在一个框架内协调统一 ,规范动作 ,提升整体水平 ,抵御国际风险 ,并能参与激烈的国际竞争 ,意义尤为重大。1 2　维护生…     

健全小麦粉标准体系促进我国制粉业健康发展

分析了小麦粉标准的现状及现行小麦粉标准体系存在的问题，指出了目前小麦粉标准体系包含的内容及健全此体系的几点思考。     

2009年中国粮食行业协会小麦分会年会暨高层论坛新技术交流与新产品展示会征稿启事

根据中国粮食行业协会小麦分会理事会会议决定:2009年中国粮食行业协会小麦分会年会暨高层论坛、新技术交流与新产品展示会,定于2009年3～4月在山东济南举办。为做好会议准备工作,现将会     

国内外粮食标准体系的对比分析

粮食标准体系的建设对于我国的粮食标准化工作非常重要。本文研究了国际组织、欧盟、美国和我国的粮食标准体系现状,介绍我国粮食标准体系建设情况,分析了我国粮食标准体系存在的主要问题,并对完善我国粮食标准体系提出了相应的建议。     

Effects of cultivar and soil fertility on grain protein yield,grain protein content,flour yield and breadmaking quality of wheat

Grain protein content affects the flour yield and breadmaking characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L). In this study, grain protein yield, grain protein content, flour yield and loaf volume were quantified for four wheat cultivars (Inia, Carina, Kariega and SST 86) grown under six different soil fertility regimes in a long-term fertilisation and irrigation experiment at the University of Pretoria. The experimental design was a randomised complete block replicated four times, with fertility as the main plots and cultivars as the subplot treatments. Grain protein yield, flour yield, loaf volume and mixograph dough peak mixing time varied among cultivars and soil fertility situations. Grain protein content differed among cultivars, but mixograph water absorption and dough characteristics did not differ. The highest grain protein yield was 873 kg ha⁻¹ for Carina and the lowest 527 kg ha⁻¹ for SST 86. Grain protein content averaged 131 g kg⁻¹ for Carina and 122 g kg⁻¹ for Kariega. Breadmaking performance showed that in a well-balanced soil fertility situation, Kariega produced 1025 cm³ of loaf volume while Inia averaged 950 cm³. Grain protein yield increased with increasing soil fertility, but grain protein content, flour yield, loaf volume, water absorption and mixograph peak mixing time varied with soil fertility. The interaction between cultivar and soil fertility was significant for grain protein yield, grain protein content, flour yield, loaf volume and water absorption but not dough peak mixing time. The results indicate cultivar differences in breadmaking quality characteristics and that soil fertility status affects grain protein yield, grain protein content, flour yield, loaf volume potential and water absorption but not mixograph peak mixing time and dough characteristics. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

热管低温储粮技术对小麦品质的影响

为研究热管低温储粮技术在储粮方面的实际应用效果,设计建造了基于热管原理的低温储粮仓,研究了储藏过程中粮食温度、水分减量、电导率值、过氧化氢酶活动度、脂肪酸值的变化情况;结果发现:在一年(2012年9月到2013年9月)的试验周期内,试验仓粮食降温速度和低温时间明显高于对照仓,在小麦品质方面:试验仓水分、过氧化氢酶活动度分别下降了0.12%、14 mg H2O2/g,比对照仓低0.11%、39.13%;脂肪酸值和电导率值分别增加7.65 mg KOH/100 g、5.1μS/cm,比对照仓低42.48%、45.16%,证明该低温储粮技术蓄冷效果明显,同时具有降低粮食水分减量、抑制脂肪酸值升高、保持籽粒活性,防止粮食劣变陈化的效果,为该储粮技术的大规模应用和推广提供理论参考。     

高静压技术在谷物和豆类加工中的应用

高静压技术是基于帕斯卡流体力学理论基础上发展的一种新型的非热加工技术,近年来在材料、冶金、果蔬和肉制品加工等领域的应用日益广泛。高静压技术在谷物和豆类加工中的作用主要体现在微生物灭活、大分子物质改性、产品质量改善、产品功能提升等几个方面。综述了高静压技术对谷物和豆类的蛋白质、淀粉、酶及其他有机组分的影响及其应用研究进展,并展望了高静压技术在谷物和豆类等粮食加工领域中的应用前景。     

Effect of environment and variety on the relationships of wheat grain physical and chemical characteristics with ethanol yield

BACKGROUND: Following the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO), there is an increasing demand for wheat grain for liquid biofuel in the UK. In order to enhance productivity of the bioethanol industry, good quality wheat must be used. RESULTS: A total of 84 grain samples comprising 14 varieties collected from 11 sites in two harvest years were analysed for a range of grain quality parameters and ethanol yield (EY). The grain quality parameters studied were starch and protein concentration, specific weight, grain density, packing efficiency, thousand‐grain weight (TGW), grain length, width, length/width ratio and hardness index. Regression analysis was used to establish the relationships between grain quality parameters and EY. Apart from grain length and density, all grain parameters had significant relationships with EY. In the order of importance, protein concentration, TGW, packing efficiency and specific weight showed good relationships with EY. All other parameters, including starch concentration, showed a poor correlation with EY. EY and the relationship with the grain parameters were affected more by environment than by variety. Some sites gave consistently higher EY than others. When site and variety were considered with TGW and protein, a good prediction of EY could be made (variance accounted for = 87%). CONCLUSION: Combining TGW and protein concentration could be a better indicator of EY than the current practice of specific weight and protein. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

国内外小麦淀粉产品标准对比

我国是世界上种植小麦面积最大的国家,也是小麦产量最大的国家。随着小麦淀粉的营养价值与应用越来越受人关注,小麦淀粉及其制品的卫生安全也逐渐引起了人们的重视。小麦淀粉的卫生指标主要包括二氧化硫含量、重金属含量及微生物指标。本文简述小麦淀粉的生产工艺,比较解析小麦淀粉的国内外标准,讨论小麦淀粉卫生指标的意义。      

The effects of irrigation,nitrogen fertilizer and grain size on Hagberg falling number,specific weight and blackpoint of winter wheat

The effects of irrigation and nitrogen (N) fertilizer on Hagberg falling number (HFN), specific weight (SW) and blackpoint (BP) of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L) were investigated. Mains water (+50 and +100 mm month^?1, containing 44 mg NO₃^? litre^?1 and 28 mg SO₄^2? litre^?1) was applied with trickle irrigation during winter (17 January–17 March), spring (21 March–20 May) or summer (24 May–23 July). In 1999/2000 these treatments were factorially combined with three N levels (0, 200, 400 kg N ha^?1), applied to cv Hereward. In 2000/01 the 400 kg N ha^?1 treatment was replaced with cv Malacca given 200 kg N ha^?1. Irrigation increased grain yield, mostly by increasing grain numbers when applied in winter and spring, and by increasing mean grain weight when applied in summer. Nitrogen increased grain numbers and SW, and reduced BP in both years. Nitrogen increased HFN in 1999/2000 and reduced HFN in 2000/01. Effects of irrigation on HFN, SW and BP were smaller and inconsistent over year and nitrogen level. Irrigation interacted with N on mean grain weight: negatively for winter and spring irrigation, and positively for summer irrigation. Ten variables derived from digital image analysis of harvested grain were included with mean grain weight in a principal components analysis. The first principal component (‘size’) was negatively related to HFN (in two years) and BP (one year), and positively related to SW (two years). Treatment effects on dimensions of harvested grain could not explain all of the effects on HFN, BP and SW but the results were consistent with the hypothesis that water and nutrient availability, even when they were affected early in the season, could influence final grain quality if they influenced grain numbers and size. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry