染料厂污染土壤中六氯苯的水淹法厌氧降解

以乙酸为碳源,采用正交实验的方法,探讨了水淹法厌氧降解某染料厂污染土壤中六氯苯的效果,研究考察了初始pH、反应温度和固液比3个环境因素对六氯苯降解率的影响,确定了六氯苯最佳的厌氧降解条件。结果表明,初始pH对土壤中六氯苯的降解率影响最大。在初始pH为5,反应温度为45℃,固液比为1∶1的最佳反应条件下,六氯苯的降解率最高达到52.56%。     

外源营养物质对土壤中六氯苯厌氧降解效能的影响

实验以水淹法营造厌氧环境,研究了4种外源营养物质葡萄糖、乙酸、硫酸亚铁、氯化铁及其组合在不同添加浓度下对实际工业污染土壤中六氯苯厌氧降解效能的影响。研究结果表明,在低添加浓度下,无论单独添加还是组合添加营养物质都能明显强化六氯苯的厌氧降解效能,其强化能力大小顺序为：乙酸+硫酸亚铁>乙酸>葡萄糖>乙酸+氯化铁>氯化铁>硫酸亚铁。当乙酸和硫酸亚铁的添加浓度分别为8 g/L和1 g/L时,六氯苯的降解率达到最大,为62.72%,乙酸与硫酸亚铁的组合对六氯苯的降解起到了协同降解的作用。此外,研究还对高添加浓度下,六氯苯降解效能降低的原因进行了初步探索。     

土壤和沉积物中多氯联苯污染的生物修复机理研究进展

概述了多氯联苯 (PCBs)生物修复过程中影响因素和机理的研究进展 ,重点讨论了PCBs厌氧脱氯 ,好氧降解、真菌对PCBs降解、表面活性剂对PCBs降解的促进及抑制机理 ,以及完全矿化PCBs基因工程菌的构建 ,提出了今后工作展望     

γ辐照降解沉积物中六氯苯(HCB)的研究

研究了γ辐照法对不同河流湖泊沉积物中六氯苯(HCB)的降解效果,以及不同河流湖泊沉积物、HCB浓度、添加物、pH和容器内径对HCB辐照降解的影响,并对其降解动力学进行了探讨.结果表明,γ辐照法对南京玄武湖沉积物HCB模拟样品中HCB的降解率要高于长江南京上新河段和南京前湖沉积物HCB模拟样品;辐照下HCB质量浓度为10 mg/kg的长江南京上新河段沉积物HCB模拟样品的HCB降解率最高;添加H2O2能提高HCB的降解率,添加NaNO3和异丙醇降低了HCB的降解率;添加NaNO3的HCB降解率要高于添加异丙醇;pH越高HCB的降解率越大;容器内径对γ辐照降解容器中HCB的效果有较大影响,在其他实验条件一致下采用γ辐照降解HCB时,应尽量减小容器内径.     

土壤和沉积物中多氯联苯污染的生物修复机理研究进展

概述了多氯联苯(PCBs)生物修复过程中影响因素和机理的研究进展，重点讨论了PCBs厌氧脱氯，好氧降解、真菌对PCBs降解、表面活性剂对PCBs降解的促进及抑制机理，以及完全矿化PCBs基因工程菌的构建，提出了今后工作展望。     

微生物降解土壤中石油污染物的研究进展

石油的开采、加工、输送及使用过程中，对大气、土壤、水体带来了严重污染，目前在利用微生物降解石油污染物的研究已有很多，并筛选出许多可降解石油污染物的细菌和真菌，这些菌株在降解过程中，主要受营养元素和表面活性的影响，特别是在多环芳烃的微生物降解方面，因此，针对国内外在石油污染物生物降解方面的研究成果进行了综述及展望。     

烟酰胺降解菌的筛选及其降解特性

采用HPLC对某烟酰胺生产废水的主要成分进行分析，并模拟废水中的主要成分烟酰胺（nicotinamide）的浓度，对以烟酰胺为唯一碳源配制的培养基进行降解实验，获得有较佳降解率和生长能力的菌株YSI-1和YSI-2。结果表明．YSI菌株的混合菌降解效果优于单株菌，混合菌在初始OD600值为0．4，pH为7．0时，对浓度为2000mg／L的烟酰胺降解2d的降解率可达32．8％。延长处理时间或提高菌种的初始OD600值，烟酰胺的去除率均有较大的增加。     

一株苯好氧降解菌的分离及其降解特性研究

从一长期被苯类工业废水污染的土壤中驯化分离出一株能快速降解苯胺的菌株,初步鉴定为假单胞菌属。该菌株在5-35℃,都可以20mg/L的苯为碳源进行生长并完全降解苯,最适宜的生长温度为25℃;在pH为5-9范围内,可以生长并降解20mg/L的苯,偏碱性更适合细菌生长;培养过程中振荡速率大于120r/min,降解速率最大。     

微生物降解拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的研究进展

随着拟除虫菊酯类农药使用量不断增加,产生的农药残留问题对生态环境和人类健康造成了危害.对降解拟除虫菊酯类农药的微生物种类、降解酶和降解机制及降解酶基因克隆和构建工程菌等方面进行综述,旨在为研究和开发微生物降解拟除虫菊酯类农药残留提供参考.     

六氯苯的O3及UV/O3高级氧化降解试验研究

采用O3、UV/O3高级氧化法对水中六氯苯（HCB）的降解效果及机理进行了研究,并对结果进行了比较,结果表明,UV本身对HCB的去除率贡献不大,HCB可被O3、UV/O3快速降解,即UV＜O3＜UV/O3;O3、UV/O3作用时,提高体系的初始pH值不利于HCB的降解,在pH＝3,HCB=0.2 mg/L,反应40 min时,HCB的去除可达50%左右,酸性条件下有利于降解反应的进行;无论是O3单独作用还是UV/O3联合作用,HCB的降解基本上满足准一级反应动力学规律,如果体系的pH值基本保持恒定,这种规律就更为明显。根据离子色谱(IC)、GC对六氯苯降解中间产物进行了测定,探讨了O3、UV/O3降解六氯苯的途径和机理。     

六氯苯对水体微型生物群落的影响及其吸附行为

研究了六氯苯(HCB)对微型水生生物群落的影响及其吸附、传递过程.测定了群落的耗氧量和不同粒经颗粒物的生物量及HCB变化.试验结果显示,在6μg/L HCB影响下,群落的呼吸作用受到抑制,生物量减少.试验第1天,30.0%(质量分数,下同)的HCB以溶解态存在,26.3%吸附在0.22～2 μm的颗粒物(以细菌为主)上,22.1%吸附在2～8 μm的颗粒物(以鞭毛虫和藻类为主)上,21.6%吸附在大于8 μm的颗粒物(以藻类和大型原生动物为主)上.48 h后,溶解态的HCB逐渐减少,并由食物链低营养级向高营养级传递.最后74.9%的HCB都吸附在微型生物群落等颗粒物上,只有25.1%的HCB以溶解态存在.     

响应面法优化白腐菌Pleurotus ostreatus降解六氯苯

采用响应面法优化白腐菌侧耳属菌株(Pleurotus oatreatus)降解六氯苯(HCB)的条件.结果表明,对HCB降解率影响显著性较大的是摇床转速和pH.在摇床转速125 r/min、pH为7.0、培养温度为28℃、HCB初始质量浓度为10 mg/L、接种量为5%(体积分数)、培养时间为2 d的优化条件下,HCB降解率和降解速率分别为92.73%和2.318 mg/(L·d).     

Deltamethrin degradation and effects on soil microbial activity

Deltamethrin [(S)-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-cis-(1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl) cyclo–propane carboxylate),1] labelled at gem-dimethyl groups of the cyclopropane ring was applied on two Egyptian soils at a level of 10 mg/kg soil for a laboratory incubation experiment under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. A steady decrease of soil extractable¹⁴C-residues, accompanied by a corresponding increase of non- extractable bound ¹⁴C-residues was observed over a 90-day incubation period. The percentage of evolved ¹⁴CO₂ increased with time under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in both soils. The effect of deltamethrin on soil microorganisms as well as the counter effect of microorganisms on the insecticide was also investigated. As the incubation period increased, the inhibitory effect of the insecticide on the microorganisms decreased and the evolution of carbon dioxide depended on the applied dose. The nature of soil methanol soluble residues was determined by chromatographic analysis which revealed the presence of the parent insecticide as the main product in addition to four metabolites: 3-(2′,2′-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (II); 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde (III); 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (IV); 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol (V).     

Stimulation of reductive dechlorination of hexachlorobenzene in soil by inducing the native microbial activity

The reductive dechlorination and behaviour of ¹⁴C-hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was investigated in an arable soil. The activity of the native anaerobic microbial communities could be induced by saturating the soil with water. Under these conditions high rates of dechlorination were observed. After 20 weeks of incubation only 1% of the applied ¹⁴C-HCB could be detected in the fraction of extractable residues. Additional organic substances, like wheat straw and lucerne straw, however considerably delayed and reduced the dechlorination process in the soil. The decline of HCB was not only caused by dechlorination but also by the formation of non-extractable residues, whereby their amounts varied with time depending on the experimental conditions. Several dechlorination products were detected, indicating the following main HCB transformation pathway: HCB → PCB → 1,2,3,5-TeCB → 1,3,5-TCB → 1,3-DCB, with 1,3,5-TCB as main intermediate dechlorination product. The other TeCB-, TCB- and DCB-isomers were also detected in low amounts, showing the presence of more than one dechlorination pathway. Since the methane production rates were lowest when the dechlorination rates were highest, it can be assumed that methanogenic bacteria were not involved in the dechlorination process of HCB. The established ¹⁴C-mass balances show, that with increasing dechlorination and incubation times, the ¹⁴C-recoveries decreased.     

Photodegradation of hexachlorobenzene and theoretical prediction of its degradation pathways using quantum chemical calculation

Experimentally determined photodegradation pathways of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), a chlorinated aromatic compound, in hexane, 2-propanol (IPA), and methanol were compared with those predicted by quantum chemical calculation based on density functional theory (DFT), and the adequacy of the prediction method was evaluated. The experimental main degradation pathways of HCB were virtually the same for the three solvents and also agreed with the predicted main degradation pathways. In the DFT method, the main degradation product was the dechlorinated benzene at the position where the C-Cl bond was predicted to have the lowest bond dissociation energy. This result suggested that the photodechlorination pathways of chlorinated aromatic compounds could be predicted by comparing the bond dissociation energies calculated with the DFT method.     

鼠李糖脂对微生物菌剂降解石油的影响

以石油烃降解微生物菌剂和铜绿假单胞菌株A6为对象,考察不同浓度鼠李糖脂对菌剂细胞表面疏水性、原油降解性能和微生物生长的影响,采用GC-MS分析石油中正构烷烃组分的降解情况。结果表明,低浓度鼠李糖脂就可提高菌剂细胞的表面疏水性和原油降解效果。以250mg／L添加组最明显,第7天疏水性达最高,为58．6％,比对照组提高约26．2％;降解第15天原油降解率达71．6％,分别比对照组和TW20组提高16％和13．3％。GC-MS结果显示鼠李糖脂对高碳数烷烃的降解作用大于低碳数烷烃,正二十三烷和正三十三烷的降解率分别较对照提高了21．5％和33．7％。菌剂对奇数碳烷烃的降解效果优于偶数碳烷烃。鼠李糖脂分别使菌剂中细菌、放线菌和霉菌的最大生物量提高了5．7、2．4和1．8倍。鼠李糖脂对微生物细胞疏水性和生物量的提高与石油降解效果正相关。     

Influence of heavy metals on the microbial degradation of diesel fuel

The degradation of diesel fuel by a microbial community from a soil polluted by heavy metals (h.m.) in the presence of Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg and Cr (as chromate) was investigated. Experiments were conducted with soil slurries and the extracted community in liquid cultivation. The concentrations applied were in the sub-mM and mM range. Whereas the slurries displayed no significant effect, degradation in liquid culture was increasingly inhibited by higher metal concentrations. The course of degradation in suspension was demonstrated by the oxygen consumption. The order of toxicity was found to be: Hg > Cr(VI) > Cu > Cd > Ni > Pb > Zn. The absence of any effect for slurries was due to the non-availability of the metals in the soil, and to precipitation or adsorption to the soil in the case of amendment. The paper also includes results on the availability of h.m. and changes to the community after exposure.