我国固体废物分类资源化利用战略研究

我国是人口大国,也是世界上固体废物产生量最大的国家。作为一个人均资源有限,环境容量远低于世界平均水平的发展中国家,更要珍惜资源和保护环境。固体废物不是无用的废物,而是有用的资源、宝贵的财富。我国固体废物不断增长,处理不当会带来资源浪费、环境污染等问题,影响社会稳定,需要在生态文明建设中予以高度重视。本文分析了我国固体废物资源化利用现状及发展潜力,认为我国固体废物分类资源化潜力和潜在效益巨大,提出了我国固体废物分类资源化利用的战略方针和战略目标,科学规划了发展路径,并对我国固体废物资源化利用提出了政策建议。     

我国农村废弃物分类资源化利用战略研究

本文围绕我国农村废弃物分类资源化利用问题,论述了农村废弃物的产生、危害以及资源化利用的重要意义,评估了我国农村废弃物的产生量、地区分布特征及资源化利用情况,深入分析了农村废弃物资源化利用存在的突出问题,结合美丽乡村建设及农村废弃物资源化利用的发展趋势,制定了农村废弃物资源化利用的发展战略及分阶段目标,提出了我国未来农村废弃物资源化开发利用的保障措施和政策建议。     

通过“无废城市”试点推动固体废物资源化利用,建设“无废社会”战略初探

我国固体废物产生量大,如不进行妥善处理和利用,将对环境造成严重污染,对资源造成极大浪费,对社会造成恶劣影响。而固体废物是放错位置的资源,如能将其减量化、资源化,建设"无废社会",必将带来显著的环境效益、社会效益和经济效益。本文通过分析我国建设"无废社会"的重大意义和存在的问题,结合可行性论证,提出要通过"无废城市"试点推动固体废物的资源化利用,逐步建设"无废社会",并从加强顶层设计、夯实基础、明确阶段目标、加大政策支持力度等方面提出了战略建议。     

生态文明建设若干战略问题研究

为全面深刻地研究我国生态文明建设的状况,围绕党和国家对生态文明建设的新要求,本文从绿色环境、绿色生产、绿色生活、绿色治理四个方面对全国337个地级及以上城市的生态文明状况进行评估,结果表明我国生态文明发展整体水平不容乐观;针对资源环境承载力与经济社会发展布局、固体废物分类资源化利用、农业发展方式转变与美丽乡村建设三个重点领域,进行了深入分析,提出了相应的发展战略与任务,可为国家生态文明建设的宏观决策提供支撑。     

铁尾矿资源化利用标准化现状及对策研究

铁尾矿作为大宗工业固体废物,随着资源化利用程度的提高,标准在资源化利用中正发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文从国家宏观政策部署、标准制修订现状、标准化技术组织建设三方面总结了目前我国铁尾矿资源化利用标准化的现状,并从标准化推动高质量发展的角度提出了对策建议,对推动铁尾矿资源化利用向高效、集约和规范化发展具有重要现实意义。     

“无废社会”构建研究

固体废物的减量化和资源化利用水平是国家进步和现代化水平的标志。我国在长期生产和生活中产生的巨量固体废物还没有得到很好解决,且固体废物年产生量有逐年增长态势。本文丰富了"无废社会"的概念和内涵,认为"无废社会"不是全社会固体废物产生量为零,而是固体废物高度资源化利用。其内涵为:以创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念为指导,通过推动形成绿色循环发展方式和生活方式,最大限度推进固体废物源头减量、资源化利用和无害化处理的社会发展模式。本文还进一步明确了"无废社会"的边界和范围,描绘了"无废社会"特征,提出了从"无废城市"走向"无废社会"的总体思路和方向。最后从充分协作、加强监管;倡导勤俭节约的生活理念;加强国际交流与互动,积极参与全球环境治理体系建设等方面提出了政策措施建议。     

尾矿作为水泥和混凝土原材料综合利用研究进展

尾矿是利用率较低的大宗工业固体废物,全社会对其资源化利用一直极为关注。文章介绍了近年来尾矿的排放及综合利用情况,尾矿的化学成分及粒径分布,尾矿作为煅烧水泥的原材料以及作为混凝土粗、细骨料再利用的研究进展。在此基础上对目前存在的问题和今后再利用研究方向提出了建议。     

关中——天水经济区工业固体废物现状分析及控制对策——以天水经济区为例

基于对天水市工业固体废物的产生量及处置现状的详细调查,深入分析了天水市工业固体废物的污染特征以及固体废物处理处置过程中存在的问题,针对天水市当前工业固体废物的综合处理状况和工业结构特征,从政策、制度、执法、生产等方面提出了相应的控制对策和建议。     

我国固体废物标准体系现状及标准化工作建议

通过对标准、标准化与标准系统概念的分析,得出实际标准化工作中易忽略的几个问题。2018年3-5月,机械工业有机固废生物处理与资源化利用工程技术研究中心进行了"固体废物污染标准体系调查与分析研究",针对国家、行业和(省级)地方等三个层面现行有效标准开展了调研汇总分析工作,并取得了阶段性研究成果。通过多角度对固体废物领域336项标准的分析,并结合上述问题,阐述了我国固体废物标准体系现状与四方面问题,并提出五点建议。     

浅析我国铜冶炼渣资源化利用标准化现状

铜冶炼渣是有色冶炼渣的一种,为大宗工业固体废弃物,同时也是有较高附加值的二次资源,铜冶炼渣资源化利用是国家缓解资源供需矛盾、减轻环境污染压力的重要途径。本文阐述了我国铜冶炼渣资源化利用标准化的现状和存在的问题,并提出了提升标准化水平的对策。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...