菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum）海洋橙品系两个世代的杂交与近交效应

于2009年8月以菲律宾蛤仔海洋橙品系的全同胞子一代和子二代上选10%的个体作为亲本,通过建立近交组合（F22、F33）、杂交组合（F23、F32）和设置对照组（C22、C33）,研究了两个近交世代的杂交效应及近交效应,以提高菲律宾蛤仔海洋橙品系的表型性状。结果表明,杂交使幼虫和稚贝的生长性状得到了部分改良,但存活性状...     

温度、盐度和密度对菲律宾蛤仔稚贝生长和存活的影响

为查明温度、盐度和密度对菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)稚贝生长和存活的影响,本研究通过响应面法构建了不同环境条件下蛤仔生长存活模型并进行分析。实验设计了3因素(温度、盐度、密度)和3水平(-1、0、1),以稚贝壳长为响应值,探究温度、盐度、密度三因素及其相互作用对蛤仔稚贝生长和存活的影响。研究表明,培育73 d后,温度、盐度、密度的二次效应对蛤仔稚贝的壳长生长影响极显著(P<0.01)。随着温度、盐度、密度的升高,蛤仔壳长生长呈先上升后下降趋势,即表现出抛物线形特征,其中盐度对稚贝的壳长生长影响极显著(P<0.01)。然而,三因子间的交互作用对蛤仔壳长生长的影响均不显著(P>0.05)。壳长预测值Y对应自变量温度(T)、盐度(S)和密度(D)的二次多项回归方程：Y=-6.331 05+0.276 5T+0.573S+0.689D-0.005 66T²-0.013 7S²-0.115 9D²。本研究通过二次响应面回归方程构建了不同环境下蛤仔苗种的生长模型,得出稚贝最适生长环境...     

大菱鲆（Scophthalmus maximus）大规模家系选育优良家系的生长发育规律

运用Logistic、Gompertz和von Bertalanffy3种生长模型分别对大菱鲆的5个优良家系E♂1×E♀2、F♂4×N♀3、F♂2×E♀4、E♂2×F♀1、F♂1×F♀4及对照组群体的生长曲线进行了拟合和比较分析。结果表明,家系E♂1×E♀2、F♂2×E♀4和E♂2×F♀1的最优拟合模型为Gompert...     

菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)紫壳内面和白黄壳内面品系的三元杂交

于2010年6月,以性状优良的白黄壳内面F2代菲律宾蛤仔二元杂交系(WO)与紫壳内面F2代选育系(P)为材料,进行了三元杂交研究,获得了三元正反交组合PWO、WOP,并且比较了各实验组子代在不同阶段生长、存活和变态的杂种优势。结果表明:(1)从生长上看。三元杂交子WOP生长始终最快,2个三元正反交组幼虫均表现出了不同程度的杂种优势,其生长主要受卵源与配对策略的交互作用影响。(2)从存活力上看。三元杂交子PWO幼虫及WOP稚贝表现出一定的杂种优势,卵源是浮游期幼虫存活的最主要影响因素。(3)从变态上看,三元杂交子PWO呈现出一定的变态优势为HmPWO=9.80,卵源、配对策略及交互作用均是影响变态主要因素。     

菲律宾蛤仔垦区三联人工育苗技术

2017年9月至2018年1月,在福清东壁岛三联垦区(A、B、C)开展了菲律宾蛤仔垦区人工育苗技术研究,其中A、B垦区用于育苗,C垦区用于饵料培育,并于2017年9月开始分两批次共向A、B垦区投放菲律宾蛤仔亲贝1670 t。结果显示,育苗期间菲律宾蛤仔亲贝共出现4次大规模产卵。亲贝精卵排放率为32.0%~84.0%,孵化率为45.00%~68.54%;浮游幼虫生长速度为4.73~7.14μm/d,变态率为28.37%~59.67%;稚贝壳长生长速度为7.08~25.10μm/d,共培育砂粒苗7580亿粒,育苗成活率为50.23%。因此,采用垦区三联方法可保障菲律宾蛤仔苗种的生物饵料供给,从而提高砂粒苗的生长速度和成活率。     

复合益生菌和底质深度对硬壳蛤育苗效果的影响

硬壳蛤(Mercenaria mercenaria)幼虫和稚贝存活率的高低是人工育苗成败的关键。本文探究了复合益生菌和底质深度对硬壳蛤幼虫与稚贝的特定生长率、存活率和变态率的影响。研究结果表明, 在投喂S2益生菌(添加丁酸梭菌代谢物的乳酸菌复合菌群)后, 小个体硬壳蛤幼虫比例减少, 幼虫的生长率和变态率显著提升; 在不同温度下, S2益生菌对来自不同地区幼虫的特定生长率有显著影响, 其中天津地区种贝所产幼虫(25℃)的特定生长率显著高于对照组幼虫(20℃), 而福建地区种贝所产幼虫(25℃)和对照组幼虫(20℃)无显著差异。此外, 3 mm深度的沙质底质显著提高了幼虫生长率、变态率和出足率。埋栖在0~3 mm深度的稚贝比例显著高于3~9 mm深度。因此,筛选促进硬壳蛤生长发育、提高成活率的复合益生菌, 确定适宜硬壳蛤生长发育的最佳底质深度, 可进一步优化其人工育苗技术, 对于大规模开展硬壳蛤人工育苗具有重要意义。     

合浦珠母贝3个养殖群体双列杂交F1代的生长和遗传分析

为开展合浦珠母贝(Pinctada fucata)遗传改良和培育优质新品种,作者利用合浦珠母贝北海养殖群体(B)、徐闻养殖群体(X)和三亚养殖群体(S)进行双列杂交,获得3个种群内自繁群体及6个种群间杂交群体。对8月龄F1代的壳长、壳高、壳宽和体质量4个生长性状进行了测定,计算了各组合的一般配合力、特殊配合力及杂种优势。结果表明,杂交组合的各性状值普遍高于自繁群体,其中S(♀)×B(♂)和S(♀)×X(♂)杂交组合的各性状值极显著高于其他组合。三亚群体各性状的一般配合力最大,S(♀)×X(♂)组合各性状特殊配合力最大,其次是S(♀)×B(♂)组合。杂交子一代4个生长指标均表现出一定程度的杂种优势(0.24%~52.62%)。不同杂交组合间和不同性状间的杂种优势存在差异,其中,S(♀)×B(♂)杂交组合杂种优势明显,其反交组合B(♀)×S(♂)杂交优势程度不高,且在壳宽上表现出较低的杂种优势率(0.24%);S(♀)×X(♂)杂交组合杂种优势率比反交组合X(♀)×S(♂)高。体质量的平均杂种优势率均高于其他3个性状。该研究的结果表明杂交群体性状的改进为进一步选育奠定了基础。     

香港牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)与长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)种间杂种遗传力评估

以平衡巢式设计(1长牡蛎♂:3香港牡蛎♀)构建的45个香港牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)×长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)种间杂交家系为材料,对其生长、存活及产量性状狭义遗传力进行了评估,并对其两两对应性状表型相关及遗传相关进行了分析。结果表明:(1)生长性状的遗传力大小为0.6207—0.8785,以父系半同胞组内相关法估计的幼虫15日龄、稚贝180日龄、幼贝360日龄壳高遗传力分别为0.6355、0.4828、0.5787,其360日龄鲜重遗传力为0.7740;(2)存活性状的遗传力大小为0.2748—0.3957,以父系半同胞组内相关法估计的幼虫15日龄、稚贝180日龄、幼贝360日龄存活率遗传力分别为0.1900、0.2939、0.4064;(3)产量是生长与存活的共同作用结果,360日龄产量的遗传力及以父系半同胞组内相关法估计的遗传力分别为0.6706、0.5018。从其生长相关性上看,幼虫期与稚贝期出现了微弱负向相关;除了幼虫期与幼贝期的壳高及产量,及其稚贝期与幼贝产量间无相关性以外;其它的两两生长性状间均为显著正相关。从存活与产量的相关性上看,无论是表型性状,还是遗传性状均出现了积极的正相关,以遗传相关为主。本研究为建立远缘杂交育种方法和策略提供必要的理论依据。     

化学物质诱导变态后紫贻贝稚贝的生长及存活

在以往实验的基础上,跟踪调查了筛选出的化学诱导物质对紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)幼虫变态后的生长和成活率的影响,并比较了其与相同条件下自然诱导物、微生物膜诱导后的稚贝的生长和成活率.实验结果表明,肾上腺素、苯肾上腺素、可乐宁、KCI和NH_4Cl 5种化学物质均成功地诱导了该种幼虫的变态,其变态后稚贝同微生物诱导变态后的稚贝以相同的速度生长,且在培育过程中无死亡稚贝出现.因此,这些化学物质可作为该种养殖以及海洋防污染研究中幼虫变态的有效人工诱导物.     

长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)与熊本牡蛎(C. sikamea)杂交的受精细胞学观察及子一代的生长比较

以长牡蛎和熊本牡蛎为材料,进行了4个组合的杂交和自交实验。利用DAPI染色观察了长牡蛎和熊本牡蛎正反杂交的受精卵在受精,减数分裂和早期卵裂过程中的核相变化。结果表明,在长牡蛎♀×熊本牡蛎♂正交组,熊本牡蛎精子进入长牡蛎卵子后,激活卵子完成2次减数分裂,同时,精核出现了两次明显的体积膨大扩散过程。但是,大部分受精卵不再继续进行胚胎发育。在熊本牡蛎♀×长牡蛎♂反交组中,受精卵内核行为的变化与正交组相同。正反交组的胚胎发育过程都具有明显的不同步现象。对各实验组子一代的生长和存活的研究结果表明,幼虫阶段,杂交后代的壳高、壳长均明显小于自交组;长牡蛎♀×长牡蛎♂自交组(GG)和熊本牡蛎♀×长牡蛎♂杂交组(SG)的存活率高于长牡蛎♀×熊本牡蛎♂杂交组(GS)和熊本牡蛎♀×熊本牡蛎♂自交组(SS)。稚贝和成贝阶段,杂交组子一代在壳高、壳长和存活率3个生长指标上均小于自交组。     

经济海藻繁育、养殖及综合利用的回顾与展望

经济海藻繁育、养殖及综合利用是海洋农牧业及工业的重要组成部分。20世纪经过几代人的努力,我国在海带、紫菜、裙带菜及龙须菜的繁育、养殖关键技术等方面成功取得突破,为这些海藻的产业化提供坚实的保障,为我国成为世界海藻大国奠定了基础。海藻养殖产业为人们提供了食品、藻胶及其它丰富的产品,这包括保健品、功能食品、化妆品及药物等。海藻养殖产业也对人类经济、社会的发展起到重要作用,通过吸收环境中的二氧化碳、氮和磷,为海洋生态环境的改善发挥了重要作用。本文对我国海藻繁育、养殖及综合开发的历程进行简要回顾,对当前我国、中国科学院海洋研究海藻研究与应用进行了总结,对海藻研究发展的未来进行了展望;适应海藻产业从量向质的方向转变,同时兼顾生态环境效益,为我国海藻研发及应用提供参考。     

牙鲆与夏鲆杂交及回交子代胚胎发育及早期生长比较

通过人工授精技术对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus )和夏鲆( Paralichthys dentatus )进行了正反交及回交实验,并比较了正反交、回交子代的胚胎发育时序和仔稚幼鱼的生长.结果表明:孵化水温18.0±0.5℃下,初孵仔鱼破膜用时为:牙鲆41 h,正交鲆47 h,回交牙鲆42 h30 min,回交夏鲆44 h;16.5±0.5℃下,夏鲆61 h 40 min,反交鲆66 h.正交及两组回交子代在胚胎期均可正常发育.反交子代卵裂期出现异常,仅少数胚胎可以孵化.胚胎孵化后,在1~64日的培养过程中,反交鲆于3~4 d 内全部死亡,回交牙鲆发育至18日龄时全部死亡.正交鲆和回交夏鲆可正常发育,与牙鲆没有明显差别     

外来与乡土红树种间竞争十五年的群落现状与发展趋势

为了探究经过15年种间竞争后的外来无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)与乡土红树植物秋茄(Kandelia obovata)的群落现状与发展趋势,采用样方法对福建省厦门市同安湾典型红树林群落特征开展实地研究。结果表明:(1)无瓣海桑是无瓣海桑群落中的优势种,而秋茄仅在该群落北侧与无瓣海桑少量混交,秋茄+无瓣海桑群落为种植秋茄和无瓣海桑的茂密混交林;(2)调查幼苗天然更新情况中发现,在两个群落中秋茄均有幼苗自然生长,但均未发现无瓣海桑幼苗;(3)生长状况的调查发现,无瓣海桑长势较秋茄差,其倒伏数量和倒伏程度明显比秋茄严重;(4)无瓣海桑在秋茄+无瓣海桑群落中的生长状况优于在无瓣海桑群落,倒伏程度较轻。综上可见,无瓣海桑在福建省厦门市该研究样地及其周边更新成林和扩散困难,未有入侵秋茄群落的优势;无瓣海桑在风浪环境下,较秋茄更易出现倒伏和枯死等不可逆生长现象;红树林种植过程中采用"外来种+乡土种"的模式,可提高整个林分的抗风浪能力,但需注意种植布局规格的合理性,可避免外来速生快长种与乡土种紧邻混交产生较大的种间竞争,减小对乡土种生长的影响。     

Temporal changes and spatial variation of soil oxygen consumption, nitrification and denitrification rates in a tidal salt marsh of the Lagoon of Venice, Italy

The aim of the present study was to investigate seasonal and spatial patterns of soil oxygen consumption, nitrification, denitrification and fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in a tidal salt marsh of the Lagoon of Venice, Italy. In the salt marsh, intact soil cores including overlying water were collected monthly at high tide from April to October in salt marsh creeks and in areas covered by the dominant vegetation, Limonium serotinum. In May, cores were also collected in areas with vegetation dominated by Juncus maritimus and Halimione portulacoides. In laboratory incubations at in situ temperature in the dark, flux rates of oxygen and DIN were monitored in the overlying water of the intact cores. ¹⁵N-nitrate was added to the overlying water and nitrification and denitrification were measured using isotope-dilution and -pairing techniques. The results show that highest soil oxygen consumption coincided with the highest water temperature in June and July. The highest denitrification rates were recorded in spring and autumn coinciding with the highest nitrate concentrations. Soil oxygen consumption and nitrification rates differed between sampling sites, but denitrification rates were similar among the different vegetation types. The highest rates were recorded in areas covered with L. serotinum. Burrowing soil macrofauna enhanced oxygen consumption, nitrification and denitrification in April and May. The data presented in this study indicate high temporal as well as spatial variations in the flux of oxygen and DIN, and nitrogen transformations in the tidal salt marshes of the Venice lagoon during the growth season. The results identify the salt marshes of the Venice lagoon as being metabolically very active ecosystems with a high capacity to process nitrogen.     

缢蛏（Sinonovacula constricta）GST和HSP90基因克隆及其在氨氮胁迫下的表达特征分析

克隆获得缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(Sc-GSTσ)和热休克蛋白90(Sc-HSP90)基因的cDNA全长,分析了它们的组织表达差异及其在氨氮胁迫下的表达特征。结果表明,Sc-GSTσ的全长cDNA为1 414 bp,含有639 bp的开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame,ORF),编码212个氨基酸,Sc-GSTσ氨基酸序列与其他物种的GST氨基酸序列同源性为31.88%～43.40%;而Sc-HSP90的全长cDNA为2 752 bp,ORF为2 181 bp,编码726个氨基酸,其氨基酸序列与其他物种HSP90的氨基酸序列同源性为76.77%～87.05%。荧光定量PCR分析发现,Sc-GSTσ和Sc-HSP90在缢蛏各组织中均有表达,两者均在肝胰腺中表达量最高。氨氮胁迫后,Sc-GSTσ和Sc-HSP90 mRNA在肝胰腺中表达均显著上调(p<0.05),表明氨氮胁迫引起机体的应激反应,2个基因可能参与机体解毒或防御过程。但胁迫后期表达量下降推测是机体的防御能力有限,不足以完全保护宿主免受应激诱导的细胞损伤。     

斑节对虾TSG101基因的克隆及表达分析

为探究肿瘤易感基因101(简称TSG101)对斑节对虾(Penaeusmonodon)的免疫应答作用,了解在细菌刺激下斑节对虾的机体发生的变化机制,本研究以哈维弧菌(Vibrioharveyi)和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcusaureus)为实验组,以磷酸缓冲液(PBS)为对照组,通过荧光定量分析展开对斑节对虾对菌刺激的免疫应答作用。结果显示,斑节对虾的TSG101在各组织中均有表达,在肝胰腺中的表达量最高。在金黄色葡萄球菌刺激下,斑节对虾的TSG101在肝胰腺中的表达量与对照组相比呈极显著上调(P0.01),第12小时的TSG101 mRNA的表达量达到最大(为对照组的21.60倍);在鳃中的表达量与对照组相比呈极显著上调(P0.01),第6小时斑节对虾TSG101的表达量达到最大值(为对照组的3.64倍)。在注射哈维弧菌第9小时,肝胰腺中的PmTSG101 mRNA表达量极显著上调(P0.01)且达到最大(为对照组的2.50倍)。实验结果初步表明,斑节TSG101参与斑节对虾的先天免疫反应,在金黄色葡萄球菌和哈维弧菌的刺激的情况下,该基因RNA水平的表达情况发生明显变化。     

Vertical and horizontal distribution of meiofauna in mangrove sediments in Transkei, southern Africa

The depth-distribution profiles of meiofauna in four transects in the Mngazana River, Transkei were studied during summer 1980. Highest densities [±1000(100 cm³)⁻¹] were encountered within the top 10 cm of the sediment. Nematodes dominated (80%) and the remainder was made up of ciliates, oligochaetes, gastrotrichs, and low numbers of polychaetes, copepods, kinorhynchs and various crustacean larvae. Among chemical parameters Eh correlated most consistantly with distribution, particularly at the lower tidal levels. Temperature and pH appeared to be of lesser importance. The maximum estimated depth of penetration was on average 72 cm at the HW levels; 32 at MW and 23 at LW. The mean dry biomass was estimated at 1073 mg m⁻²; 941 mg m⁻² and 196 mg m⁻² at these tidal levels respectively. The importance of preliminary studies designed to estimate the depth distribution of meiofauna is discussed.     

Tissue Cu, Fe and Mn concentrations in different-aged and different functional thallus regions of three brown algae from western Ireland

Copper and iron concentrations in three brown algae, Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesiculosus and Laminaria digitata (and additionally Mn in L. digitata) from the Irish west coast were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Metal concentrations in the three species were indicative of prevailing bioavailable metal concentrations in situ but varied greatly between functional tissue parts, between sites and over time. Cu concentrations in actively growing tips of A. nodosum decreased over a 4-month period during autumn/winter, while Fe concentrations increased. Both Fe and Cu concentrations in different thallus sections of A. nodosum and F. vesiculosus increased with increasing age of thallus part in a clean site, but there was no consistent trend for F. vesiculosus from an industrialized site. Within sites, concentrations of all Cu and Fe were similar in both fucoids, but concentrations at the industrialized site were about twice as high as at the pristine site. In L. digitata, all three metals were highest in holdfasts, but had distinctly different distribution patterns in stipes and blade sections, which were most likely related to growth pattern and tissue function. Fe was lowest in meristematic and young blade regions, suggesting small-scale Fe limitation in actively growing tissue. Mn concentrations were higher in distal blade sections than in stipes, and Cu concentrations were highest in meristematic and young thallus parts.     

Propagation and growth of Ponnotheres pholadis living in mantle cavity of Hiatula acuta

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Induction of phenol-type sulfotransferase and glucuronosyltransferase in channel catfish and mummichog

Conjugation of phenolic xenobiotics and metabolites through sulfation and glucuronidation is an important biotransformation pathway. Sulfotransferases (SULT) are generally considered non-inducible, while some UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoenzymes are co-induced with cytochrome P450-1A by Ah-receptor ligands. To test these assumptions for two fish species, we measured sulfation and glucuronidation of 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene in 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) treated channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) from the creosote contaminated Atlantic Wood site in the Elizabeth River, VA. The results show a significant induction of both UGT and SULT activity in 3-MC treated catfish, linked to the expected induction of EROD activity. In mummichog, significant induction of UGT was measured at the contaminated site over the reference site (King's Creek, VA), as well as extremely low SULT activities at both sites. Western blots, using a polyclonal antibody for catfish phenol-type SULT, confirmed the absence of phenol-type SULT in mummichog. Residual, though slightly inducible, SULT activity may be attributed to other SULT isoforms.