腹腔镜胆囊癌手术治疗原则

根治性手术是胆囊癌(GBC)唯一可能治愈的方式。在精准外科理念的指导下,基于胆囊癌AJCC TNM分期,合理选择手术治疗策略,对改善病人预后具有重要意义。对于0期与T1a期胆囊癌,只要术中胆囊完整无破损、胆囊管切缘阴性,单纯的胆囊切除就可以实现根治切除。对于T1b、T2期胆囊癌,为了实现根治性切除术,需要根据T分期确定肝切除范围,并联合肝十二指肠韧带淋巴结清扫。对于意外胆囊癌,病理证实T1b期以上,需尽早追加根治性手术。然而GBC分期越晚,有关是否手术以及手术方式的争议越多。近年来,随着微创技术的快速发展、机器人手术的逐步推广,GBC腹腔镜手术治疗正逐步摆脱手术技术的限制,治疗效果逐渐被临床医生认可。虽然如此,腹腔镜手术治疗GBC仍不被列入治疗标准,尚需持谨慎态度。     

腹腔镜下胆囊癌根治性切除术研究现状

目的 根治性切除术是目前唯一可能治愈胆囊癌（gallbladder cancer,GBC）的方法。近几年,随着腹腔镜器械及技术的发展,腹腔镜根治性胆囊切除术（laparoscopic radical cholecystectomy,LRC）治疗胆囊癌再次成为研究热点,但LRC是否会增加肿瘤种植,能否获得满意切缘仍存在争议。我们采用系统性回顾的方法综述国内外腹腔镜根治性胆囊切除术治疗胆囊癌的最新进展,在有医疗条件和外科医师手术技术及经验的保障下,谨慎选择病例行LRC是可行的,且不会增加Trocar种植。LRC在围手术期及预后方面已展示出不劣于、甚至优于开腹胆囊癌根治术的效果。但现阶段,仅推荐对Tis～T2期的胆囊癌行LRC,对于LRC的长期预后还需要多中心、大样本的临床随机对照试验进一步证实。     

胆囊癌的分期与手术治疗

随着现代诊断技术的提高,胆囊癌的发现率有增加的趋势。目前,手术治疗仍是胆囊癌首选治疗方法,治疗方法、预后与肿瘤分期密切相关。本文重点讨论胆囊癌分期与手术治疗和预后的关系:Ⅰ期胆囊癌行单纯胆囊切除术,Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期及部分Ⅳa期胆囊癌可行胆囊癌根治术或扩大胆囊癌根治术,Ⅳb期行姑息手术。     

意外胆囊癌的诊治进展

胆囊癌是最常见的胆道恶性肿瘤,早期诊断困难,手术切除率低,预后差.随着腹腔镜技术的普及,腹腔镜胆囊切除术中出现意外胆囊癌的几率逐渐增大.高龄、结石病史长等胆囊癌高危因素与意外胆囊癌相关.术中操作、人工气腹等原因可导致肿瘤的种植转移.不同分期的胆囊癌应采用不同的手术方式,肿瘤的分期是最重要的预后因子.本文综述了其临床特征、预后及诊断和治疗的最新进展.     

开展腹腔镜胆囊癌根治术的启示与思考

胆囊癌是一种早期诊断困难、恶性程度高、预后差的胆道恶性肿瘤,根治性切除术是改善患者预后最有效的手段。随着微创设备的更新及外科医师经验的积累,腹腔镜手术在多种消化道恶性肿瘤疾病的治疗中已取得令人满意的效果,但是在胆囊癌治疗的应用中仍存在争议,主要原因是缺乏改善生存预后的可靠证据。腹腔镜手术可以使部分早期胆囊癌患者围术期及生存获益。对于进展期胆囊癌患者,尽管对切除范围仍未达成共识,但通过分期腹腔镜手术可以让患者避免不必要的扩大切除。胆囊癌的微创化进程需要通过高质量的诊断与治疗流程规范化推动,唯有如此才能得到有实际意义的临床证据指导最佳临床实践。     

综合治疗时代腹腔镜手术在胆囊癌治疗中的应用价值

出于对手术安全性及肿瘤学的担忧,腹腔镜手术在胆囊癌领域的发展较为滞后,尤其对于T3期以上的胆囊癌,腹腔镜手术争议性非常大。综合治疗时代背景下,互联网视频教学、基于虚拟现实技术的腹腔镜培训系统的迅猛发展明显缩短了腹腔镜胆囊癌手术的学习曲线;术前新辅助治疗使肿瘤降期减荷,减少了肿瘤活性;术后辅助治疗有可能消除潜在的微小转移灶,减少腹腔播散机会。因此,腹腔镜手术在胆囊癌中的作用值得进一步探索和评价。     

T2期胆囊癌手术策略及预后研究进展

胆囊癌(GBC)是恶性程度最高、预后最差的胆道恶性肿瘤, 目前认为根治性外科手术是可能治愈肿瘤的唯一办法。AJCC第8版癌症分期系统将T2期胆囊癌按肿瘤位置划分为腹腔侧(T2a期)和肝脏侧(T2b期), T2期胆囊癌手术方式的选择开始出现争议。本文通过回顾近5年来国内外T2期胆囊癌的相关文章, 来探讨其根治性手术的规范方法。     

TNM分期在胆囊癌根治性切除术中地位和作用

胆囊癌是胆道系统常见的肿瘤,易发生血行、淋巴结及远处转移,外科根治性手术的完成比例不高,是胆囊癌病人生存率较低的原因。对于T1a期胆囊癌病人,目前主要以行腹腔镜胆囊切除术为主。对于T1b期肿瘤需要慎重对待,楔形肝脏切除联合区域淋巴结清扫可能尚未达到根治性切除的目的。对于T2期胆囊癌病人应重点强调区域淋巴结的清扫彻底和清扫质量。对于T3期以上的病人,更需重视R0切除的完成,在充分术前评估的情况下,半肝切除、右三肝切除及联合器官切除均可在考虑范围之内。借助精准化的胆道外科理念,合理的运用TNM分期,规范化胆囊癌的认识、诊断及治疗,完善胆囊癌根治术的范围策略,有望达到胆囊癌R0切除的目标,努力提高胆囊癌病人的生存率。     

意外胆囊癌的外科处理

随着腹腔镜技术的普及,腹腔镜胆囊切除术中、术后发现的意外胆囊癌逐渐增多。高龄、结石病史等胆囊癌高危因素与意外胆囊癌相关;术中操作、人工气腹等原因可导致肿瘤的种植转移。胆囊癌外科治疗的关键在于早期发现,不同分期的胆囊癌应采用不同的手术方式,肿瘤的分期是最重要的预后因素。     

腹腔镜手术治疗能否成为胆囊癌的首选策略

胆囊癌恶性程度高, 根治性手术是其首选治疗方式。近年来, 腹腔镜技术在腹部外科迅速发展, 在胆囊癌中也有初步尝试和应用。然而, 由于胆囊癌根治性手术流程复杂、技术操作难度大且肿瘤易发生腹腔种植播散, 腹腔镜技术的应用仍有较大争议, 现阶段仍以传统开放手术作为胆囊癌外科治疗的主流术式。本文结合当前临床实践及循证医学研究证据, 梳理国内外胆囊癌腹腔镜手术研究现状, 对早期及进展期胆囊癌、意外胆囊癌及不可切除胆囊癌分别进行剖析, 探讨腹腔镜技术在胆囊癌治疗中应用的前景与局限性。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.