稠油热采过程中余热资源的高效回收与利用

针对稠油热采过程中大量低温余热资源的浪费问题,提出了利用热泵技术回收油田污水余热用于稠油伴热管道输送的工艺,并运用Matlab-Simulink软件对该工艺进行了动态仿真模拟,得到了工艺系统的制热系数。研究结果表明,该工艺系统的制热温度可达75℃,能满足稠油输送伴热水温度的要求,且系统平均制热系数为3.5。在此基础上,还进行了能耗分析。分析结果表明,所设计的基于热泵技术的余热回收系统可比锅炉加热方式节省标煤17t/a,减少向空气中排放的污染物0.714t/a,具有非常大的经济效益和环境效益。     

Analytical prediction and field validation of transient temperature field in asphalt pavements

This work presented the development and validation of an analytical method to predict the transient temperature field in the asphalt pavement.The governing equation for heat transfer was based on heat conduction radiation and convection.An innovative time-dependent function was proposed to predict the pavement surface temperature with solar radiation and air temperature using dimensional analysis in order to simplify the complex heat exchange on the pavement surface.The parameters for the time-dependent pavement surface temperature function were obtained through the regression analysis of field measurement data.Assuming that the initial pavement temperature distribution was linear and the influence of the base course materials on the temperature of the upper asphalt layers was negligible,a close-form analytical solution of the temperature in asphalt layers was derived using Green's function.Finally,two numerical examples were presented to validate the model solutions with field temperature measurements.Analysis results show that the solution accuracy is in agreement with field data and the relative errors at a shallower depth are greater than those at a deeper one.Although the model is not sensitive to dramatic changes in climatic factors near the pavement surface,it is applicable for predicting pavement temperature field in cloudless days.     

Technora纤维的处理条件对其性能影响的探讨

研究了不同环境下的热处理、湿处理以及等离子处理对Technora纤维力学性能以及表面形态的影响,并初步探讨了其影响规律和机理.研究表明:在本实验测试范围内,经热处理后,Technora纤维的力学性能有一定程度的下降;湿处理时间对纤维的力学性能没有显著影响,随着湿处理温度的升高,纤维的断裂强度有所下降,而断裂伸长有小幅度的提高;等离子处理后,纤维表面有刻蚀,纤维的断裂强度和断裂伸长下降.     

Heat stress management in underground mines

Heat management must be maintained within the mine working environment to minimize stress on equipment and personnel. The issue is a growing concern as mines continue to expand in size, depth and infrastructure. Heat management is a concern as it relates to both heat sensitive equipment and more importantly the health and safety of the workers found within the mine. Proper application of engineering protocols and work practice controls will have a direct impact on the health and safety of workers and increased productivity. Using continuous monitoring stations placed in strategic locations throughout the mine to capture the environmental conditions, various strategies can be used in the planning and prevention of potential hazard exposure. Economic analysis is used to select the most feasible strategy for heat stress control. This paper presents a step by step methodology that may be considered by ventilation specialists to effectively implement a heat management control system. A case study based on a detailed heat management assessment conducted for a potash mine in Saskatchewan, Canada is presented.     

双级空气源热泵热水器系统性能分析

为研究双级空气源热泵热水器运行参数对其性能的影响,采用稳态仿真的方法对双级压缩热泵系统进行仿真模拟,建立了各部件模型,并对中间冷却器建立模型,采用R134a作为制冷剂。结果表明:系统性能系数(COP)和制热量随环境温度的降低而减小,在同一蒸发温度下随冷凝温度增高而减小;单、双级系统在环境温度5℃以上时应进行切换,低于-20℃时不宜于运行。     

循环流化床传热的实验室研究和工程研究的某些差别

研究了循环流化床传热研究的实验室研究结论和工程研究结论的差别,比较了这些结论的数量级和趋势的异同,结果表明：（1）研究对象的尺寸和几何特征对传热有巨大影响,受热面长短和燃烧空间大小都强烈地影响传热,即使都是商业循环流化床锅炉,锅炉容量不同传热特性也有所不同;（2）床料颗粒度对循环流化床锅炉的传热没有明显的影响,因为大颗粒主要在密相区运行,参加循环的颗粒度范围比较小;（3）运行参数中对传热系数影响最大的是平均悬浮密度,其次是运行床温,由于运行风速可以改变平均悬浮密度,所以运行风速的影响不必单独计较;（4）二次风变化对传热有较大影响,而一次风变化对传热的影响很小。     

Heat Transfer at Metal-mold Interface During Squeeze Casting

ＨｅａｔＴｒａｎｓｆｅｒａｔＭｅｔａｌ－ｍｏｌｄＩｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅＤｕｒｉｎｇＳｑｕｅｅｚｅＣａｓｔｉｎｇＬＩＵＺｕｙａｎ；ＺＨＡＮＧＪｉｎｓｈｅｎｇ；ＨＵＯＷｅｎｃａｎ（刘祖岩，张锦升，霍文灿）（Ｄｅｐｔ．ｏｆＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓＳｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄ...     

镍铁渣–黏土–水泥改性土力学特性试验及修正的邓肯–张模型

为研究镍铁渣-黏土-水泥(FNSCC)改性土的力学特性,开展了不同镍铁渣掺入比、含水率及养护时间下FNSCC改性土不固结不排水三轴压缩试验;获得了不同工况下FNSCC改性土试样的应力-应变关系曲线及割线弹性模量,分析了其力学特性影响机理及破坏模式,基于试验结果,建立了适用于FNSCC改性土的修正邓肯-张本构模型。研究结果表明：FNSCC改性土的应力-应变曲线具有明显的应变软化特征;其峰值强度随镍铁渣掺入比减小和养护时间增长而增大,随含水率的增加先增大而后减小。随着镍铁渣掺入比的增大,FNSCC改性土试样的破坏模式由鼓胀破坏向剪切破坏转变;含水率为15%左右的试样,鼓胀破坏特别明显;而随养护时间增长,其破坏模式则由鼓胀变形等塑性破坏向局部张裂等脆性破坏转变。FNSCC改性土的割线弹性模量随轴向应变增加而减小,轴向应变小于2%时,镍铁渣掺入比、含水率及养护时间对割线弹性模量的影响较大;而当轴向应变大于2%后,各因素对割线弹性模量的影响很小。修正的邓肯-张模型能较好地反映FNSCC改性土的应变软化现象;该模型中参数m、n及?与围压近似呈线性关系,模型参数m受FNSCC改性土配比的影响最大,养护时间次之,含水率最小。由修正邓肯-张模型计算得到的曲线与实测曲线吻合较好,验证了该模型拟合参数的合理性。     

热模拟试验机钢热变形模拟结果分析

利用热／力学模拟试验机,对40Cr钢进行了变形温度为710℃～1050℃,应变速率为0．1／s～30／s,应变量为0．1～1．0的热模拟单向单道次压缩试验。分析了试样变形过程中计算机采集的真应变以及试样热变形后的最大直径、横向最大真应变。结果表明,40Cr钢在应变速率为10／s及以上时,试样实际横向最大真应变与变形过程中计算机采集的真应变量相差明显,两者之间的差值随应变速率的增加而增加。变形温度及变形量没有使两者产生明显差异。     

Engineering approach to in-situ bridge health monitoring with fiber bragg gratings

It is well known that transportation is the economiclifeline of a country and bridges are the throat of com-munication.At present,there are about5000thou-sands of main highways in China,among which overone third are structurally defective,more or less dam-aged and potentially threatened by functional degrada-tion.Some of the key bridges need to be monitored,e-valuated and maintained,repaired or reinforced.Largeand important bridges are always designed to work formany decades or even longer.Ac…     

Predictors of work injury in underground mines—an application of a logistic regression model

Mine accidents and injuries are complex and generally characterized by several factors starting from personal to technical, and technical to social characteristics. In this study, an attempt has been made to identify the various factors responsible for work related injuries in mines and to estimate the risk of work injury to mine workers. The prediction of work injury in mines was done by a step-by-step multivariate logistic regression modeling with an application to case study mines in India. In total, 18 variables were considered in this study. Most of the variables are not directly quantifiable. Instruments were developed to quantify them through a questionnaire type survey. Underground mine workers were randomly selected for the survey. Responses from 300 participants were used for the analysis. Four variables, age, negative affectivity, job dissatisfaction, and physical hazards, bear significant discriminating power for risk of injury to the workers, comparing between cases and controls in a multivariate situation while controlling all the personal and socio-technical variables. The analysis reveals that negatively affected workers are 2.54 times more prone to injuries than the less negatively affected workers and this factor is a more impOrtant risk factor for the case-study mines. Long term planning through identification of the negative individuals, proper counseling regarding the adverse effects of negative behaviors and special training is urgently required. Care should be taken for the aged and experienced workers in terms of their job responsibility and training requirements. Management should provide a friendly atmosphere during work to increase the confidence of the injury prone miners.     

U型通风采场的温度场相似实验模型

为了预测采动影响下采场温度分布状态,建立了U型通风采场的温度场实验台以模拟采场中的热输运现象.基于采场内流场与温度场数学模型,提出了选取α2rxr/u2r=α3rd2nr/ur=xr/pfr和xr/urTr=1/qr作为模型的相似关系式,确定了模型中独立变量的合理取值,论证了为使温度场相同而应满足的热源项的比例关系.模拟U型通风采场的氧化带局部区域自热工况的实验结果表明:采场温度场分布趋势与数值模拟及现场实测结果吻合较好,均呈现由进风口到回风口先上升再下降的分布规律,并在采空区倾向中心线偏回风口20～30m处出现温度峰值,实验台能够合理再现实际采场的热交换过程.     

高温环境中服装材质对人体运动生理心理的影响

高温环境中,人体服装要反复经历吸湿（汗）——放湿——干燥过程．通过在高温环境中穿着不同材质服装的人体运动实验,测得了人体皮肤温度、微气候区的温湿度、人体代谢量、汗液蒸发率以及主观感觉值等诸多参数,并对此进行了分析．研究表明：与人体高温静立状态下服装的吸湿性对服装热湿舒适性具有显著影响不同,在高温运动状态下由于运动造成空气对流效应,织物的厚度和透气性对服装的热湿舒适性具有显著影响,此时应选择轻薄和透气性良好的服装．     

电子束焊温度场的研究现状与发展趋势

电子束焊接作为一种高能束加工方法 ,在生产应用中具有重要地位。电子束焊温度场决定了焊接应力场和应变场 ,是影响焊接质量和生产率的主要因素。介绍了电子束焊温度场模型 ,在分析了点热源、线热源模型的基础上 ,指出点热源模型仍是研究焊接温度场的基础 ,同时介绍了其它几种考虑电子束小孔效应的温度场模型。讨论了计算温度场的热源模式 ,给出以高斯函数分布和双椭圆体能量密度分布的两种热源模式。列举了热物理参数、相变潜热、熔池流动等影响温度场的因素。认为基于解析解法的复杂性和计算机的飞速发展 ,数值解法将在温度场研究中发挥更加重要的作用     

高压可燃气体管道安全间距的确定

喷射火事故是高压可燃气体管道的主要灾害形式,对南京等地区的气象数据进行分析统计,得到了影响喷射火事故的风速、大气湿度、大气温度、风向等主要气象因素的分布形式,同时对风向、泄漏口直径、泄漏口角度等主要影响因素的分布进行了合理假设.采用蒙特卡罗方法对高压可燃气体管道的喷射火灾害进行分析,结合相应的热辐射破坏准则,给出了各准...     

Investigation of the role of personal factors on work injury in underground mines using structural equation modeling

Work injuries in mines are complex and generally characterized by several factors starting from personal to technical and technical to social characteristics. In this paper, investigation was made through the application of structural equation modeling to study the nature of relationships between the influencing/associating personal factors and work injury and their sequential relationships leading towards work injury occurrences in underground coal mines. Six variables namely, rebelliousness, negative affectivity, job boredom, job dissatisfaction and work injury were considered in this study. Instruments were developed to quantify them through a questionnaire survey. Underground mine workers were randomly selected for the survey. Responses from 300 participants were used for the analysis. The structural model of LISREL was used to estimate the interrelationships amongst the variables. The case study results show that negative affectivity and job boredom induce more job dissatisfaction to the workers whereas risk taking attitude of the individual is positively influenced by job dissatisfaction as well as by rebelliousness characteristics of the individual. Finally, risk taking and job dissatisfaction are having positive significant direct relationship with work injury. The findings of this study clearly reveal that rebelliousness, negative affectivity and job boredom are the three key personal factors influencing work related injuries in mines that need to be addressed properly through effective safety programs.     

太阳能加热原油系统设计及热力学性能分析

能源短缺和环境污染问题一直是世界所关注的热点。采用油、气、电加热原油,不仅能耗高,而且环境污染严重,太阳能作为一种可持续发展的清洁能源,已成为各国关注的焦点。为此,设计了一套太阳能加热原油系统,选择了安全且易获得的空气作为传热流体。太阳能加热原油系统由太阳能吸热器、蓄热器、原油换热器以及电热炉组成,吸热器接收太阳辐射后温度上升,空气经过吸热器获得高温,高温空气进入换热器中加热原油。建立了用于太阳能加热原油系统热力学性能分析的数学模型,并对模型进行了验证;利用Aspen Plus软件对加热过程进行了热力学分析。结果表明,压缩机和预热器是?损较大的部件,当压缩机的压比达到2.7时,太阳能加热原油系统达到最佳状态;在最佳状态下,太阳能加热原油系统的热效率为72.35%,?效率为73.89%,余热回收效率为72.33%。     

Mathematical model of convection diathermanous coefficient of refrigerator car

It is analyzed that the influence factors on temperature field of refrigerator car. The mathematical model of convection diathermanous coefficient has been put forward. It is considered in the model that the parameters of wind speed , car speed , temperature of car surface , temperature of surroundings ,etc. If the boundary conditions and parameters used in calculation model of convection transmits heat coefficient are confirmed as following: the cold plank car velocity V is 120 km/ h, and air temperature is 25 ℃, and the atmosphere press is 1013250 Pa, and wind velocity Vf is 10 m/ s, and the length of car bodywork L is 5 m, and bodywork surface temperature is 25 ℃. The results were obtained by the model: when the wind velocity direction is the same as car velocity, the coefficient K of convection transmits heat is 51.4(W·m-2·K-1), and when the wind velocity direction is against the car velocity, K is 90.58 (W·m-2·K-1).     

X65厚管线板控冷工艺与翘曲分析

通过扩展Avrami相变动力学模型、开发线性混合热膨胀模型和使用Leblond相变诱导塑性(TRIP)模型建立了X65厚管线板控冷过程的热力耦合有限元模型,全面考虑了相变潜热、相变膨胀、TRIP效应、热膨胀等机制.用该模型对3种控冷模式下X65厚管线板控冷过程的温度场和应力/应变场进行了模拟,并分析了控冷模式对翘曲变形的影响.结果表明:不对称冷却产生的上下表面间的温差所导致的应力/应变场的不对称分布是材料翘曲的根本原因;交替冷却不仅可降低温差,还可大幅减小材料的翘曲;实现上下表面对称冷却和采用交替冷却是保证产品平直和性能均匀的有效方法.     

Multi-objective optimization of cooling air distribution of grate cooler with different inlet temperatures by using genetic algorithm

The paper discussed a multi-objective optimization model of the cooling air distribution of a grate cooler according to the analogy of a cross-flow heat exchanger and entropy-generation minimization analysis. The modified entropy generation numbers caused by heat transfer and flowing resistance are regarded as objective functions, and are simultaneously optimized by a genetic algorithm. A test is conducted to validate the model. The final optimal cooling air distribution is decided by energy consumed through cooling fans minimization. Next, two schemes are investigated for inducing exhaust air of 70°C–100°C in a chimney to cool the middle and front parts of the grate cooler. Based on each scheme, sensitive analyses of cooling air inlet temperatures are conducted. The results show that the minimum energy consumption of cooling fans increases by 121.04%, and the thermal efficiencies of the grate cooler vary no more than 1.66% when inducing the exhaust air into the middle part of the grate cooler. The minimum energy consumption of cooling fans slightly varies and thermal efficiencies of grate coolers vary no more than 0.51% when inducing exhaust air to the front part of the grate cooler. It is more effective and economical to induce exhaust air at any temperature to the front part of the grate cooler.