肾球旁细胞瘤的超微结构观察与分析

我们应有透射电镜技术，对一例肾球旁细胞瘤进行了超微结构的观察与分析，结果看到瘤细胞的核及胞质内的一些细胞器均发生了不同程度的改变，更明显的是胞质中有大量特征性的结构出现，即菱形，扁菱形或不规则形状高电子密度的分泌颗粒，据此进一步揭示了由于瘤细胞过多地分泌肾素，而引起肾球旁细胞瘤患者临床上表现为醛固酮增多，低血钾，高肾素血症和高血压症群的原因，可以认为瘤细胞蛤物有的菱莆分泌颗粒是肾球旁细胞瘤电镜诊断     

中枢神经细胞瘤的超微结构观察

应用光镜检查及免疫标记,对2例中枢神经细胞瘤进行电镜观察.结果显示,中枢神经细胞瘤在电镜下具有一定的结构特征：瘤细胞间可查见桥粒样结构;胞质内有神经分泌颗粒和哑铃状致密核心颗粒;胞突内有丰富的微管和囊泡状结构.在外科病理诊断中,中枢神经细胞瘤难以与少突胶质细胞瘤、透明细胞室管膜瘤等肿瘤鉴别.电镜检查对鉴别诊断有比较重要的意义.肿瘤细胞胞突内的微管和囊泡、胞质内的神经内分泌颗粒等超微结构与免疫组织化学标记一致,同时也提示肿瘤起源于神经元细胞.     

电镜及免疫电镜在垂体腺瘤功能分类中的应用

应用电镜及免疫电镜技术对２１８例垂体腺瘤进行了观察分析;并根据瘤细胞超微结构及免疫细胞化学反应特点进行了分类。免疫电镜证实并非所有含纤维小体的瘤细胞为生长激素细胞,某些泌乳素细胞腺瘤亦可查见纤维小体,这提示纤维小体并不是垂体生长激素腺瘤特有的一个形态特点。本观察证实异位外排现象常属于少颗粒泌乳素细胞腺瘤的一个特点。促肾上腺皮质激素（ＡＣＴＨ）细胞腺瘤的分泌颗粒形状不规则,体积变异较大,瘤细胞内常含有成束的微纤维雄丝,有时瘤细胞核周围可形成环状纤维区。免疫电镜还揭示促性腺激素细胞腺瘤中含有卵泡刺激素细胞（ＦＳＨ）或黄体生成素（ＬＨ）细胞,ＦＳＨ细胞中可含有较多的分泌颗粒,体积小,电子密度高;ＬＨ细胞中分泌颗粒较多,体积大,形状不规则,电子密度低。本研究对２１例无功能性垂体腺瘤进行了分析,提示这一组肿瘤可进一步分类     

间变性大细胞微绒毛淋巴瘤的超微结构观察及鉴别诊断

目的：探讨间变性大细胞微绒毛淋巴瘤的超微结构特点及鉴别诊断。方法：结合光镜、免疫组化及临床资料,对2例间变性大细胞微绒毛淋巴瘤进行超微结构观察。结果：光镜下,肿瘤呈窦性、巢团状浸润生长,瘤细胞排列紧密,体积大,核仁清楚。免疫组化显示瘤细胞CD30、EMA阳性。电镜下,瘤细胞表面有大量长短不一,粗细不等的微绒毛。胞质内有少量线粒体、核糖体、粗面内质网及高尔基复合体,1例偶见溶酶体样颗粒。核不规则,核仁明显,无细胞连接、基底膜及黑色素小体。结论：间变性大细胞微绒毛淋巴瘤的超微结构特征易与转移性低分化腺癌、恶性间皮瘤、黑色素瘤及毛细胞白血病鉴别。     

超微结构观察和c-kit标记在胃肠道间质瘤诊断上的意义

目的：进一步探讨超微结构观察和c-kit标记在胃肠道间质瘤（GIST）临床病理诊断上的意义。方法：随机选择27例GIST；标本经常规病理、电镜超薄切片和免疫组化染,色用光学和电子显微镜观察。结果：免疫组化：c-kit阳性者20例（74.1%）、CD34阳性者14例（51.9%）；单一表达平滑肌相关抗原者10例，单一表达神经相关抗原者7例，双相免疫表型阳性者6例，c-kit伴CD34单项阳性者4例。vimentin阳性率为92.6%，CgA均为阴性。电镜下，GIST瘤细胞中可查见①单一平滑肌分化标志（12例）；②单一神经分化标志（7例）；③两类分化标志同时出现（3例）；④无特异分化标志（5例）。GIST细胞的这种超微结构特征被认为和Cajal间质细胞相似，都具有前体细胞性超微结构特征。临床上，患者的消化道症状主要与肿瘤的大小和生长部位有关。病理组织学形态为恶性者13例，交界型1例，良性13例。免疫组化结果和超微结构分化特征二者之间完全相符者23例，不符者4例。结论：发生在胃肠道的间叶性肿瘤绝大多数都是GIST。其病理组织学形态主要呈梭形细胞型、上皮样细胞型、或两种细胞混合型。GIST瘤细胞的免疫表型特征为c-kit呈弥漫强阳性，CD34常呈阳性，actin、SMA、S－100、NSE有时或呈局灶阳性，dasmin、NF可能呈阳性，CgA多呈阴性。据此对GIST做出准确诊断并不困难。     

电镜及免疫电镜在垂体腺瘤功能分类中的应用

本研究应用电镜及免疫电镜技术对 2 1 8例垂体腺瘤进行了观察分析 ;并根据瘤细胞超微结构及免疫细胞化学反应特点进行了分类。免疫电镜证实并非所有含纤维小体的瘤细胞为生长激素细胞 ,某些泌乳素细胞腺瘤亦可查见纤维小体 ,这提示纤维小体并不是垂体生长激素腺瘤特有的一个形态特点。本观察证实异位外排现象常属于少颗粒泌乳素细胞腺瘤的一个特点。促肾上腺皮质激素 ( ACTH)细胞腺瘤的分泌颗粒形状不规则 ,体积变异较大 ,瘤细胞内常含有成束的微纤维丝 ,有时瘤细胞核周围可形成环状纤维区。根据以往观察 (主要是常规电镜观察 ) ,促性腺激…     

肾上腺皮质腺瘤与嗜铬细胞瘤的电镜鉴别诊断

通过对3例肾上腺皮质腺瘤和3例嗜铬细胞瘤的光镜和电镜观察,分析了这两种肿瘤的超微结构特点及电镜在其鉴别诊断中的作用.提出了肾上腺皮质腺瘤与嗜铬细胞瘤的超微结构鉴别要点：①肾上腺皮质腺瘤瘤细胞胞质内的线粒体管泡状嵴,胞质中见大量拥挤的管状和泡状滑面内质网;②嗜铬细胞瘤含肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素两种不同类型的神经内分泌颗粒,粗面内质网发达.同时讨论了线粒体管泡状嵴发生的机理.     

燕麦细胞癌裸小鼠移植瘤中C型病毒的电镜诊断

一株人肺燕麦细胞癌成功地移植到ＢＡＬＢ／ＣＡ／ＪＣＬ品系裸小鼠皮下生长并连续代传。电镜跟踪观察显示，传代早期移植瘤较好地保持了来源瘤的超微结构基本特征，最典型的结构是在移植瘤细胞胞浆中出现以成堆分布为主的神经分泌型颗粒。但是在第十八代移植瘤的细胞间隙以及胞浆中小胞和内质网小池内查见到Ｃ型病毒颗粒。神经分泌型颗粒与成熟的Ｃ型病毒在电镜下形态相似，即都有外膜、透明带和致密内核，粒径在１００ｎｍ左右。但     

超微结构观察在肾细胞癌细胞学分级中的意义

目的：评价核大小、核仁及超微结构观察在肾癌组织学分级中的价值，为临床对该分级系统进一步的应用提供依据。方法：对比分析了60例肾细胞癌组织学分级、肿瘤大小、周围侵袭及转移情况与瘤细胞核大小、核仁的关系，其中15例进行了超微结构观察。结果：肿瘤平均体积、包膜侵犯百分率均随组织分级的升高而增加，肾癌组织学分级Ⅰ级与Ⅲ、Ⅳ级包膜侵犯率间有显著性意义。电镜下各个分级的肿瘤细胞核形态上更具多形性，所见核仁数目也较光镜下明显为多，证明电镜观察在判别癌细胞核及核仁情况时更为敏感，超微结构核大小计算机图像分析测量结果与光镜下目测分级的结果一致性较好。结论：核形态指标观测是一种简便、客观、重复性较好的方法，其结果与肾癌和恶性生物学行为密切相关，电镜在该肿瘤核异质性及核仁评估中有较大应用价值。     

小细胞恶性间皮瘤的超微结构观察

应用电镜观察小细胞恶性间皮瘤的超微结构特点,对5例福尔马林固定后、经光镜及免疫组化检查过的胸膜及腹膜肿瘤标本进行常规电镜标本制备及电镜观察。超微观察显示肿瘤细胞呈小圆形及小梭形。5例均见腺腔样结构、细长微绒毛、紧密连接及发育良好的桥粒。较长的微绒毛长度与直径之比为13：1。见不连续基板（2例）、胞质内张力丝（2例）及微丝（4例）,2例同时见核旁分布的球形微丝小体。结论：细长微绒毛是包括低分化小细胞恶性问皮瘤在内的恶性间皮瘤的特征性超微结构。电镜观察对确定小细胞恶性问皮瘤的病理诊断及鉴别诊断有帮助。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.