双通道椭圆弯晶谱仪的光学设计

根据椭圆几何光学和X射线晶体的布拉格衍射原理,进行了弯晶谱仪的光学设计.设计的椭圆离心率和焦距分别是0.958 6 mm和1 350 mm,椭圆的弧长是125.64 mm,光路的光程为1 443.30 mm;布拉格衍射角为30～67.5°,谱线探测角为55.4～134°;柱面镜的掠入射角为3.7°,半径为10 127 mm;谱线探测器的阴极面中心到狭缝的距离是35 mm.利用LiF、PET、MiCa和KAP晶体作色散元件,测量的波长范围是0.20～2.46 nm,晶体的尺寸是125 mm×8 mm×0.2mm.此外,将两个弯晶进行上下对称交叉和前后错开布置,减小了谱仪的尺寸和减轻了它的重量.     

氟化锂椭圆弯晶分析器的特性及应用

设计了测试能量范围为0.6~6 keV的椭圆弯晶谱仪。此谱仪利用椭圆自聚焦原理,晶体分析器采用氟化锂材料,椭圆焦距为1 350 mm,离心率为0.958 6,布拉格角范围为30~65°。在神光Ⅱ靶室进行了实验,入射激光波长为0.35 μm,激光功率约为1.6×10¹⁴ W/cm²,与厚度为100 μm的钛平面靶法线夹角约为45°。实验结果证实,弯曲的氟化锂晶体具有极佳探测效果,弯晶分析器对波长为0.2~0.35 nm的X射线的分辨率可达500~1 000,同时具有等光程而便于空间分辨测量的优点,在同样距离条件下比平晶分析器高一个数量级的收光效率,故适合于激光等离子体X射线的光谱学研究。     

用于测量激光等离子体X射线的椭圆弯晶谱仪

研制了一种椭圆弯晶谱仪用于测量0.44～0.81 nm激光等离子体X射线光谱.该谱仪采用X射线CCD作探测器,用PET(2d＝0.874 nm)晶体作色散和聚焦元件,将晶体弯曲并粘贴在离心率和焦距分别为0.9586和1350 mm的椭圆形不锈钢基底上.对该谱仪在"星光Ⅱ"激光装置上进行了打靶实验,实验结果表明其光谱分辨率接近1000.     

激光等离子体X射线极化光谱研究

为了诊断激光等离子体X射线的极化光谱,研制了一种新型的基于空间分辨的极化谱仪。将平面晶体和球面弯晶色散元件在极化谱仪内正交布置,即在水平通道用PET平面晶体作为色散元件,而在垂直通道用Mica球面弯晶作为色散元件,球面半径为380mm。信号采用成像板进行接收,有效接收面积为30×80mm,从等离子体光源经晶体到成像板的光路约为980mm。物理实验首次在中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心“2×10J激光装置”上进行,成像板获得了铝激光等离子体X射线的光谱空间分辨信号。实验结果表明该谱仪具有较高谱分辨率,适合激光等离子体x射线极化光谱的诊断。     

软X射线椭圆晶体谱仪的研制

为了测量激光等离子体软X射线的空间和时间分辨光谱,研制了一种新型的双通道椭圆晶体谱仪,椭圆的离心率和焦距分别为0.9586和1350mm。将两个完全相同的椭圆晶体分析器进行上下对称布置,在上通道用软X射线CCD相机测量空间分辨光谱,在下通道用软X射线条纹相机测量时间分辨光谱。利用KAP椭圆晶体作色散元件,测量的波长范围是1.33~2.46nm。首次在“星光Ⅱ”激光装置上进行了打靶实验,利用该谱仪配软X射线CCD相机获取了钛激光等离子体X射线的光谱,实验结果表明该谱仪的最高光谱分辨率可以达到1173。     

用修正双晶技术诊断激光等离子体X射线极化度

研制了激光等离子体极化光谱仪,用于诊断波长为0.2～20 nm的激光等离子体X射线的极化度并推断等离子体内部的各向异性状态.设计的谱仪在电子束垂直入射面内正交布置的色散元件均为PET晶体,两通道均用成像板接收光谱信号,其有效面积为30 mm×80 mm,从光源经晶体到成像板的光程分别为980mm和310 mm.在中国工...     

椭圆弯晶谱仪分析器研制

针对激光惯性约束核聚变辐射的X射线分析,可得到关于等离子体电子密度、温度、电荷分布等重要信息.研究的X射线弯晶谱仪分析器是用来诊断X射线光谱,进而实现对激光惯性约束核聚变的控制.探讨了椭圆弯晶谱仪理论原理,分析了积分反射率和质量吸收系数.弯晶谱仪采用LiF弯晶分析器,椭圆焦距2c为1 350 mm,椭圆离心率e为0.958 6,晶体布拉格角范围为30°至60°.在此对LiF弯晶分析器的制作工艺进行详细描述.实验结果表明,该晶体分析器对X射线的分辨率(λ/Δλ)可达900以上,能够用来对激光等离子体的X射线光谱进行诊断.     

椭圆弯晶谱仪波长分辨能力的改进

讨论了椭圆弯晶谱仪的波长分辨能力。在假设谱线的固有宽度可以忽略的情况下,对两种实际影响椭圆弯晶谱仪波长分辨能力的主要因素,即光源空间尺寸和非理想椭圆分光晶面进行了分析。分别对上述两种情况进行了数学建模和数值模拟仿真。定量地分析了非理想椭圆晶面和光源空间尺寸对椭圆弯晶X射线谱仪波长分辨本领的影响程度,并给出了出射狭缝宽度与椭圆弯晶谱仪波长判读加宽的关系。从理论上论证了光源空间尺寸在限制谱仪的波长分辨能力方面仍然起关键主导作用;结合椭圆分光晶体的结构参数,合理地选择出射狭缝宽度,可使谱仪达到足够好的光谱分辨率和信噪比。用搭建的实验平台进行了实验测试,结果表明,当出射狭缝宽度(2δ)为10mm时,实测的谱线半高全宽(Δλ)为3.1×10-3nm;2δ为4mm时,Δλ为2.3×10-4nm,实测结果佐证了仿真结果的正确性。     

椭圆石英弯晶的积分衍射效率标定

椭圆弯晶谱仪具有测谱宽度大,能谱分辨力高等特点,并在"神光II"激光惯性约束聚变实验研究中得到了很好的应用。利用X射线衍射仪铜(Cu)靶X射线管作为X射线线光源,选取合适厚度滤片,抑制Cu-Kβ线及韧致辐射,测量了Cu-Kα能点处二氧化硅石英椭圆弯晶的积分衍射效率和摆动曲线半高全宽,并开展了针对上述两个重要参数随晶体弯曲曲率半径改变的测试验证,预估了能谱分辨力。结果表明,椭圆弯晶的积分衍射效率和摆动曲线半高全宽对晶体弯曲半径改变敏感,通过提高晶体弯曲度可增强晶体"镶嵌"效果。该结果可为下一步优化设计多用途性椭圆弯晶谱仪,以及完善X射线光谱定量化测量提供了数据支撑。     

高精度光学平面传感器

一、前言 作者开发了一种精度超1nm的非接触式光学平面传感器,其原理是依据焦点探测技术。这种焦点技术,已在光盘检测中使用。焦点探测选用全反射临界角法,这种方法使反射围绕临界角急剧变化。高精度光学平面传感器,能提高灵敏度;消除其它毫微米级表面粗糙度仪测量中的一些误差。它的光学头尺寸只有45×30×65 mm,因此可以和金刚石触针并排安装在表面     

椭圆型晶体谱仪谱测量的解谱

描述了椭圆型晶体谱仪配X射线CCD相机的X射线谱测量系统(EBCS-XCCD),研究了CCD相机记录信号的解谱处理方法,推出了对实测原始谱曲线辨认或标识值的计算公式及激光等离子体辐射X射线在某一波长光谱强度的公式,使之应用在激光打靶产生的等离子体源辐射X射线谱的回推,辨认出了激光等离子体X射线源能谱,并与文献[1]的结果进行了比较,结果基本一致.测试结果证实了解谱方法的可行性,表明X射线CCD相机适用于椭圆型晶体谱仪的光谱测量记录.在已知晶体的积分反射率、滤片透射率和CCD探测效率的条件下,可以获得X射线源光谱强度,为下一步诊断激光等离子体的电子温度和离子密度的空间分布轮廓和进一步细化X射线激光研究奠定了基础.     

CW可调谐单频环形染料激光器β-BaB2O4晶体内腔倍频

本文论述了利用β-BaB₂O₄晶体进行内腔连续波环形染料激光器倍频,获得了可调谐单频紫外相干辐射。在292nm附近,用3WAr⁺激光(全谱线)泵浦,得到非线性转换系数～8.33×10^-4W^-1。通过改变相位匹配角,在288～302nm范围内输出连续可调谐紫外谐波。β-BaB₂O₄晶体角灵敏度～27cm^-1/mrad。     

基于等离子体激光的X射线弯晶谱仪研究

X射线光谱议是一种强有力的激光等离子体诊断工具。为了获取激光等离子体发射的X射线中所包含大量信息,基于椭圆几何原理设计制造了X射线弯晶谱议。在上海神光 号装置上利用LiF弯曲晶体分析器,用150J激光能量对Ti靶进行了试验。通过X射线CCD记录获取的谱线,结果表明这种聚焦型晶体分析器的灵敏度有了明显的提高。     

基于轴棱锥用主被动方式产生短脉冲高功率近似无衍射光

利用轴棱锥构成的Bessel-Gauss谐振腔,首次由灯泵Nd:YAG调Q激光器主动式直接输出纳秒高功率近似无衍射Bessel-Gauss光脉冲。应用衍射理论给出的Bessel-Gauss场分布模型对结果进行分析,数值模拟和实验结果基本吻合。同时利用带抗共振环(ARR)的Nd:YAG调Q激光器输出的高稳定纳秒高斯脉冲,通过Axicon的光束整形,由被动方式获得近似理想的纳秒无衍射零阶Bessel光。利用胶片扫描法记录了光强分布的精细结构,测定得出无衍射光的中心光斑半径约为90μm,峰值功率密度高达2.3×10⁹ W/cm²。分析比较了主动和被动方式产生纳秒无衍射光的特性和优缺点。     

Compact mass spectrometer on permanent magnets

Preliminary results of development and testing of prototype compact mass spectrometer on permanent magnets are presented. The feature of the mass spectrometer is the ability to record mass spectra by mass scanning due to partial shunting of a magnetic flux in the gap of the mass analyzer. Ion-optical scheme of the mass analyzer has an ions deflection angle φ _m = 120° and the radius of the central trajectory r _m = 60 mm. The device can record mass range from 11 to 23 amu, with the accelerating voltage of 1 kV and the resolution of about 200. Inner volume of the mass analyzer chamber with the ion pump is about 500 cm³. Dimensions of the mass spectrometer together with electronic unit (height/length/width)—230 × 450 × 450 mm. The power consumption is not exceeding 60 W, in standby mode (the mode to maintain a high vacuum) is less than 10 W. The weight is 30 kg. The mass spectrometer is designed for educational purposes, however, it can be used as the basis to develop devices for isotopic analysis of the light chemical elements in medicine, geology, agricultural chemistry.     

Studying the spectrometric characteristics of an ionizing-radiation detector based on a LaBr<Subscript>3</Subscript>(Ce) scintillator and a silicon photomultiplier

The intrinsic background of a LaBr₃(Ce) scintillator with a diameter of 5 mm and a height of 10 mm has been studied in comparison with LYSO and CeBr₃ scintillators. It is shown that due to its high energy resolution the detector based on a LaBr₃(Ce) crystal exhibits the lowest background count rate in a specified amplitude range. The measured energy resolution of the detector based on a LaBr₃(Ce) crystal with dimensions of Ø5 mm × 10 mm in combination with a silicon photomultiplier with an active area of 3 × 3 mm² are presented. It is demonstrated that a detector array with the proposed configuration (a scintillator + a silicon photomultiplier enclosed in a common container) exhibits an energy resolution of 4% for 661.7-keV γ rays and a background count rate of ~0.39 cps in the energy range of (140 ± 3σ) keV.     

PHOEBE,a prototype scanning laser-feedback microscope for imaging biological cells in aqueous media

Based on the principle of laser-feedback interferometry (LFI), a laser-feedback microscope (LFM) has been constructed capable of providing an axial (z) resolution of a target surface topography of ～ 1 nm and a lateral (x, y) resolution of ～ 200 nm when used with a high-numerical-aperture oil-immersion microscope objective. LFI is a form of interferometry in which a laser's intensity is modulated by light re-entering the illuminating laser. Interfering with the light circulating in the laser resonant cavity, this back-reflected light gives information about an object's position and reflectivity. Using a 1-mW He–Ne (λ = 632·8 nm) laser, this microscope (PHOEBE) is capable of obtaining 256 × 256-pixel images over fields from (10 μm × 10 μm) to (120 μm × 120 μm) in ～ 30 s. An electromechanical feedback circuit holds the optical pathlength between the laser output mirror and a point on the scanned object constant; this allows two types of images (surface topography and surface reflectivity) to be obtained simultaneously. For biological cells, imaging can be accomplished using back-reflected light originating from small refractive-index changes (> 0·02) at cell membrane/water interfaces; alternatively, the optical pathlength through the cell interior can be measured point-by-point by growing or placing a cell suspension on a higher-reflecting substrate (glass or a silicon wafer). Advantages of the laser-feedback microscope in comparison to other confocal optical microscopes include: the simplicity of the single-axis interferometric design; the confocal property of the laser-feedback microscope (a virtual pinhole), which is achieved by the requirement that only light that re-enters the laser meeting the stringent frequency, spatial (TEM₀₀), and coherence requirements of the laser cavity resonator mode modulate the laser intensity; and the improved axial resolution, which is based on interferometric measurement of optical amplitude and phase rather than by use of a pinhole as in other types of confocal microscopes.