制度建设：我国区域经济协调发展的关键

制度建设是区域经济发展和社会进步的决定性因素,制度供给差异是区域经济差异形成的主要原因,如我国东西部差异与制度供给差异就有着高度的一致性。要从根本上缩小区域经济差异,实现区域协调发展,就要从制度建设入手,加快以产权制度建设为核心的市场化制度改革,建立规范的财政转移支付制度,加强区域合作机制建设,加快中西部金融体制改革和创新。     

试论“泛珠三角”区域生态补偿机制的构建

构建"泛珠三角"生态补偿机制是解决"泛珠三角"区域性生态服务有效供给的重要途径,是"泛珠三角"区域可持续发展的基础,同时又是促进"泛珠三角"区域更紧密合作的基础。构建这一机制,需要构建基于生态补偿的转移支付制度,设立区域生态补偿基金,尝试多元化的生态补偿手段以及尽快制定《"泛珠三角"生态补偿机制协定》。     

论生态保护补偿机制

生态保护补偿机制就是通过制度创新实行生态保护外部性的内部化、解决好生态产品这公共产品消费中的"搭便车"现象、解决好生态投资者的合理回报的一种制度.其性质属于卡尔多--希克斯改进.生态补偿机制可以从不同角度进行分类,例如从补偿对象可划分为对为生态保护做出贡献者给以补偿、对在生态破坏中的受损者进行补偿等;从条块角度可划分为"上游与下游之间的补偿"和"部门与部门之间的补偿";从补偿效果角度可分为"输血型"补偿和"造血型"补偿等.生态补偿资金可以通过政府财政转移支付、生态受益者付费、生态使用者付费、社会捐赠和国际援助等方式筹集.     

透过"农村税费改革"看中国义务教育财政体制

“农村税费改革”虽然在一定程度上减轻了学生和农民的负担,但它却进一步暴露了义务教育投入不足等问题,要解决我国农村义务教育发展问题,只有探讨的视角从“农村税费改革”转变到重新构建义务教育财政体制的创新构架增强对义务教育财政投资的力度;重新定位“以县为主”的农村义务教育经费管理体制;建立规范的义务教育财政转移支付制度。     

完善我国财政转移支付制度的法治进路

实现我国财政转移支付制度的法治化是一项紧迫的时代课题。首先,明确财政转移支付立法权的归属是其体制前提;其次,确定财政转移支付的级次、主体及其相互间的权利义务是其规范焦点;最后,提高立法位阶、完善财政转移支付的法律体系是其制度保障;目前的重心在于制定财政转移支付基本法。     

北京市公共文化转移支付制度研究

公共文化转移支付制度是一种文化财政补助制度。本文在阐述北京市公共文化转移支付制度含义和类型的基础上,分析研究公共文化转移支付制度对北京市公共文化服务建设的积极意义,深入探讨新的文化投入机制需要进一步完善的方面,并提出了具有针对性的建议。     

中央财政转移支付与甘肃可持续发展——基于HDI的测度分析

近年来中央财政转移支付占甘肃财政支出比重都在70%以上,故研究中央财政转移支付对甘肃发展所起作用很有必要。本文通过计算甘肃人类发展指数以量化甘肃可持续发展能力,并对中央财政转移支付与甘肃人类发展指数间的关系进行实证分析,结果表明,中央财政转移支付对甘肃人类发展指数会产生影响,只是财政转移支付形式不同影响大小不同。应采取加强财源建设、稳定专项转移支付和提高财政转移支付透明度等措施,强化中央财政转移支付对甘肃可持续发展所起的促进作用。     

浅析公共财政与转移支付制度

公共财政与转移支付制度的建设，是我国经济界和理论界讨论的热点话题。借鉴发达国家发展经验，建立公共财政体系框架，可以说是改革开放以来中国财政发展史上的一座里程碑。建立与市场经济体制相适应的公共财政，必须有与预算管理体制相适应的转移支付制度。转移支付制度是实现公共财政的最佳选择，也是国家干预调节经济运行、抑制市场经济自发冲动的最佳途径。在这方面，我国理论界的认识与发达国家相比是有差距的，还有待于加强和深化改革。     

完善与发展——政府间财政转移支付的制度保障研究

政府间财政转移支付是政府间的一种再分配形式,其目标是实现地区经济和谐发展。我国现行财政转移支付制度在缩小地区差距等方面起了重要的作用,但也存在许多不尽完善之处,必须对此进行完善和发展,以利于共同富裕目标的实现。     

我国财政创新与发展思考

建立社会主义市场经济,客观要求实现财政创新,促进财政发展。现代公共财政是我国财政创新的目标,也是财政发展和社会主义市场经济体制形成的制度基础。一、财政创新发展是改革、发展、稳定的需要随着社会主义市场经济体制建立和发展,财政地位和职能作用将日益突出。国有企业改革、生态环境保护、地区经济协调发展、推进农村城市化进程、建立社会保障体系、实施科教兴国战略、扩大内需和实施积极财政政策等,都需要强大的财政支持。我国目前财政状况却难以适应改革发展稳定的需要。在发展社会主义市场经济的条件下,充分发挥财政职能作用,统筹…     

北京绿色建筑指标体系及规划实施途径研究

当前,北京经济社会发展处于一个关键时期。转变经济发展方式,改善人们的生活环境刻不容缓。"十二五"期间节能减排任务相当严峻,全市建设3500万平方米绿色建筑急需技术支撑和政策引导。北京的绿色建筑工作充分发挥城市规划统筹引领作用,围绕"四节一环保"这一核心,在理论研究和案例实践的基础上,首次构建了低碳生态规划与绿色建筑相关联的指标体系。     

Fiscal Cycles and the Low-Level Equilibrium under the Qing: A Comparative Analysis

This article questions the recent scholarship that attempts to draw parallels between Qing China before 1800 and the so-called fiscal-military states in early modern Europe. Beginning with a survey of “fiscal cycles” in China from the 1640s to the 1850s, the author argues that border wars and territorial expansion had little impact on the Qing state’s tax system and bureaucracy. Contrary to the high level of taxation necessitated by escalation in military spending among the contemporary European states, the Qing pursued the policy of light taxation by freezing land tax rates and practicing universal tax exemption. What prevailed in the Qing fiscal system thus was a “low-level equilibrium,” in which the fixed amount of revenues was sufficient to cover the state’s fixed amount of regular expenditures and generate a sizeable amount of surpluses.     

论我国生态侵权损害的司法救济

生态侵权突破了传统法学理论对生态损害的研究,它将权利救济对象延伸至基于生态环境的损害而遭受不利影响的其他法律主体。生态侵权损害司法救济理论研究发端于生态侵权损害救济的实践困境,致力于司法实践中生态侵权损害受害人的权利救济,构筑于无过错责任原则理论根基之上。在无过错责任原则指导下,盖然性因果关系学说在生态侵权责任构成理论中具有不可替代的作用,具体表现在原告对两个因果关系的相当程度盖然性标准的肯定性举证,以及被告对两个因果关系的高度盖然性标准的否定性举证,二者构成了生态侵权责任构成理论的核心。     

The Workers' Compensation System in Victoria: Who Takes the Blame?

Four years after its inception, Workcare, the Victorian Government's new workers' compensation scheme, has failed to live up to its promise. Recent reforms have concentrated on identifying groups responsible for the ‘rorts’ and cost ‘blowouts’ of the scheme. It is argued that although this sort of intervention might make economic sense, it continues a tradition of scapegoating individual workers rather than trying to analyse the complex workings of such schemes. Several of the assumptions underlying Workcare (and similar systems) are discussed in order to demonstrate the potential for failure in any benefits delivery system based on status rather than need.     

关于实施结构性减税政策若干问题的分析

2011年中央经济工作会议提出,2012年我国要继续实施积极的财政政策。结构性减税政策在积极的财政政策中具有重要的地位和作用。近年来,我国实施的结构性减税政策具有多税种并用、多手段并举、多环节并促的特点,这一政策在减轻企业和居民税收负担、鼓励和扩大内需、引导经济结构战略性调整、保障和改善民生等方面产生了积极效应。从动态上看,减税政策对经济的刺激作用在一定程度上增强了经济活力,培育了新的税源,为国家继续实施积极的财政政策提供了可靠的财力保障。     

The Search for Coordination: The Case of the Central Policy Review Staff and Social Policy Planning, 1971–77

The Central Policy Review Staff (CPRS) attempted to create an ambitious strategy for the horizontal coordination of social policy in the UK during the early 1970s. The attempt – inspired largely by planning, programming and budgeting systems – was a failure, and gave way to a much modified ‘joint framework for social policies’ in 1975. Recent research has compared the CPRS's joint framework approach to the Labour government's promotion of ‘joined‐up government’ (JUG) in the 2000s. This article provides a case study of the CPRS's work on social policy planning, using archival sources. The case study addresses themes that remain significant, particularly approaches to and the politics of horizontal coordination. Finally, the article makes a modest attempt to signal the differences between the 1970s' approach and ‘JUG’.     

有限性规定的凸显:理解康德哲学的一个视阈

西方哲学自古希腊始,始终将其奠基在存在的无限性规定基础上,由此产生了特有的至上的形而上学.在笛卡尔的第一原理设置中,理性在与世界的对峙中被赋予了至高无上的地位,对峙的相持意味着无限性规定的磨损或消解.休谟对因果联系的怀疑使得哲学本身必须面对一个不可避免的问题即哲学的无限性规定如何向有限性规定的迁移可能性.康德哲学是对近代哲学蕴涵着有限性的一种肯定性诠释.在康德哲学中,有限性规定有了划界性的凸显,在主体理性结构的建构中,可以管窥到康德哲学隐含的界限或者限度.理解康德哲学的性质既与康德哲学的有形理性构造有关,又与康德哲学的无形规定相关.有限性规定的凸显和无限性规定的隐退相互连结.有限性规定的凸显是理解康德哲学的一个视域.     

Social Policy Diffusion from the Perspective of Intergovernmental Relations: An Empirical Study of the Urban Subsistence Allowance System in China (1993-1999)

Universal access to China’s social welfare system involves a process of diffusion from localities to the whole country on the basis of social policy innovations in which intergovernmental relations play a key role as a facilitator. The rapid establishment of the urban subsistence allowance system in more than 200 cities throughout the country in seven years (1993-1999) serves as a case for our empirical analysis of the diffusion mechanism of social policy innovations at different levels of government. Our findings show, firstly, that in adopting a new social policy, city governments have to respond to the social desire of local citizens while keeping fiscal constraints in mind; at the same time, they are affected by administrative orders from higher-level governments and the vertical fiscal relations between governments at different levels, and are also subject to competitive pressures from other cities at the same level. Secondly, city governments’ policy innovations offer an opportunity for higher levels of government to learn from their experience. Thirdly, central government orders exert both a direct and indirect influence upon city governments, with provincial orders acting as intermediaries. And lastly, there is a clear difference in the time lag effect of orders from the central government and those at provincial level upon city governments’ policy adoption.     

可持续发展实现途径的制度分析

经济发展成本是可持续发展的基本问题,经济发展成本的最小化是可持续发展的理论基础。在实施可持续发展的过程中,要围绕经济发展成本的最小化这一理论基础,通过强化制度安排来减少经济发展的代价。同时,生态环境问题形成的直接原因来自人类经济活动的负面效应,而深层原因则在于制度安排的缺陷。因此,为了保证人与自然的协调性,保证社会、经济、资源、环境的统一性,必须强化制度安排,运用制度的激励功能、约束功能来抑制经济主体可能发生的造成生态环境破坏的机会主义倾向     

Revisiting History: The Creation of Provinces and the Politics of Social Policy in a Democratic South Africa

The pre‐democracy negotiations between the African National Congress (ANC) and the National Party (NP) established nine provincial forms of government to replace the four provinces of the apartheid era. The nine provinces contrasted with the historical goal of the ANC to create a ‘democratic, non‐racial and unitary South Africa’. The NP wanted nine new provinces to prevent centralized state power under an ANC government and saw possibilities for winning electoral power in the Western Cape. The ANC conceded following political pressure from the Inkatha Freedom Party, which threatened civil war, and a policy shift after examining the German federal governance system. The article analyzes the history, politics, process and outcomes of the establishment of the nine provinces for social policy delivery in South Africa. It explores the contention that the nine provinces re‐fragmented service delivery (although not on a statutory racial basis) and created a system of fiscal decentralization with serious implications for social policy: weakening bureaucratic capacity, institutional capability and political accountability. The provincial governance mechanisms and fiscal institutions created a particular ‘path dependency’ which, 18 years after democratic, rule still impacts negatively on service delivery and more equitable policy outcomes. This is in part due to the undermining of provincial governance mechanisms and fiscal institutions by a significant minority of corrupt and incompetent provincial civil servants. The corruption of these provincial governance mechanisms and fiscal institutions erodes the egalitarian values aimed at creating a non‐racial, non‐sexist, democratic and unitary South Africa which historically underpinned the policy agenda of the ANC. It also has weakened social citizenship on a geographical and ultimately racial basis given the continuing co‐incidence of race and place in a democratic South Africa.