水产养殖动物基因组研究的现状及其应用前景

The genomic resources from human and several model organisms have been increased very fast since 1990. The techniques for developing genomic resources have already been very advanced and smart. These could make scientists see and improve organism in genomic level. For Chinese aquaculture scientists and aquatic industry, developing genomic resources and genetic tools for the native species are most important in the genomic era. The genomic resources and genetic tools for several aquatic species have been developed and some of them have been used in the marker based selection and other researches. The genome research work on aquaculture species was reviewed in this paper, especially a USDA genome project was focused. Some functional genomic research for aquatic animal was also discussed here. The importance and necessity of China aquaculture species genome project were discussed. Common carp and other cultured fishes in Cyprinidae such as grass carp, silver carp, bighead carp etc were recommended as the candidate species for genome research, because the output of all carps is almost up to 1/3 of total fisheries output in China. Common carp with another virtue for genome research is that there are much more families and strains in common carp than those in other cultured species in China, and those families and strains are the basis for genome research and mapping quantitative trait loci associated with important economic trait. Although the first linkage map of common carp made by Sun needs to be added with more markers for mapping QTL and Type I markers ,it has laid the groundwork for QTL mapping and markerassisted selection in common carp. Because the model organism zebrafish and common carp, grass carp and other carps cultured in China all belong to Cyprinidae, the China carp genome research will obtain a lot of useful information from zebrafish genome research. How the China carp genome program will be conducted and what kinds of strategy involved in this program were all suggested. How the results of the genome research of aquaculture species will be used in the aquaculture industry was reviewed and analyzed here.     

水产生物的驯化

驯化是人类开发生物资源的重要途径,也是育种的重要组成部分,事关养殖对象的众寡与品质,应予充分重视。一、驯化的概念、内容和意义驯化是人类按照自己的意志,把野生动植物培育成家养动物或栽培植物的过程。驯化是很不容易的,除了人的意志和活动要合乎自然规律外,受驯生物也有一个适应新环境并获得可遗传变异的复杂过程,因此,往往要经历许多世代的驯化过程才能成功。据统计,有史以来,全世界已驯化的动物有60种左右,仅占可驯化动物的0.033％。驯化不同于驯养。驯养是指人类在家养条件下驯伏野生生物的工作,局限于被驯个体本身,不遗传给后代。因此,它们的后代没有从亲本中获得驯伏了的习性或性状,必须重新驯养才能驯伏。驯化     

我国水产生物技木阶段目标

一、2005年以前 (一)建立5种主要水产养殖动物:鲤鱼、草鱼、对虾、扇贝和罗非鱼的DNA水平的遗传连锁图谱并将生长、抗寒、抗病等数量性状基因定位在连锁图上。 (二)改进鱼虾贝类的染色体倍性操作技术,提高成活率,建立四倍体与普通二倍体交配获得大量三倍体的技术路线,培育出3-5种多倍体鱼、贝和雌核发育鱼、贝;构建罗非鱼全雄性群体和对虾全雌性群体,获得2-3种雌性纯合系或单性养殖群体;     

福建省水产经济生物死亡事故分析

前言近年来,在部分港湾和水产养殖区,随着城镇工业和其他生产活动的进行,环境污染日益严重,生态环境越来越脆弱。伴随而来的水产经济生物死亡事故渔民统称为“死鱼”事故愈见频繁。据不完全统计,自福建省成立渔业环境监测站以来,监测站调查,分析取证的生产经济生物死亡事故已有10多起,直接经济损失达2千多万元。水产生物死亡事故给养殖户造成了很大的经济损失,同时也破坏了生态环境。     

绿色水产生物饲料添加剂

饲料是水产动物赖以生存和健康生长的关键因素之一，如何配制优质饲料是饲料厂及养殖业者共同关心的问题。优质饲料对于提高生长率、增强抗病能力和抗应激能力，降低对环境的污染，最终取得良好的经济效益起到至关重要的作用。饲料是建立在水产动物营养需求的基础上的。而水产动物的营养需求不是固定不变的，而是随着原料的变化、环境的变化和养殖模式的不同而改变的。随着营养免疫学的发展，营养与机体免疫具有很强的相关性。绿色水产饲料就是指使用对水产动物和人类均安全的饲料，养殖出的水产品是安全的。１酶制剂外界环境中分子量较小的…     

东山湾主要水产养殖区渔业环境现状及对水产养殖生物的影响

本文利用东山湾渔业环境监测资料，进一步分析了东山 湾主要水产养殖水域的环境现状及变化情况，探讨了无机氮与盐度的变化关系，以及表层沉积物中的各种重金属与有机质的关系，还对八尺门网箱养殖鱼类几次发生较严重死亡的原因进行剖析。     

水产生物的引种

引种系指从外地或外国引进优良(或新)品种或物种使之在本地区繁衍后代并形成一定生物量的工作。引种是利用生物的适应性和遗传、变异性进行的，它是增殖资源的有效途径之一。通过这一途径，可以增加优良品种(或种)，充分利用本地自然资源或生态系统，改善(或改变)现有的生态平衡，增加渔业资源。     

水产专家称基因技术育种时日尚远

日前,中山大学和深圳华大基因在广州宣布石斑鱼全基因组序列图谱绘制完成。这是我国完成的第三个鱼类基因组测序项目和全基因组序列图谱,也是世界上首个石斑鱼类基因组序列图谱。     

水产生物重金属污染治理方法研究进展

概述了水产生物对重金属吸收途径以及重金属在不同种生物体和生物体不同部位的污染差异;同时介绍了两类水产生物重金属脱除技术,为了解水产生物重金属污染现状和减小重金属对水产生物污染提供依据。     

硫丹对水生生物毒理效应的研究进展

硫丹是一种有机氯杀虫剂,广泛应用于蔬菜、水果、茶叶、棉花、烟草、林木等害虫的防治.然而,在杀灭害虫、提高农产品产量的同时,硫丹也会对非目标生物,特别是对栖息在水环境中的生物体产生一定影响.本文综述了硫丹对水生生物急、慢性毒理效应,初步归纳了硫丹影响水生生物代谢的机制,阐述了硫丹在水体、底泥和生物体中的分布情况,旨为评价硫丹在水生生态系统中的环境行为及其对人类健康风险提供科学依据.     

鱼类和水生动物基因组作图研究的现状及前景

鱼类和水生动物基因组作图（ｇｅｎｏｍｅ ｍａｐｐｉｎｇ）研究落后于陆生动物。水生经济动物的遗传图谱只是最近二、三年才有报道［１－３］。虽然起步晚，但以鱼类为代表的水生动物的基因组研究已经有了可观进展。本文试图从如下几个方面作一综述：１．分子遗传标记及其在基因组作图研究中的应用，２．水生动物基因组研究的现状，３．水生动物基因组作图的前景。１ 分子遗传标记及其在基因组作图研究中的应用１．１ 分子遗传标记 遗传标记一般可分为形态学标记、细胞学标记、生化标记和ＤＮＡ分子标记。其中只有ＤＮＡ分子标记是核苷酸水…     

水产食品特定腐败菌与货架期的预测和延长

Fresh fish and lightly preserved fish products are welcome by the global market, however, they are also among the most perishable food products. The research on specific spoilage organisms (SSO) reveals the spoilage process of aquatic product. This paper reviews the current knowledge (past ten years) on SSO of fresh fish and lightly preserved fish products with particular emphasis on characteristics of SSO and how to apply this concept to determine, predict and extend the shelf life of aquatic product. During storage, the microflora changes owing to different abilities of the microorganisms to tolerate the preservation conditions. SSO is defined as special microorganisms which can increase rapidly during preservation and has the ability to produce off- odours and off- flavours associated with spoilage, and spoilage metabolites. Identification of an SSO relies on comparison of the sensory and chemical characteristics of spoiled product with those of isolates from the spoilage microflora. Generally, the SSO of fresh fish may be a single species or genus, but the ones of lightly preserved fish products will be more complex. One exciting area for use of SSO aims to obtain quantitative knowledge about probable behavior of SSO and their function during the progression of spoilage. Thus mathematical models on the growth of SSO are established to evaluate the quality lost degree of product, which provide a sound information for the rational development of devices to monitor loss of products shelf life. Models for the growth of Pseudomonas spp, S. putrefaciens, P. phosphoreum have been established, and validated for shelf life prediction of seafood successfully. Another application field of SSO intends to develop the techniques to prolong the shelf life of food products by inhibiting SSO targetedly. Targeted inhibition of spoilage bacteria during preservation reduces their growth and results in a significant extension of shelf life in despite of the activity of non - spoilage organisms has not been influenced. Such techniques have been applied in perversion field of fresh fish and lightly preserved fish.     

冷应激对水生动物代谢的影响及调控研究进展

冷应激严重影响水生动物的生理生化过程,致其代谢紊乱,乃至死亡。本文主要从能量代谢、蛋白质代谢、脂肪代谢和核酸代谢4个方面,综述冷应激对水生动物尤其是鱼类代谢的影响、机理、预防及调控研究进展,旨在深入研究冷应激对水生动物的影响,进一步探索其机理、预防和调控方法,抵御冷应激效应,减少低温特别是急剧降温对水生动物尤是鱼类的损害。未来应该从基因、分子、细胞、器官和整体水平,多层次全面深入地研究冷应激对水生动物代谢及其他方面的影响,特别应从分子和基因水平研究其机理,同时采取综合措施如改善养殖环境条件,培育耐寒品种,用基因工程技术改变鱼的耐寒遗传特性,在饲料中添加蛋白质、多不饱和脂肪酸、微量元素等提高鱼类的抗冷应激能力,降低养殖风险,发展可持续渔业。     

我国水生生物多样性及其研究进展

生物多样性是地球上生命经历几十亿年发展进化的结果,是人类赖以生存的物质基础。广大科技工作者围绕生物多样性保护与可持续利用2大目标进行了一系列研究,取得一定进展。文章在综合论述国内水生生物多样性现状、利用与保护研究基础上,侧重对鱼类多样性研究技术手段、参与国际合作的渠道及保护措施进行了概述,同时分析了生物技术在重要水生生物多样性研究领域的应用前景。     

Effects of florfenicol feeding on diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

Intestinal microbiota contributes health of living organisms. Florfenicol is an approved antimicrobial (AM) prescribed for several bacterial fish diseases. The present study investigated the extent to which florfenicol modulates intestinal microbial populations of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Florfenicol was administered orally to catfish at a standard therapeutic dose (10–15 mg/kg of body weight for 10 days), and the intestinal contents were collected and the 16S rRNA was subjected to Illumina sequencing. Alpha diversity analysis indicated that florfenicol significantly decreased microbiota richness and diversity. Beta diversity reflected a clear separation had occurred between the florfenicol‐fed and control groups. Results indicated a significant increase in the abundance of phylum Proteobacteria (98.97% vs. 79.35% of the population) and decrease in phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes (0.72% and 0.29% vs. 18.04% and 2.53%, respectively) in the florfenicol‐fed fish in comparison with the control fish. At the genus level, unclassified Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia populations increased in the florfenicol group. In contrast, Plesiomonas, Aeromonas, Lactococcus, Clostridium sensu stricto, Romboutsia, Klebsiella, Turicibacter and Lactobacillus decreased in florfenicol‐fed fish in comparison with the control fish, indicating that intestinal microbiota of catfish was substantially modulated by florfenicol administration. Knowledge of changes in gut microbiota during medicated feed administration is important to improve fish performance and disease management and could enable the development of alternative therapeutic strategies.     

人工纳米材料对水生生物毒性的研究进展

近年来纳米技术发展迅速, 人工纳米材料(MNMs)在生物医学、航空航天和建筑等领域中广泛应用。然而, 随着大量MNMs不断进入水环境, 人工纳米粒子对水生生物的毒性效应已引起人们的关注。通过调研人工纳米粒子对水生生物毒性的最新研究成果, 重点对人工纳米粒子在5个方面对水生生物的毒性效应进行综述: 1) 对水生生物个体生长的毒性效应; 2) 对肝组织、鳃组织和脑组织等在组织细胞水平的毒性效应; 3) 在分子和基因水平上对DNA结构、mRNA和相关蛋白质表达的影响; 4) 对水生生物的生殖毒性效应和机制; 5) 对其他生理作用如光合作用和呼吸作用的毒性影响。同时还分析了MNMs对食物链的影响, 进一步对MNMs在水体环境中的毒理学发展方向进行了展望, 以期为中国学者在相关领域的研究工作提供参考与借鉴。

     

饲用酶制剂在水产动物中应用的最新研究进展

酶制剂作为一类安全、高效的绿色饲料添加剂,在畜禽类饲料中已得到广泛应用.酶制剂不仅可以在一定程度上缓解国内饲料资源的不足,还可以促进绿色养殖环境的发展.由于酶制剂受热敏性条件制约的原因,其在水产饲料中的应用率较低,但随着一些设备的应用,如多道真空后喷涂等,使液体酶制剂在水产饲料中的广泛应用成为可能.本研究就酶制剂在水产...     

L-肉碱的研究及其在水产动物养殖中的应用

L-肉碱是一种具有多种生理功能和生物活性的新型无公害添加剂,20世纪80年代已在养殖动物中应用并受到普遍关注,近几年来在水产动物方面的研究和应用不断增多。本文系统介绍L-肉碱的发现、功能、机理、合成等,重点综述了近年来L-肉碱在水产动物养殖中的效果研究,并针对其现状提出了今后的研究与开发重点。