电气产品的爬电距离和电气间隙试验能力验证分析

爬电距离和电气间隙是电气产品检测中非常重要的一项安全检测项目,由于电气产品种类繁多,产品结构不一,正确理解标准中的爬电距离和电气间隙的涵义是进行准确检测的关键。文章是基于开关电源上开关电源变压器的电气间隙和光电耦合器的爬电距离的能力验证对比试验,详细阐述了开关电源变压器电气间隙限值和光电耦合器爬电距离限值的确定,以及路径的测量,并对试验过程进行了分析和讨论。     

电动工具的爬电距离和电气间隙路径分析

本文结合电动工具安全标准的检测要求,阐述了测量电动工具的爬电距离和电气间隙的程序和步骤,利用图解检测案例的方法详细分析了爬电距离和电气间隙的测量部位和路径,最后总结了爬电距离和电气间隙测量的注意事项.     

电器产品的爬电距离和电气间隙路径绘制

爬电距离和电气间隙是电器产品中一项重要的安全检测项目.爬电距离是两导电部件沿固体绝缘材料表面的最短距离,电气间隙是两相邻导电部件在空气中的最短距离.最小爬电距巨离的要求与两导电部件间的电压、绝缘材料的耐漏电起痕指数、电器所处环境的污染等级有关.对最小爬电距离做出限制,是为了防止在两导电体之间,通过绝缘材料表面可能出现的污染物出现爬电现象.爬电距离在运用中,所要安装的带电两导体之间的最短绝缘距离要大于允许的最小爬电距巨离.     

照明电器开关的爬电距离和电气间隙的测量方法

照明电器在日常生活中使用广泛,其控制装置的爬电距离和电气间隙与人们生命安全息息相关。然而,关于照明电器控制装置的爬电距离和电气间隙如何测试这方面的报道很少。在这篇文章中,我们针对照明电器频繁接触的控制装置——开关,根据他们的不同的结构,分析他们的爬电距离和电气间隙的测试方法。     

爬电距离和电气间隙测量方法

爬电距离和电气间隙是电器产品中一项重要的安全检测项目。在各电器产品的国家强制标准里均涉及“爬电距离”和“电气间隙”两个术语。从概念上讲,爬电距离是“两导电部分之间,或一个导电部件与器具的易触及表面之间沿绝缘材料表面的最短距离”。它存在于两个平行的绝缘材料的连接处,有可能存在于同体或者气体绝缘之间,而电气间隙则是“两导电部件或一个导电部件与器具易触及表面的空间最短距离”。     

电子产品检测中电气间隙和爬电距离的确定

不同的安全标准对电气间隙和爬电距离有不同要求,其限值的求法和结果不尽相同.今以一开关电源电路为例,介绍在不同标准下如何根据工作电压情况对最小电气间隙和爬电距离值进行确定.     

灯具标准GB7000．1与UL1598若干电气检测项目差异性分析及完善性研究

本文重点比较了GB7000．1灯具标准与UL1598灯具标准中接地电阻、电气强度、电气间隙及爬电距离在其试验设备、试验参数、合格性判定等方面的差异性，并为灯具设计人员及检测人员总结出了需要注意的事项。在比较两套标准电气安全项目设置优缺点的基础上，本文还就如何使两套标准中电气安全检测项目的编写更为合理提出了一些探索性建议。     

IEC 62368-1:2018与现行国标中电击危险防护要求的差异解析

本文首先从电气间隙和爬电距离的限值影响因素、限值计算方法和合格判据等方面,介绍了IEC 62368-1:2018与现行国标G B 4943.1-2011、GB 8898-2011之间电气间隙和爬电距离项目的 主要差异.然后从抗电强度试验的时机、规定的试验电压类型以及试验电压的确定方法等角度阐述了抗电强度的具体差异.最后...     

爬电距离测量中的两个重要问题

一、引言爬电距离测量路径的确定对测量结果至为关键,从笔者参加的利用跷板开关和双面印制线路板进行的电气间隙和爬电距离实验室能力验证比对项目来看,X取值的确定和80。准则的应用是确定爬电距离测量路径的两个重要问题。     

爬电距离与电气间隙的经典案例剖析

本文结合电器产品安全标准的检测要求,对于两个经典案例,利用图解方式详细分析了爬电距离与电气间隙的测量部位和路径,并提出了需要注意的问题,确保检测结果的准确性。     

电器附件的爬电距离电气间隙测量

本文阐述了电器附件爬电距离电气间隙测量竞赛活动的方案提出及实施情况,对竞赛中出现的问题进行了分析,同时提出了改进建议。     

±1100kV特高压直流系列复合绝缘子的设计与分析

】基于±1100kV流系列复合绝缘子所要承受的电气和机械负荷，分析确定了±1100kV直流棒形悬式复合绝缘子产品的结构高度、绝缘距离、爬电距离，对芯棒的外套材料及结构进行了选择，对产品的金具结构、伞裙结构和均压环进行了设计。     

电子式电能表绝缘性能对EMC抗扰度试验的影响与改进

讨论电子式电能表的绝缘性能对EMC抗扰度试验的影响及改进措施。通过增大间隙或爬电距离能使电能表的绝缘性能符合要求，从而能够通过EMC抗扰度试验，而增加的成本最低。优化后的试验流程为优先通过6kV的脉冲电压试验，然后进行各项EMC抗扰度试验，可以达到事半功倍的效果。     

小巧型电吹风检测常见不合格项分析

本论文介绍了小巧型电吹风两种基本的工作原理，并给出了一种类型的电吹风的完整电路，分析其在安规试验中常见的几种不合格项，主要有非正常试验不合格，爬电距离、电气间隙不合格。具体的整改措施有：选用合适自复位热断路器、外壳用耐火耐热型塑料、合理布置导线、电源线连接改进设计等。     

Electrical characteristics of a dc superconducting cable

A dc superconducting cable is ideal for transmitting large blocks of electrical power over a long distance. However, it must be designed to operate reliably within the constraints of the electrical system. Therefore, system analysis must be performed for each application. The conductor losses caused by the harmonics on the dc must be within the design goals; a system fault should not drive the cable normal with eventual damage to the cable and interruption of power flow; and, the dielectric system of the cable must be designed to be compatible with the expected transient voltages by proper insulation coordination. Transient overvoltages are of concern to electrical power systems; these are especially critical to cryogenic cables because of the susceptibility of the cryogenic enclosures to these transients. This paper discusses the electrical system constraints which are particularly applicable to a dc superconducting cable and shows how such a cable can be designed to be compatible with the electrical system.This paper also summarizes the work on low temperature dielectrics performed at Los Alamos. It shows the variation of break down voltage of dielectric materials, in sheet form and cable configuration, with temperature and pressure under dc and impulse voltage. The surface flashover characteristics with large creepage distance as well as electrical conductivity of dielectric materials at cryogenic temperatures are discussed. These studies are essential for the design of high voltage apparatus operating in cryogenic environments.     

Ratcheting and fatigue-led wear in rail–wheel contact

A computer model, which simulates the ratcheting wear of a ductile material subject to repeated loading, is presented and discussed in detail. Variation of material properties is a feature of the model, failure by ductility exhaustion occurring at isolated points or extending regions of failure. Such regions form crack‐like features. Mechanisms for removal of weakened material from the surface as wear debris are described. The wear process causes a degree of surface roughness. The simplicity of the model enables simulation of millions of load cycles in only a few hours' computer time. The computer model is used to study the effect of partial slip on wear rate. When creepage is relatively low, the wear rate increases sharply with creepage. When creepage is relatively high, the wear rate is largely insensitive to the creepage.     

Artificial neural network optimisation methodology for the estimation of the critical flashover voltage on insulators

To describe an artificial neural network (ANN)methodology in order to estimate the critical flashover voltage on polluted insulators is the objective here. The methodology uses as input variables characteristics of the insulator such as diameter, height, creepage distance, form factor and equivalent salt deposit density, and it estimates the critical flashover voltage based on an ANN. For each ANN training algorithm, an optimisation process is conducted regarding the values of crucial parameters such as the number of neurons and so on using the training set. The success of each algorithm in estimating the critical flashover voltage is measured by the correlation index between the experimental and estimated values for the evaluation set, and finally the ANN with the correlation index closest to 1 is specified. For this ANN and the respective algorithm, the critical flashover voltage of the test set insulators is estimated and the respective confidence intervals are calculated through the re-sampling method.     

应用模糊控制方法选择最佳冲裁间隙

采用模糊信息控制方法．对影响冲裁间隙的有关因素进行了综合分析，建立了相应的数学模型．并以相对距离值确定其隶属函数．实现了在现有资料提供的间隙范围内选择最佳冲裁间隙。     

Electronic and Electrical Conductivity of AB and AA-Stacked Bilayer Graphene with Tunable Layer Separation

This humble work attempts to study the electronic and electrical conductivity characteristics of AB and AAstacked bilayer graphene (BLG) sheet, by using ab initio calculation. The electronic transport coefficient was calculated by using Boltzmann transport equations implanted in Boltztrap package at various temperatures from 80 to 380 K. First, this study will begin to experiment an interlayer spacing from 3.55 and 3.35 Å respectively for AA and AB-BLG. If the distance between the layers is more than 5.00 Å, the increase or decrease of energy does depend on the interlayer spacing so band gap is equal to zero. The electrical conductivity of AA and AB-BLG is compared to the experimental electrical conductivity of graphene monolayer under increasing spacing between layers to 4.00 Å. Band gap decreases with the increasing space while conductivity increases with increasing space. AA-BLG electrical conductivity shows a value near to the experimental electrical conductivity of graphene ribbon for 4.00 Å at 380 K. Nevertheless, the distance variation does not much affect the electronic and electrical characteristics of AB-BLG. In addition, the increase between the interlayer distances does not influence so much the electrical conductivity. Therefore, increasing the distance between interlayers decreases the electrical conductivity due to the increasing of band gap.