1957-2004年影响我国的强热带气旋频数和强度变化

以中国气象局西北太平洋热带气旋资料为基础,分析1957-2004年影响我国并达到台风强度以上的三类热带气旋,即生成热带气旋、影响热带气旋和登陆热带气旋的频数和强度的变化。结果表明：强热带气旋频数在1957-2004年间呈显著减少趋势,强度越强,其减少趋势越明显。近50 a台风以上强度的强热带气旋频次占总频次的比例没有明显的增加或减少趋势,强台风和超强台风比例呈减少趋势。1957-2004年热带气旋的最大强度呈线性减弱趋势,生成热带气旋和影响热带气旋的平均强度亦呈减弱趋势,登陆台风的平均强度也呈减弱趋势。     

登陆我国热带气旋频数和强度变化的气候特征

本文利用数理统计方法,对登陆我国的热带气旋频数进行分析。发现热带气旋登陆前24、12、6小时近中心最大风速V_1、V_2、V_3分别与登陆后24小时平均最大风速和它们的差值成线性关系。求得了登陆我国台湾、海南、广东、福建四省的V_1、V_2、V_3与/V_1、/V_2、/V_3的回归方程。另外,对登陆我国热带气旋的频数及强度变化进行了气候分析,指出了一些气候特征。     

影响我国的热带气旋年频数预测

利用中国气象局《热带气旋年鉴》的热带气旋大风和降水资料集,确定了明显影响我国及华东和华南地区的热带气旋个例,并研制热带气旋年频数的预测方案,使得频数预测对防灾减灾更为实用。预测因子采用相关普查的方法,从1961—2000年前期的海表温度、海平面气压及200,500 hPa和850 hPa位势高度和风场中选出,所用的资料为NOAA ER SST和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料。在相关分析的基础上,构建因子时兼顾了因子的系统性的空间结构和时间的变化,并用主成分分析方法去除因子的多重共线性;在最优子集回归建模的基础上进一步对模型进行检验和优化。模型检验和2001—2008年回报试验说明各模型均对各自热带气旋频数 (TCF) 具有较好的预测能力。     

西北太平洋热带气旋频数和强度变化趋势初探

利用1951—2006年西北太平洋 (含南海) 热带气旋资料, 研究了不同强度热带气旋的气候变化特征。结果表明:超强台风 (近中心最大风速≥58m/s, 简称超强台风Ⅱ) 频数、强度和初、终旋日期的变化特征都不同于其他级别热带气旋; 西北太平洋热带气旋的总频数有长期减少趋势, 主要由热带低压和超强台风Ⅱ的长期减少趋势引起; 随着热带气旋强度增强, 出现月最大频数的月份逐渐推迟; 超强台风月频数最大值发生在秋季; 超强台风Ⅱ频数的年变化与除了超强台风Ⅰ(近中心最大风速为51~58m/s) 外的其他级别热带气旋反相关; 受超强台风Ⅱ减少影响, 热带气旋年平均最大风速有减小的长期趋势; 热带气旋的初、终旋日期没有显著的长期变化趋势, 但超强台风Ⅱ的初旋日期有推迟趋势, 终旋日期有提前趋势, 发生时间缩短。     

海南地温变化与热带气旋影响频数关系

通过对海南省海口站各层地温和影响海南的热带气旋（TC）频数的相关及周期分析,发现月、季各层地温与影响海南的TC年频数均存在负相关性,而3.2 m深层地温与TC影响年频数的负相关性最为显著,此外,利用Morlet小波分析还发现两者存在相似的振荡周期.研究表明,利用深层地温作为预报因子,建立回归方程,对影响海南的TC年频数进行预报,具有较好的效果.     

影响广西热带气旋年频数的神经网络预测模型

利用人工神经网络方法，结合均生函数和逐步回归分析方法对影响广西的热带气旋年频数序列进行神经网络的预测模型研究，该模型既考虑了预报量自身显著周期变化，也考虑了海温场，高度场等因子对预报量的影响，给预报检验，考虑多种影响因子的预测模型比只考虑单一影响因素的预测模型效果好。     

西北太平洋强热带气旋活动的年代际变化

统计分析了１９５１～１９９５年西北太平洋强热带气旋①活动的气候特征和大气环流特征及其相互关系。结果表明,５０和６０年代是强热带气旋活动异常期,６０和７０年代是台风活动异常期。并指出台风与副热带高压、西风环流、青藏高原指数有很好的相关性     

近百年西北太平洋热带气旋年频数的变化特征

利用经趋势订正的１８８４－１９８８年西北太平洋热带气旋年频数资料，分析了热带气旋年频数的多年变化及其与海面温度、南方涛动指数、太阳黑子数和环流型日数等的统计关系。初步结果表明，热带气旋年频数的变化具有明显的２１年、３１年、１５年和６年左右的周期和持续期平均为１２年左右的阶段变化；近百年来有三次较明显的转折，分别出现在１９３１、１９５９年１９７７年。热带气旋年频数在厄尔尼诺年有冬春季偏少、夏秋季偏多     

影响广西的热带气旋年频数的初步研究

使用1951-1997年影响广西的热带气旋年频数与前期和同期的海温场、500hPa高度场进行相关分析,结果表明,赤道太平洋海区的海温与影响广西的热带气旋年频数有密切关系,厄尔尼诺年副高强度偏强,西伸脊点偏西,影响广西的热带气旋偏少,拉尼娜年副高偏弱,影响广西的热带气旋偏多.然后挑选相关系数高的高相关区,以其为预报因子,利用相似分析方法和逐步回归方法对影响广西的热带气旋年频数作预报试验.结果表明,用相似离度方法做预报时,第1相似对特多特少年的预报基本可信,而第2、3相似预报不稳定;用逐步回归建立的预报方程平均拟合误差约为1个,1998和1999年的试报效果较好.     

华东地区热带气旋年频数异常的分析

利用 NCEP 1960 ～ 1997 年月平均 500 hPa 高度、1000 hPa 的风场和温度、JM A 海表温度资料及 NCA R O LR 资料进行合成分析, 给出了影响华东地区热带气旋(T C)偏多年与偏少年的前秋冬季不同的大气环流、O LR 和海表温度场特征, 从中可看到冬季风活动对 T C 年频数异常有影响。 在此基础上建立了华东地区热带气旋年频数异常的概念模型, 并且进行了试用, 其结果表明该概念模型对华东地区热带气旋年频数的短期气候预测有参考价值。     

Variations in Frequency and Intensity of Strong Tropical Cyclones Affecting China During

 Based on tropical cyclone track dataset in the western North Pacific from China Meteorological Administration (CMA), variations in frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the western North Pacific, affecting-China TCs (ACTCs) and landfall TCs (LTCs) achieving a typhoon intensity during 1957-2004 were studied. Frequencies of strong tropical cyclones showed significant decreasing trends from 1957 to 2004 and the linear trend was much greater when the intensity was stronger. There was no linear trend in the portion of strong tropical cyclones achieving a typhoon (TY) intensity, while those reaching a strong typhoon (STY) and a super typhoon (SuperTY) intensity showed decreasing trends during 1957-2004. The maximum intensities of TCs, ACTCs and LTCs all decreased during the period of 1957-2004. The mean intensities of TCs and ACTCs displayed decreasing trends and the mean intensity of LTCs achieving a TY intensity also showed a decreasing trend.     

百余年来影响福建热带气旋的变化特征

应用1884—2003年影响福建的热带气旋资料, 采用突变分析、最大熵谱分析、连续小波变换以及正交小波变换等方法研究百余年来影响福建热带气旋频数变化的多时间尺度特征及其异常年份的海气背景场特征。结果表明:百余年来福建经历了3次少台期和2次多台期, 影响福建热带气旋频数具有准13年、准4年和准2.5年的振荡周期, 1971年为年频数变化的突变点; 影响福建热带气旋频数近百年呈弱的上升趋势, 但近十几年略微下降, 未来有偏多的趋势; 影响福建热带气旋异常偏多 (少) 的年份, 夏季500 hPa高度场上, 鄂霍次克海地区位势高度偏低 (高), 从高纬到低纬呈“-+-”(“ +-+”) 的距平型, 纬 (经) 向环流占优势, 西风带低槽偏北 (南), 副热带高压北界偏北 (南), 副热带高压脊线偏北 (南); 赤道中、东太平洋为明显的带状负 (正) SSTA距平区, 同时西太平洋热带气旋主要源区和西北太平洋上皆为正 (负) SSTA距平。由此可见, 影响福建热带气旋频数多寡与西太平洋热带气旋生成区的海温有关, 同时大气环流系统的位置和强弱对热带气旋路径的变化起着关键性作用, 从而使影响福建热带气旋频数的变化。     

Growing Threat of Rapidly-Intensifying Tropical Cyclones in East Asia

This study examines the long-term change in the threat of landfalling tropical cyclones(TCs) in East Asia over the period 1975–2020 with a focus on rapidly intensifying(RI) TCs. The increase in the annual number of RI-TCs over the western North Pacific and the northwestward shift of their genesis location lead to an increasing trend in the annual number of landfalling RI-TCs along the coast of East Asia. The annual power dissipation index(PDI), a measure of the destructive potential of RI-TCs at landfall, also shows a significant increasing trend due to increases in the annual frequency and mean landfall intensity of landfalling RI-TCs. The increase in mean landfall intensity is related to a higher lifetime maximum intensity(LMI) and the LMI location of the landfalling RI-TCs being closer to the coast. The increase in the annual PDI of East Asia is mainly associated with landfalling TCs in the southern(the Philippines, South China, and Vietnam) and northern parts(Japan and the Korean Peninsula) of East Asia due to long-term changes in vertical wind shear and TC heat potential. The former leads to a northwestward shift of favorable environments for TC genesis and intensification, resulting in the northwestward shift in the genesis, RI, and LMI locations of RI-TCs. The latter provides more heat energy from the ocean for TC intensification, increasing its chances to undergo RI.     

登陆中国热带气旋台风季参数的气候特征分析

 利用1949-2006年登陆中国的热带气旋（TC）资料,分析登陆TC台风季参数的气候特征,结论如下：1) 登陆中国的初旋①以南海生成为主（占5成半）,终旋以西太平洋为主（高达8成）,近50多年来初、终旋源地分别呈现向东北、西北移动的趋势;2) 广东（浙江）初旋最早（晚）,广西、浙江（广东、海南）终旋较早（晚）,广东（浙江）台风季最长（短）。近50多年来除浙江台风季呈延长的线性趋势外,其余各省台风季变短或变化不明显。     

45年间影响中国东海附近海区热带气旋统计特征

根据1961-2005年有编号的热带气旋资料,从时间和空间两个方面统计分析了影响中国东海附近海区（117°-131°E,22°-33°N）的热带气旋特征。结果表明,统计区域内的影响热带气旋具有明显的年际变化特征,年平均频数为8.6个,年频数与厄尔尼诺具有很好的相关性,厄尔尼诺年为影响热带气旋少频年;影响热带气旋主要集中在6-10月,持续时间多在1-4天之间;影响热带气旋大多生成于菲律宾以东洋面和关岛附近洋面,从统计区域的南侧和东侧进入,主要有西北、东北和转向3条移动路径。     

中国登路热带气旋的季节预测模型

The year-to-year increment prediction approach proposed by was applied to forecast the annual number of tropical cyclones (TCs) making landfall over China.The year-to-year increase or decrease in the number of land-falling TCs (LTCs) was first predicted to yield a net number of LTCs between successive years.The statistical prediction scheme for the year-to-year increment of annual LTCs was developed based on data collected from 1977 to 2007,which includes five predictors associated with high latitude circulations in both Hemispheres and the circulation over the local,tropical western North Pacific Ocean.The model shows reasonably high predictive ability,with an average root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.09,a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.9,and a correlation coefficient between the predicted and observed annual number of LTCs of 0.86,accounting for 74% of the total variance.The cross-validation test further demonstrated the high predictive ability of the model,with an RMSE value of 1.4,an MAE value of 1.2,and a correlation coefficient of 0.74 during this period.     

Distribution Characteristics of the Intensity and Extreme Intensity of Tropical Cyclones Influencing China

To address the deficiency of climatological research on tropical cyclones(TCs) influencing China, we analyze the distributions of TCs with different intensities in the region, based on the best-track TC data for1949–2011 provided by the Shanghai Typhoon Institute. We also present the distributions of 50- and 100-yr return-period TCs with different intensities using the Gumbel probability distribution. The results show that TCs with different intensities exert distinctive effects on various regions of China and its surrounding waters. The extreme intensity distributions of TCs over these different regions also differ. Super and severe typhoons mainly influence Taiwan Island and coastal areas of Fujian and Zhejiang provinces, while typhoons and TCs with lower intensities influence South China most frequently. The probable maximum TC intensity(PMTI) with 50- and 100-yr return periods influencing Taiwan Island is below 890 hPa; the PMTI with a50-yr return period influencing the coastal areas of Fujian and Zhejiang provinces is less than 910 hPa, and that with a 100-yr return period is less than 900 hPa; the PMTI with a 50-yr return period influencing the coastal areas of Hainan, Guangdong, and the northern part of the South China Sea is lower than 930 hPa,and that with a 100-yr return period is less than 920 hPa. The results provide a useful reference for the estimation of extreme TC intensities over different regions of China.     

Importance of Air-Sea Coupling in Simulating Tropical Cyclone Intensity at Landfall

An atmosphere-only model system for making seasonal prediction and projecting future intensities of landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) along the South China coast is upgraded by including ocean and wave models. A total of 642 TCs have been re-simulated using the new system to produce a climatology of TC intensity in the South China Sea. Detailed comparisons of the simulations from the atmosphere-only and the fully coupled systems reveal that the inclusion of the additional ocean and wave models enable differential sea surface temperature responses to various TC characteristics such as translational speed and size. In particular, interaction with the ocean does not necessarily imply a weakening of the TC, with the coastal bathymetry possibly playing a role in causing a near-shore intensification of the TC. These results suggest that to simulate the evolution of TC structure more accurately, it is essential to use an air-sea coupled model instead of an atmosphere-only model.