交互设计型供应链动态CODP的定位模型及算法研究

与经典MC相比,基于动态CODP的MC,是通过为供应链设置多个CODP,并进行动态调整,实现大规模生产用户定制的产品。它是一种更具优势的供应链系统。其中按照定制形式,可以将其分为选择型供应链与交互设计型供应链。交互设计型供应链由于包含客户自主设计的成分,使得其成为一种更具有一般性与普遍性的生产模式。它的CODP具有产品、设计、生产的三维结构特征,因此定位方式也有了较大的差异。在针对选择型供应链CODP定位研究的基础上,通过分析交互型供应链动态CODP的特征,给出CODP的定位模型,并设计相应的算法。最后以某电动车供应链为例,验证模型及算法的可行性。     

考虑成本的多CODP混合延迟策略生产系统优化

延迟策略是企业以低成本和高响应客户个性化需求的运作模式来获取竞争优势的重要理论之一。单CODP延迟模式制约生产系统实现不同层次、程度的多样化,约束目标客户的选择范围,为此提出多CODP混合延迟策略。从横、纵向两个纬度构建了实施多CODP混合延迟策略的生产系统成本模型,寻求每个制造中心通用零部件数量最优比例和不同延迟策略的最优组合,并提出与之匹配的求解算法。实例分析表明:在通用零部件数量最优比例和延迟策略的最优组合的支持下,多CODP混合延迟策略的实施不仅释放客户定制空间、扩大目标客户选择范围,而且实现了生产系统总成本的优化。     

基于模糊识别的集装箱码头企业竞争定位评价

以中国港口集装箱码头企业评价指标体系为基准,运用模糊识别理论和竞争定位理论为港口集装箱码头企业设计了具体的竞争定位评价方法,并通过一个实际算例验证了该方法的可行性.     

锅具生产中延迟策略的应用研究

大规模定制下的延迟策略已较多的应用于生产系统的运作中。本文着重研究锅具生产中延迟策略的应用,首先通过优化生产工艺,实现半成品及其生产流程通用化：进而定位客户订单分离点（CODP）,提出两个阶段推拉结合的生产计划模式：最后给出了具体实施方法。将以上思路和方法实际应用于Z公司的锅具生产运作,取得了良好绩效。     

实物期权在基础设施BOT项目投资决策中的应用

从基础设施BOT项目的不确定因素出发,针对传统投资评价方法对基础设施BOT项目投资决策的局限性,在分析基础设施BOT项目具有实物期权特性的基础上,建立了基于推迟期权的投资决策模型,求解了投资机会价值和最优投资决策的临界值,最后通过举例验证了该投资决策模型应用于基础设施BOT项目的可行性.     

遗传算法在设施定位与车辆运输路线安排中的应用

传统的方法中,设施定位问题和车辆运输路线安排问题往往作为独立的问题分开来求解,因而无法得出满意的解答.为了考虑两个问题的相关性,提出了将设施定位一车辆运输路线安排问题作为整体考虑的决策模型.该模型是一个NP难整数规划问题,采用遗传算法进行求解,以求得全局最优.算例表明,该方法可以给出满意的解答.与传统的方法相比,该方法能够得出设施定位一车辆运输路线安排综合问题的全局最优解,可以给集成化物流系统的管理提供更好的决策支持.     

基于灰色关联TOPSIS法的科研项目评价研究

本文将灰色理论与TOPSIS方法相结合,提出了一种新的科研项目评价选优决策模型,并以实际数据为例进行了实证研究。     

约束理论在回收逆向物流中的应用

将约束理论应用于回收逆向物流中,以有效产出作为决策目标,构建了一个逆向物流回收配送整合决策模型.针对模拟算例,通过对比基于TOC的决策模型和基于成本最小化的传统决策模型的运算结果,说明了约束理论在解决这类问题中的有效性.     

基于保质设计方法的产品开发决策研究

讨论了保质设计思想指导下的产品开发设计策略,并以产品开发设计的关键阶段——概念设计为对象,进一步研究了产品概念设计决策过程,建立了产品概念设计方案的评价指标体系和基于模糊优选理论的决策模型.     

基于ANP的物流中心选址

将网络分析法应用于物流中心选址评价,将选址因素分为经济、社会及技术3个主要方面考虑,提出了物流中心选址的评价指标体系,并在此基础上建立了非线性的多指标综合评价决策模型.通过一个应用实例,计算表明网络分析法可以较好地解决物流中心选址评价问题.     

The impact of the customer order decoupling point on type and level of supply chain integration

Literature suggests that more supply chain (SC) integration increases of SC performance. However, recent research shows that contextual factors affect the effectiveness of SC integration efforts. Specifically, the location of the customer order decoupling point (CODP) might be such a factor, but there is limited empirical evidence. This study explores the impact of the location of the CODP on SC integration. It empirically investigates upstream, internal and downstream SC integration efforts in twelve metal parts producing Dutch companies to offer a comprehensive view of the effects of the location of the CODP on SC integration. Our results show a clear relationship between SC integration and the location of the CODP. Specifically, make-to-order (MTO), assemble-to-order (ATO) and make-to-stock (MTS) companies show relatively high levels in upstream, internal and downstream SC integration, respectively. Moreover, MTO companies mainly share forecast information and engage in joint R&D with their suppliers, ATO companies focus on internal SC integration using information systems and planning, while MTS companies interact with their customers intensively to exchange forecast information. Our study adds to the insight on the application of SC integration in different situations and offers initial evidence for the effects of the location of the CODP on SC integration.     

柔性供应链的优化及供应商响应时间分析

针对Ricardo提出的柔性供应链结构,赋予其新的涵义：在顾客订单分离点之前,采用模块化技术,以获得规模经济效益;在订单分离点之后,采用延迟生产,以获得范围经济效益。同时以柔性供应链各节点的成本和客户服务水平为优化参数,建立多目标函数优化模型,并借助于MATLAB的GAOT,利用遗传算法求解。最后在优化结果的基础上,研究了柔性供应链的供应商响应时间(Supplier Response Time,SRT),描述了目标SRT与安全库存、客户服务水平的关系及相互影响。     

Dynamic analysis and design of a semiconductor supply chain: a control engineering approach

The combined make-to-stock and make-to-order (MTS-MTO) supply chain is well-recognised in the semiconductor industry in order to find a competitive balance between agility, including customer responsiveness and minimum reasonable inventory, to achieve cost efficiency while maintaining customer service levels. Such a hybrid MTS-MTO supply chain may suffer from the bullwhip effect, but few researchers have attempted to understand the dynamic properties of such a hybrid system. We utilise a model of the Intel supply chain to analytically explore the underlying mechanisms of bullwhip generation and compare its dynamic performance to the well-known Inventory and Order-Based Production Control System (IOBPCS) archetype. Adopting a control engineering approach, we find that the feedforward forecasting compensation in the MTO element plays a major role in the degree of bullwhip and the Customer Order Decoupling Point (CODP) profoundly impacts both the bullwhip effect and the inventory variance in the MTS part. Thus, managers should carefully tune the CODP inventory correction and balance the benefit between CODP inventory and bullwhip costs in hybrid MTS-MTO supply chains.     

基于LMI的灰色非线性精敏供应链稳定性判定方法

平稳运行是精敏供应链管理的重要基础,针对具有区间灰色非线性特征的精敏供应链系统波动性的难题,以非线性时滞精敏供应链系统为研究基础,建立了灰色非线性精敏供应链系统,采用线性矩阵不等式算法分析其稳定性问题,并获取了一种灰色非线性精敏供应链系统的稳定性判定方法。为验证该方法的有效性和可行性,以医药行业YL集团核心产品的供应链系统为案例分析对象,通过观测两个时点的运行数据,使用Matlab70计算工具,得出［0,20］和［20,40］2个时间段供应链系统的稳定性状态变化图。并假设当客户订货分离点(CODP)下移时,运用同样的观测数据,模拟系统稳定性状态的变化。对比案例分析的结果得出结论：随着CODP从精敏供应链的上游端在下移至下游端时,不仅仅体现的是供应链系统类型的改变,而且更重要的是揭示了精益供应链和敏捷供应链稳定性的影响因素不同,前者受订单量大小程度的影响,而后者由市场需求预测的准确性程度决定。     

Why do nonlinearities matter? The repercussions of linear assumptions on the dynamic behaviour of assemble-to-order systems

The hybrid assembly-to-order (ATO) supply chain, combining make-to-stock and make-to-order (MTS-MTO) production, separated by a customer order decoupling point (CODP), is well recognised in many sectors. Based on the well-established Inventory and Order Based Production Control Systems (the IOBPCS family), we develop a hybrid ATO system dynamics model and analytically study the impact of nonlinearities on its dynamic performance. Nonlinearities play an important, sometimes even a dominant, role in influencing the dynamic performance of supply chain systems. However, most IOBPCS based analytical studies assume supply chain systems are completely linear and thereby greatly limit the applicability of published results, making it difficult to fully explain and describe oscillations caused by internal factors. We address this gap by analytically exploring the non-negative order and capacity constraint nonlinearities present in an ATO system. By adopting nonlinear control engineering and simulation approaches, we reveal that, depending on the mean and amplitude of the demand, the non-negative order and capacity constraints in the ATO system may occur and their significant impact on system dynamics performance should be carefully considered. Failing to monitor non-negative order constraints may underestimate the mean level of inventory and overestimate the inventory recovery speed. Sub-assemblers may suffer increased inventory cost (i.e. the consequence of varying inventory levels and recovery speed) if capacity and non-negative order constraints are not considered at their production site. Future research should consider the optimal trade-off design between CODP inventory and capacity and the exploration of delivery lead-time dynamics.     

Implications of form postponement to manufacturing a customized product

Postponement is an approach that helps to deliver more responsive supply chains. Form postponement (FPp) involves the delay of final manufacturing until a customer order is received and is commonly regarded as an approach to mass customization. However, while much is written in the literature about the benefits and strategic impact of FPp, little is still known about its application. The paper presents the second in a series of three studies, using a common research methodology, that address ‘how’ FPp is applied in terms of its operational implications within a manufacturing facility. It is a retrospective study of the application of FPp in a manufacturer of industrial electric motors referred to here as ‘Motorco’. Operational measures for products selected for FPp are compared with those for products that continued to be made under engineer-to-order and make-to-stock regimes. Propositions were tested that address operational implications of FPp within the manufacturing facility, as well as the impact of FPp on selected performance metrics and the demand profile for which FPp was the preferred regime. Multiple data collection methods were used whereby documentary, archival and database evidence were used to measure operational characteristics across a broad front. The findings show that FPp improved responsiveness of manufacturing, but it is involved in the removal of components and often time-consuming invasive modifications. This suggested that the Customer Order Decoupling Point (CODP) would be better located further up stream in the manufacturing process. Two alternative CODP locations are evaluated that prevent the removal of components, provide the same level of responsiveness and potentially improve delivery reliability. The production planning system was sufficiently responsive to support FPp. However, the bills of materials were inflexible, preventing the system from being used to process FPp orders. This case illustrates many of the operational implications of applying FPp to a complex (i.e. many part numbers) and truly customized product. A third and final study of a FPp application in a different production context has been completed that will provide further evidence of its operational implications.     

Implications of form postponement to manufacturing: a cross case comparison

While much is written in the literature about the benefits and strategic impact of form postponement (FPp), little is still known about its application. We address ‘how’ FPp is applied in terms of its operational and logistics implications within manufacturing facilities. This paper is a retrospective study of the application of FPp in three diverse manufacturing environments: a manufacturer of specialist high voltage cabling equipment we call Electrico; a manufacturer of industrial electric motors we call Motorco; and a manufacturer of control systems and components mainly for automated telling machines we call Controlco. Our findings show that FPp improved responsiveness of manufacturing in all cases, but that none of the applications of FPp was ideal from a theoretical perspective. The production planning system must be both responsive and flexible to support the application. For highly customised products, the customer order decoupling point (CODP) must be located sufficiently upstream in the manufacturing process to avoid removal of components and time-consuming modifications. We present conclusions from all three studies, including an inventory management decision framework for FPp and a framework for the application of FPp which encompasses a number of practical considerations.     

基于光纤应变传感器的型架定位器位置检测方法研究

针对飞机装配过程中型架定位器的位置变化,提出一种基于光纤应变传感器的定位器位置检测方法。通过光纤应变传感器对型架主体及定位器组件关键特征区域的应变和定位器位置变化量进行实时采集,对采集的数据进行分析和处理,采用BP（back propagation,反向传播）神经网络建立飞机型架不同区域应变量与定位器位置变化量之间的数学模型。在某型工艺装备上搭建型架定位器位置检测试验平台,根据试验数据分别建立了定位器在平面及空间范围受载下的位置检测神经网络模型。试验结果表明：当神经网络样本数量一定时,模型对定位器位置的预测精度与加载偏移角度有关,偏移角度越小,加载覆盖率越高,模型的预测精度越高。其中,平面内以30°间隔、空间以45°间隔加载时,建立的神经网络模型对定位器位置的预测精度满足定位要求,验证了本文方法的可行性。该方法摈弃了用数字化设备直接测量的传统方式,弥补了因视线遮挡而造成个别定位器位置无法被检测的缺陷,能对装配过程中所有定位器的位置进行检测,解决定位器位置偏差过大造成的飞机部件检测质量差的问题,提升了飞机的装配质量。     

丝网印版变形对印刷位置精度的建模及分析

目的 研究丝网印版变形对印刷位置精度的影响,建立关于丝网印版变形的理论计算模型和有限元模型。方法 根据实际调研,构建丝网印版三维模型,分析丝网印版可能的变形及其对印刷位置精度的影响,建立关于网距、图文位置、预张力等参数的理论计算模型;将丝网印版合理简化后,构建有限元模型并计算分析。结果 随网距的增大,x、y2个方向上的位置误差均增大,且增大趋势近似二次曲线;图文位置对x向位置误差的影响趋势近似三次曲线,但与y向位置误差之间存在线性正相关关系,在丝网印版中心位置处的误差接近于0;预张力与位置误差之间存在线性负相关关系。结论 丝网印版变形的理论计算模型与有限元模型的分析计算结果基本吻合,该模型能较好地预测各参数对位置精度的影响,为控制印刷位置精度的参数选择提供了指导。     

The effect of chevron alignment signs on driver performance on horizontal curves with different roadway geometries

To develop a practicable and clear guideline for implementing Chevrons on China’s highways, it is necessary to understand the effect of Chevrons on driving performance in different roadway geometries.Using a driving simulator, this study tests the effect of China’s Chevrons on vehicle speed and lane position on two-lane rural highway horizontal curves with different roadway geometries.The results showed a significant effect of Chevrons on speed reduction, and this function was not significantly affected by curve radius but was statistically affected by curve direction. The speed reduction caused by Chevrons was also significant at the approach of curve, middle of curve and point of tangent. The 85th percentile speed was also markedly lower when Chevrons were present. We also found a significant effect of Chevrons in encouraging participants to drive the vehicle with a more proper lane position at the first half of curves; and this function was slightly affected by curve radius. Meanwhile, the effect of Chevrons on keeping drivers staying in a more stable lane position was also statistically significant at the second half of curves. In sharp curves, the function of Chevrons to make drivers keep a stable lane position was lost. Besides, the impact of curve direction on the function of Chevrons on lane position was always present, and drivers would drive slightly away from Chevrons.Regardless of the curve radius, China’s Chevrons at horizontal curves provide an advance warning, speed control and lane position guide for traffic on the nearside of Chevrons. Besides, combing with the function of Chevrons on preventing excessive speed and the benefit to make drivers keep a more proper lane position, China’s Chevrons appear to be of great benefit to reduce crashes (e.g., run-off-road) in curves.