基于改进量子粒子群的K-means聚类算法及其应用

针对传统K-means聚类算法受初始类中心影响导致聚类准确度较低的问题,利用量子粒子群优化算法全局搜索能力强、收敛速度快的优势,提出一种基于改进量子粒子群的K-means聚类算法.为防止量子粒子群优化算法陷入局部极值,采用具有高斯扰动的局部吸引子以提高种群跳出局部最优的能力;为提高算法的收敛速度,采用加权更新种群平均最...     

结合双粒子群和K-means的混合文本聚类算法

传统K-means算法对初始聚类中心选择较敏感, 结果有可能收敛于一般次优解, 为些提出一种结合双粒子群和K-means的混合文本聚类算法。设计了自调整惯性权值策略, 根据最优适应度值的变化率动态调整惯性权值。两子群分别采用基于不同惯性权值策略的粒子群算法进化, 子代间及子代与父代信息交流, 共享最优粒子, 替换最劣粒子, 完成进化, 该算法命名为双粒子群算法。将能平衡全局与局部搜索能力的双粒子群算法与高效的K-means算法结合, 每个粒子是一组聚类中心, 类内离散度之和的倒数是适应度函数, 用K-means算法优化新生粒子, 即为结合双粒子群和K-means的混合文本聚类算法。实验结果表明, 该算法相对于K-means、PSO等文本聚类算法具有更强鲁棒性, 聚类效果也有明显的改善。     

基于粒子对和极值优化的基因聚类混合算法研究

针对粒子对算法存在过早陷入局部最优导致精度不是很高的问题,建议了一种新的基于粒子对(PPO)与极值优化(EO)混合算法。该算法利用PPO和EO的优点,借助K-means快速聚类的结果初始化其中一个粒子,并根据一定迭代次数在精英粒子对的迭代过程中引入EO算法,在保证算法收敛的同时避免后期过早陷入局部最优,从而提高聚类结果的精度。将混合算法应用于真实的基因表达数据。实验结果表明,混合算法比K-means和粒子对算法具有更好的聚类精度和稳定性。     

一种改进的基于粒子群的聚类算法

针对K-means对初始聚类中心敏感和易陷入局部最优的缺点,提出了一种改进的基于粒子群的聚类算法.该算法结合基于密度和最大最小距离法来确定初始聚类中心,解决K-means对初始值敏感的问题;利用粒子群算法全局寻优能力强的优点,避免K-means陷入局部最优.通过对样本集各维属性的规范化处理,惯性权值采用凹函数递减,计算相异度矩阵,引入用群体适应度方差,进一步优化混合算法.实验结果表明,该算法具有更高的准确率和更强的收敛能力.     

基于改进鱼群和K-means的混合聚类算法

针对传统K-means算法存在的缺陷,引进人工鱼群算法,提出了一种基于改进鱼群和K-means的混合聚类算法。聚类样本中心点初始化时,人工鱼各维参数随机选择在对应属性两个极值之间,同时为了降低计算复杂度,提高收敛效率,寻找全局最优,首先对随机选取的一小部分人工鱼进行K-means操作,然后对全体人工鱼的追尾算子引入粒子群策略,引导其学习,模拟人工鱼的行为。通过Matlab仿真实现算法,在费雪鸢尾花卉数据集和葡萄酒质量数据集进行了实验,算法的有效性和可行性得到了验证。     

混沌粒子群与模糊聚类在图像分割中的应用

模糊C均值聚类算法是目前使用最广泛的模糊聚类算法,但是该算法也有其局限性,比如在迭代过程中对初始值非常敏感,极容易陷入局部极小值,以至于得不到最佳聚类结果。将粒子群优化算法应用到模糊C均值聚类算法中,提出一种基于混沌粒子群的模糊C均值聚类算法。它能够利用粒子群算法强大的全局寻优能力避免算法收敛于局部极值,最大程度上达到全局最佳聚类结果。为了避免粒子在迭代过程中停滞,该算法引入了混沌变量,以当前的全局最优位置来产生一个混沌序列,用混沌序列中拥有最优适应值的粒子随机代替当前粒子群中的一个粒子。将基于混沌粒子群的模糊C均值聚类算法应用于图像分割中,实验结果表明该算法能够有效地分割图像,并具有良好的鲁棒性和适应性。     

自适应布谷鸟搜索的并行K-means聚类算法*

针对K-means聚类算法受初始类中心影响,聚类结果容易陷入局部最优导致聚类准确率较低的问题,提出了一种基于自适应布谷鸟搜索的K-means 聚类改进算法,并利用MapReduce编程模型实现了改进算法的并行化。通过搭建的Hadoop分布式计算平台对不同样本数据集分别进行10次准确性实验和效率实验,结果表明：(1)聚类的平均准确率在实验所采用的4种UCI标准数据集上,相比原始K-means聚类算法和基于粒子群优化算法改进的K-means聚类算法都有所提高;(2) 聚类的平均运行效率在实验所采用的5种大小递增的随机数据集上,当数据量较大时,显著优于原始K-means串行算法,稍好于粒子群优化算法改进的并行K-means聚类算法。可以得出结论,在大数据情景下,应用该算法的聚类效果较好。     

基于混沌粒子群的模糊C-均值聚类算法

为了解决模糊C-均值(FCM)聚类算法的固有缺陷,提出基于混沌粒子群的模糊C-均值聚类算法(CPSO-FCM).针对FCM对聚类初始值的敏感度问题,辅以粒子群算法以避免随机选取的聚类数和聚类中心所导致的结果不一致.通过引入混沌序列,在粒子的位置和速度上与原有粒子群优化算法所得计算值加以比较,取优者.这样不仅能够提高算法全局搜索能力,也可有助于粒子跳出局部最优.同时定义加速因子与逃逸算子对粒子移动速度加以优化,以加速收敛.实验结果表明,CSPO-FCM算法稳定性强,收敛速度快,且聚类的准确率高,效果较好.     

基于模拟退火粒子群算法的FCM聚类方法

针对模糊C-均值（FCM）聚类算法易陷入局部极小值和对初始值敏感的缺点,提出了一种基于模拟退火粒子群优化的模糊聚类算法。该算法利用粒子群强大的全局寻优能力和模拟退火算法跳出局部极值的能力,克服了模糊C-均值聚类算法的不足。实验表明,该算法有很好的全局收敛性,能够较快地收敛到最优解。     

自适应K值的粒子群聚类算法

传统K-means算法除了对初始聚类中心的选择非常敏感,易收敛到局部最优解外,还存在着K值难以确定的问题,不合适的K值往往会得到较差的聚类结果。而K值问题也是聚类分析中的一个重要的研究方向,在粒子群聚类算法的基础上,结合K-means算法,提出了自适应K值的粒子群聚类算法。当算法收敛时,可通过比较不同K值时全局最优适应度值之间的关系来决定K值的增大与减小。实验表明改进的算法可以有效指导K值的选取,并且具有较好的聚类效果。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).