水稻内源油菜素甾醇对施氮量的响应及其对颖花退化的调控作用

为探明油菜素甾醇(brassinosteroids,BRs)是否介导氮肥对水稻颖花退化的影响。水稻品种扬稻6号和甬优2640种植于盆钵,全生育期设置3种施氮水平,观察了不同氮肥处理下水稻减数分裂期幼穗中氮含量、BRs、过氧化氢(H2O2)和总抗氧化能力(totalantioxidantcapacity,T-AOC)水平及其与颖花退化的关系。结果表明,颖花退化率的降低与稻穗中增加的24-表油菜素甾酮(24-epicastasterone,24-epiCS)和28-高油菜素内酯(28-homobrassinolide,28-homBL)含量密切相关。当稻穗的氮含量为1.25%时,幼穗中BRs(24-epiCS和28-homBL)含量显著增加,颖花退化率显著降低。稻穗中T-AOC水平与BRs含量变化趋势相同,且均与水稻颖花退化率显著负相关,而H_2O_2含量与BRs含量和T-AOC变化趋势相反。施用外源BRs(24-epiCS或28-homBL)可显著提高稻穗中内源BRs(24-epiCS和28-homBL)含量与T-AOC水平,并显著降低稻穗中H_2O_2含量和颖花退化率,施用BRs合成抑制剂则效果相反。表明BRs可以介导氮肥对水稻颖花退化的调控,在减数分裂期适宜的稻穗含氮量(1.25%)可有效提高幼穗中的BRs含量,并通过提高抗氧化能力来抑制颖花退化。     

水稻温敏型叶片白化转绿突变体tsa2的表型鉴定与基因定位

水稻温敏型叶色突变体是研究植物光合作用、叶绿体结构和功能以及温度影响叶绿体发育的理想材料。利用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变籼型水稻(OryzasativaL.)三系保持系西农1B,从其后代中筛选到一个突变性状稳定遗传的温敏型叶片白化转绿突变体tsa2 (temperature-sensitive green-revertible albino 2)。与野生型相比, tsa2突变表型受温度影响, 22°C条件下萌发的野生型幼苗表型正常,而tsa2幼苗完全白化,且约40%白化苗死亡,存活白化苗的光合色素含量、光合速率均显著降低,成熟期主要农艺性状均显著变劣;在28°C下萌发的tsa2幼苗叶片呈浅绿色并伴有白条纹,其光合色素含量显著降低,光合速率及主要农艺性状差异较小; 32°C下萌发的tsa2幼苗叶片无明显差异。透射电镜观察显示,与野生型相比,tsa2在22°C下叶肉细胞中无叶绿体或存在异常发育叶绿体(尚未分化出基粒和基层),在28°C下部分叶肉细胞含少量发育完整的叶绿体,在32°C下叶肉细胞数量及形态均正常。实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)分析表明,与野生型相比,tsa2突变体中部分光合色素代谢途径基因、叶绿体发育相关基因及光合作用相关基因的表达水平呈不同程度变化。遗传分析表明, tsa2突变表型受一对隐性核基因控制, TSA2被定位于第5染色体SSR标记S5-57和S5-119之间,物理距离为718 kb。本研究为水稻遗传改良及研究温度影响叶绿体发育机制奠定了基础。     

水稻圆粒基因RS的鉴定和定位

阐明水稻籽粒大小相关基因的遗传和分子机制对水稻产量形成具有重要意义。利用甲基磺酸乙酯(ethyl methanesulfonate, EMS)诱变粳稻品种宁粳3号筛选获得圆粒突变体round seed (rs)。遗传分析表明,突变体rs圆粒表型由单隐性核基因控制。颖壳扫描电镜观察发现,rs籽粒变圆主要是细胞数目改变导致的。在突变体rs中,细胞周期相关基因的表达较野生型显著升高。将RS定位在第3染色体短臂标记RM3413与N3-5之间,物理距离约589 kb。RS突变影响BR信号途径,改变了粒型相关基因的表达。本研究有助于阐明水稻籽粒发育的分子机制。     

水稻类病斑早衰突变体lmps1的表型鉴定与基因定位

经甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变优良籼型水稻恢复系缙恢10号,获得一个稳定遗传的水稻类病斑早衰突变体lmps1(lesion mimic and premature senescence 1)。该突变体苗期表型正常,分蘖早期出现褐色类病斑,且斑点数目随植株生长而增多,孕穗期叶片开始萎黄衰老。与野生型相比,突变体lmps1的每穗总粒数下降8%(P0.05),株高、穗长、有效穗数、每穗实粒数、结实率以及千粒重分别下降14.3%、24.3%、27.2%、50%、45.7%与14.5%,差异均达极显著水平(P0.01)。遮光处理表明,突变体lmps1的类病斑性状受光照诱导。孕穗期叶片光合色素含量下降且光合效率降低, H2O2含量增加,抗氧化酶SOD和CAT的活性显著降低。透射电镜观察结果显示,突变体lmps1叶肉细胞中叶绿体数目减少,叶绿体的类囊体片层结构损伤降解。qRT-PCR结果显示,突变体lmps1中防卫反应相关基因除POX22.3表达量降低外,POC1、PAL、PBZ1、PR1、NPR1、PR5表达量均极显著高于野生型。遗传分析表明突变体lmps1的类病斑早衰性状受1对隐性核基因控制,利用西农1A与突变体lmps1杂交所得F2群体中的突变株,将目标基因定位于第7染色体长臂端粒附近约167.3 kb的物理区段内。     

水稻半外卷叶突变体sol1的表型分析与基因定位

适度卷曲有利于提高水稻叶片的光合效率,增加植株光合产物的有效积累量。我们利用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)处理籼型水稻保持系西农1B,获得一个稳定遗传的水稻半外卷叶突变体。该突变体从十叶期开始各叶片逐渐向外卷曲直至半卷状,并伴随茎秆半矮化和叶片披垂,暂被命名为semi-outcurved leaf 1 (sol1)。与野生型(WT)相比, sol1的叶片卷曲指数均达到30%以上(P<0.01);倒一、倒二、倒三、倒四节节间长度和穗长极显著缩短,倒一、倒二、倒三叶的叶夹角显著或极显著增加;有效穗数、千粒重、每穗实粒数、结实率显著或极显著下降,一次枝梗数则增加11.3%(P<0.05)。sol1的蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度显著高于野生型。石蜡切片显示, sol1倒一叶的泡状细胞体积变小,数量显著增多,表皮细胞体积略微增大。遗传分析表明, sol1的半外卷叶性状受1对隐性核基因调控,定位于6号染色体标记JY6-3和JY6-10之间165kb的物理范围内,共含15个注释基因。qRT-PCR结果表明,与泡状细胞相关的内卷基因和外卷叶基因RL14、Roc5、REL1在突变体sol1中呈...     

Fine mapping and photosynthetic characteristics of the lower chlorophyll b 1 mutant in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Chlorophylls absorb and transfer light energy to the photosynthetic system. Consequently, chlorophyll content is strongly related to crop biomass and yield. We isolated a rice spontaneous mutant, lower chlorophyll b 1 (lcb1), from a recombinant inbred line population. Under normal growth conditions, lcb1 plants produced yellow leaves with decreased total chlorophyll and chlorophyll b contents, but normal chlorophyll a content. Photosynthetic and fluorescence parameters differed between wild‐type and lcb1 plants. Compared with wild type, lcb1 had a higher electron transfer rate, a lower photochemical quenching coefficient and significantly reduced grain number, biomass and yield. A recessive nuclear gene controlled the mutant trait. Through map‐based cloning, we located the LCB1 gene in a 117.4‐kb region on the short arm of chromosome 3, close to the centromere, in a region containing 15 predicted candidate genes. None of these genes was directly related to chlorophylls or the chloroplast; therefore, lcb1 may be a mutation of a novel gene. These results will be useful for further research on the molecular mechanisms controlling biogenesis and chloroplast biochemical processes.     

水稻矮化大粒突变体sdb1的鉴定与基因定位

适度矮化有利于提高水稻的抗倒伏性, 进而影响产量和品质, 是水稻育种中重要的选择性状之一, 因此研究矮秆形成的分子机制具有重要的意义。为鉴定新的矮秆资源, 探讨株高形成的分子调控机制, 我们对籼型恢复系缙恢10号的EMS (甲基磺酸乙酯)诱变体库进行了鉴定, 从中筛选到1个植株半矮化且籽粒变大的突变体sdb1。本文对其进行了形态鉴定、细胞学观察、遗传分析和基因定位等研究。田间种植条件下, 全生育期sdb1的株高都明显矮于野生型, 成熟期仅76.66 cm, 与野生型的117.43 cm相比, 下降了34.72%, 差异达极显著水平, 进一步分析发现sdb1的穗和各节间长均显著变短。在茎秆石蜡切片中发现, 纵向细胞的长度与野生型相比无显著变化, 横向细胞面积极显著变小、数量则极显著增加, 纵向细胞变少是导致sdb1植株半矮化的主要原因。除植株变矮外, sdb1的另一典型特征是籽粒变大, 千粒重由野生型的24.83 g变为突变体的29.00 g, 差异达极显著水平; 颖壳中薄壁细胞数量增加了22.05%, 致使籽粒的长、宽、厚均极显著变大, 从而提高了sdb1的粒重。此外, sdb1叶肉细胞层数增多, 导致其光合色素含量极显著高于野生型, 叶片呈现深绿色。遗传分析发现, sdb1的突变表型受单隐性核基因调控, 利用中花11/sdb1杂交组合的F₂隐性植株, 最终将调控基因定位在第4染色体SSR标记RM16632和Indel标记J50-7之间约406 kb的物理范围内。这为SDB1的克隆和功能研究奠定了基础, 也有助于水稻株高发育分子机制的进一步阐释。     

一个水稻长穗颈突变体eui1(t)的鉴定和基因定位

利用EMS(甲基磺酸乙酯)诱变优良恢复系缙恢10号种子,在其后代获得了一个长穗颈高秆突变体,暂命名为eui1(t)。与诱变亲本相比,倒一节间、倒二节间和穗颈显著伸长,其中,顶节间伸长最为明显。遗传分析表明,该性状受一对隐性核基因控制。利用西农1A/eui(t)的F2群体进行基因定位,初步将eui1(t)基因定位在第5染色体长臂末端,位于SSR分子标记RM3321和RM26内侧,分别相距12.3cM和15.8cM。     

水稻早衰突变体esl2的遗传分析和基因定位

利用EMS诱变水稻籼型恢复系缙恢10号, 从其后代中鉴定出一个早衰突变体esl2, 苗期正常, 孕穗期开始叶尖和叶缘黄化衰老。与野生型相比, 孕穗期和抽穗期光合色素含量均显著下降, 抽穗期倒一叶的超氧化酶歧化酶(SOD)活性、可溶性蛋白(SP)含量降低, 活性氧(ROS)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(PRO)含量或活性增加。超微结构观察表明, esl2衰老部位的细胞多中空且形状不规则, 伴随细胞裂解、细胞质溶解等特征; 同时, 叶绿体结构异常, 叶绿体膜溶解、基粒模糊, 基质片层疏松, 类囊体发育异常。遗传分析表明, 该突变体受一对隐性核基因调控。利用1 005株西农1A/esl2的F₂隐性定位群体, 最终将Esl2定位在第4染色体SSR标记RM17122和swu4-13之间, 物理距离约244 kb, 这为Esl2基因的克隆和功能研究奠定了基础。     

一个水稻披叶突变体的遗传分析和基因定位

在杂交育种后代中,发现了一个叶片披垂的突变体,暂命名为dl(t).通过两年观察,表现稳定遗传.以该突变体为父本,Y2B和缙香2B分别为母本配制杂交组合,F2遗传分析表明,该披叶性状由一对隐性基因控制.利用突变体与Y2B杂交得到的F2代群体进行基因定位,发现dl(t)基因位于第3染色体短臂上标记RM6038和RM5347之间,遗传距离分别为3.99 cM和0.94 cM.进一步在两标记之间发展新的分子标记,将该基因定位在RM6038和RM7576之间,分别相距3.99 cM和0.47 cM,且与RM1324共分离.这一结果表明该基因可能与已报道的水稻披叶突变基因dl(drooping leaf)等位.但该披叶突变体除叶片表现披垂外,其他性状与所有已报道的dl等位基因都不同,特别是花器官性状发育正常,这显然与已有报道的dl等位基因不同.     

增强叶片氮素输出对水稻分蘖和碳代谢的影响

增施氮肥是保证水稻高产的重要栽培措施,但高氮肥投入所增加的植株氮素积累大部分滞留在营养器官中,对产量的促进作用有限。叶片是氮素储存的主要器官及籽粒氮素的主要供给源。为了明确植株中氮素分配对水稻生长的影响,本研究将拟南芥铵转运蛋白基因AtAMT1.2在水稻韧皮部特异表达,促进叶片氮素输出,检测转基因水稻植株在不同氮肥浓度下的生长情况。试验结果显示,高氮下pOsSUT1::AtAMT1.2转基因水稻分蘖数、氮素利用效率显著增加,叶片中糖输出量增加,分蘖芽中独角金内酯途径相关基因OsTB1、OsD14表达水平下调。研究说明增加叶片氮素输出能够增大叶片中糖向分蘖芽的转运量,促进分蘖生长,从而提高了有效分蘖数并带来了更高的氮素利用效率。     

一个新的水稻短根毛突变体的遗传分析和基因定位

根毛是植物吸收水分和养分的重要器官。本研究从T-DNA突变体库中获得一个以中花11为遗传背景的水稻短根毛突变体, 命名为ossrh3 (Oryza sativa short root hair 3)。该突变体的根毛伸长严重受阻, 并且伴随株高、主根长、侧根长和侧根数目等性状的改变。遗传分析表明该突变性状受1对隐性单基因控制, 利用ossrh3纯合体和籼稻品种Kasalath杂交构建F₂定位群体, 利用已公布的水稻SSR (simple sequence repeat)和自行设计的STS (sequence- tagged site)标记, 最终将OsSRH3定位在水稻第1染色体上的标记S38978和S39016之间, 物理距离约为37.7 kb, 包含8个候选基因, 为进一步克隆OsSRH3基因和研究禾本科作物根毛发育的分子调控机理提供了依据。     

Mapping of quantitative trait loci associated with rice black‐streaked dwarf virus disease and its insect vector in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Rice black‐streaked dwarf virus disease (RBSDVD), transmitted by small brown planthopper (SBPH, Laodelphax striatellus), causes serious loss in rice production. Breeding resistant cultivars are one of the most effective strategies to control the virus disease and its vector. By both natural inoculations in the field and modified seedling‐box screening test in the glasshouse, an indica variety WR24 showed high resistance to RBSDVD and SBPH. An F_2:3 population consisting of 153 lines derived from a cross between WR24 and a susceptible japonica variety Suyunuo was used for quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of RBSDVD and SBPH resistance. The linkage map consisting of 130 SSR markers was constructed with an average marker interval of 13.90 cM, spanning a total of 1890.9 cM. Totally, five QTLs for RBSDV resistance, viz. qRBSDV3^WR24, qRBSDV6^WR24, qRBSDV7^WR24, qRBSDV9^WR24 and qRBSDV11^WR24, were detected on chromosomes 3, 6, 7, 9 and 11, with LOD scores of 2.7, 3.08, 3.13, 5.28 and 3.7, respectively. Meanwhile, three QTLs for SBPH resistance, including qSBPH5^WR24, qSBPH7^WR24 and qSBPH10^WR24, were mapped on chromosomes 5, 7 and 10, with LOD scores of 2.18, 3.5 and 3.57, respectively. All resistant alleles were from WR24. Among these QTLs, qRBSDV7^WR24, qSBPH5^WR24 and qSBPH10^WR24 were newly reported, and qSBPH10^WR24 showed major effect that explained 17.9% of total phenotypic variance. The RBSDVD and SBPH resistance QTLs and the tightly linked DNA markers can be utilized in RBSDV and SBPH resistance breeding in rice.     

水稻颖壳和浆片异常突变体ahl的基因定位

研究水稻花发育基因对于水稻相关性状的分子育种具有十分重要的意义。本研究报道一个水稻颖壳和浆片异常突变体ahl (abnormal hull and lodicule),来源于优良恢复系缙恢10号的EMS诱变群体。该突变体内外稃变小并发生严重扭曲,浆片顶端伸长。内外稃异常导致灌浆后米粒变小、畸形,千粒重下降。该性状遗传稳定,受一对隐性基因控制,利用群体分离分析法(bulked segregation analysis,BSA)将AHL基因定位在第2染色体上的SSR标记RM14153与RM14167之间,遗传距离分别为1.19 cM和1.34 cM,物理距离为226 kb。研究结果为AHL基因的图位克隆和功能研究奠定了基础。     

一个水稻花器官数目突变体的遗传分析与基因定位

水稻颖花突变体是开展鉴定和克隆水稻花器官发育基因研究的重要材料,在水稻重组自交系构建过程中,发现一个水稻花器官数目突变体,暂命名为fon6(floral organ number).首先对突变体的花器官性状进行鉴定,然后利用F2群体进行遗传分析和基因定位.该突变体的特征为浆片颖壳化,内外稃和雌蕊增多,雄蕊减少并外露,雌...     

水稻短根相关基因OsKSR2的定位

根系是将植物固定于土壤及吸收利用水分和养分的重要器官。本研究从甲基磺酸乙酯(ethyl methane sulfonate,EMS)诱变的籼稻Kasalath突变体库中,筛选到一个水稻根系发育缺陷的突变体,命名为Osksr2 (Oryza sativa kasalath short root 2),该突变体植株整体矮小,主根、不定根和侧根的伸长都受到抑制。遗传分析表明该突变性状由1对隐性核基因控制,将该基因命名为OsKSR2。将Osksr2纯合体与粳稻日本晴杂交构建F₂群体,利用已经公布的水稻SSR标记和自行设计的STS标记进行基因定位,将OsKSR2定位在水稻第8染色体STS标记S27887与S27988之间约101 kb的范围内。通过水稻基因组注释系统共预测到17个开放阅读框(ORF),没有已知的与根系发育相关的基因。对OsKSR2的定位将为进一步克隆该基因和阐明水稻根系伸长的分子机理奠定基础。     

水稻条斑花叶突变体生态st(t) 的鉴定与遗传定位

利用EMS诱变育成优良籼型恢复系缙恢10号,从其后代中鉴定出一个白色条斑花叶突变体st(t),在三叶期开始表现白斑,拔节期白斑变为不规则线状,一直保持到成熟。突变体叶绿素含量明显下降,类胡萝卜素含量显著升高。透射电镜观察表明,突变体的绿色叶片部位与野生型相比,在细胞结构上无明显差异,叶绿体发育正常;突变体的白化部位细胞结构异常,质体内多含有积聚在一起的嗜锇小球,不能发育出正常叶绿体所具有的类囊体和基质片层结构。遗传分析表明该性状受一对隐性核基因调控,利用1 500株西农1A/st(t)的F₂隐性定位群体,最终把St(t)基因定位在第6染色体SSR标记RM19745和RM19762之间,遗传距离分别为0.07 cM和0.27 cM,根据9311基因组序列推测,两标记之间的物理距离约为345 kb。这为St(t)基因的图位克隆和分子标记辅助育种奠定了基础。     

Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Reproductive‐Stage Salt Tolerance in Rice

Salinity tolerance in rice varies with the state of growth, with the seedling and reproductive stages being the most sensitive. However, association between tolerances at the two stages is poor, suggesting that they are regulated by different processes and genes. Tolerance at the reproductive stage is the most crucial as it determines grain yield. An F₂ mapping population was developed from two rice genotypes contrasting in tolerance: Cheriviruppu and Pusa Basmati 1 (PB1). Cheriviruppu is highly tolerant at the reproductive stage, while PB1 is highly sensitive at both seedling and reproductive stages. One hundred and thirty‐one microsatellite markers polymorphic between the parents were used to construct a linkage map of 1458.5 cM (Kosambi), with a mean intermarker distance of 11.1 cM. Sixteen QTLs with LOD values ranging from 3.2 to 22.3 were identified on chromosomes 1, 7, 8 and 10, explaining 4–47 % of the phenotypic variation. The maximum number of QTL clusters for different component traits was colocalized on the long arm of chromosome 1 and chromosome 7. We identified several significant epistatic interactions, including three inter‐QTL interactions, using MapManager. The results suggest that pollen fertility, Na⁺ concentration and Na/K ratio in the flag leaf are the most important mechanisms controlling salt tolerance at the reproductive stage in rice. The study reports the construction of a genetic map for reproductive‐stage salt tolerance in rice and demonstrates its utility for molecular mapping of QTLs controlling salinity tolerance‐related traits, which will be useful in marker‐assisted selection in the future.     

Fine mapping and candidate gene analysis of a new mutant gene for panicle apical abortion in rice

The rice panicle architecture depends on the arrangement of branches and spikelets which directly affect grain yield. We identified a mutant for panicle apical abortion (PAA-Hwa) from a japonica cultivar Hwacheongbyeo treated with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Under normal growth conditions, the mutant had multiple abnormal phenotypes, such as a slight reduction in plant height, narrow and dark green leaf blades, and small erect panicles with clear PAA compared to the wild-type plants. Genetic analysis revealed that the PAA was controlled by a single recessive gene, which is tentatively designated as paa-h. The paa-h gene was fine mapped at an interval of 71 kb flanked by sequence tagged site markers aptn3 and S6685-1 at the long arm of chromosome 4. Sequence analysis of the candidate genes within the delimited region showed a single base-pair change corresponding to an amino acid substitution from glycine to glutamic acid at the candidate gene, LOC_Os04g56160. We expect that the paa-h gene will be a clue to uncover the molecular mechanism of PAA and to maintain the panicle identity for grain yield in rice breeding programs.