硇洲岛潮汐带牡蛎相关可培养细菌多样性

[目的]了解南海硇洲岛潮汐带香港巨牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)相关可培养细菌的多样性.[方法]应用纯培养法分离样品中的细菌(含放线菌),采用基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析方法研究这些分离菌株的生物多样性.[结果]用补充0-25％(W/V) NaC1的MA、MH和NA培养基从样品中分离到102株细菌,在形态观察和部分生理生化实验结果的基础上去冗余,选取74个代表性菌株进行基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析.结果表明,这些菌株归为38个物种,属于4个大的系统发育类群(Gamma-Proteobacteria,Alpha-Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Firmicutes)的16个科、18个属.大多数菌株属于Gamma-Proteobacteria亚门(45株,60.8％),其余依次是Firmicutes门(12株,16.2％)、Bacteroidetes门(11株,14.9％)和Alpha-Proteobacteria亚门(6株,8.1％).大多数菌株与其系统发育关系最密切的有效发表种典型菌株之间(16S rRNA基因序列相似性为94.3％-99.8％)存在一定的遗传差异,其中JSM 111069可能代表Carnobacteriaceae科的潜在新属;菌株JSM 111039和JSM 111085可能分别代表Bacillus属的两个新物种,菌株JSM 111020、JSM 111072和JSM 111090可能分别代表Pseudoalteromonas、Proteus和Idiomarina属的新物种.[结论]南海硇洲岛潮汐带牡蛎中存在较为丰富的原核生物多样性,并潜藏着一定数量的微生物新类群(物种).     

湛江硇洲岛海葵相关可培养细菌系统发育多样性

【目的】了解湛江硇洲岛海葵样品中相关可培养细菌的多样性。【方法】运用纯培养法和基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析对样品中可培养细菌多样性进行研究。【结果】用补充0～2.0 mol/L NaCl 的MA、ISP 2、NA、SWA和HAA培养基从海葵样品中分离到126株细菌,通过形态观察和部分生理生化实验去冗余,选取42株具有代表性的菌株进行基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育多样性分析。结果表明,42个分离菌株可分为25个物种,属于3个大的系统发育类群(Firmicutes,Gamma-Proteobacteria,Actinobacteria)、11个科、18个属。多数菌株属于Firmicutes门（17株,40.5％）和Gamma-Proteobacteria亚门（14株,33.3％）。这些分离菌株中,至少有6个菌株可能代表6个不同属的6个新物种：JSM 071004、JSM 071068、JSM 071073、JSM 072002、JSM 073008和JSM073097分别代表Bacillus、Halobacillus、Piscibacillus、Pontibacillus、Alteromonas和Nocardiopsis属的新物种。【结论】从以上结果可以看出,湛江硇洲岛海葵中存在较为丰富的微生物物种多样性和系统发育多样性,并且潜藏着较多的新的微生物类群（物种）。     

硇洲岛海胆可培养细菌的多样性

摘要：【目的】研究南海硇洲岛马粪海胆（Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus）可培养细菌多样性。【方法】采用纯培养法和基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析对样品中细菌（含放线菌）多样性进行研究。【结果】用补充0～2.0 mol/L NaCl的MA、ISP 2、NA、SWA和HAA培养基从海胆样品中分离到106株细菌菌株,根据形态观察和部分生理生化实验结果去冗余,选取34个代表性菌株进行基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育多样性分析。结果表明,这些分离菌株代表21个物种,属于3个大的系     

栉江珧相关细菌抗菌活性筛选及系统发育分析

采用8种敏感指示菌(革兰阳性和阴性菌各3株,真菌2株),利用琼脂扩散法,对分离自南海硇洲岛潮汐带栉江珧(Atrina pectinata)样品的细菌进行抗菌活性筛选,并对具有较强生物活性的菌株进行系统发育分析和生物学特征观察.结果显示,125个分离菌株中,有18株的发酵液具有抗菌活性,占受试菌种总数的14.4％,其中6株(JSM 112006、JSM 114095、JSM 114060、JSM 112019、JSM 114054、JSM 114093)具有较强的抗茵活性.基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析表明,这些活性菌株类群多样性较高,分属于4个属:菌株JSM 112006属于Marinobacter属;JSM 114095属于Halomonas属;JSM 114060和JSM 112019属于Salinivibrio属;JSM 114054和JSM 114093属于Staphylococcus属.研究结果表明,南海硇洲岛潮汐带栉江珧分离菌株中存在一定比例的抗菌活性菌株,且这些细茵具有较为丰富的类群多样性.     

基于线粒体COⅠ序列的南海北部栉江珧遗传多样性分析

为了解南海栉江珧(Atrina pectinata)的群体遗传变异特征, 研究利用线粒体DNA COⅠ(细胞色素氧化酶亚单位Ⅰ)基因部分序列对7个群体共191个栉江珧个体进行群体遗传多样性和遗传结构分析。结果显示: 在600 bp长的序列中, 共检测到113个核苷酸变异位点, 定义了73个单倍型。南海北部栉江珧总体呈现较高的单倍型多样性(0.8996)和较高的核苷酸多样性(0.0257), 但L1组内6个群体(汕头、阳江、湛江、海口、琼海、北海)呈现较高的单倍型多样性(0.8133—0.9286)和较低的核苷酸多样性(0.0033—0.0045)。单倍型系统发育树和网络支系图将7个群体划分为L1和L2(防城港群体)两大类群, 但L1组单倍型并未表现出与地理位置相对应的谱系结构。F_st分析显示, L1组内6个群体间不存在明显的遗传分化(F_st= –0.0200— –0.0055, P>0.05), 但L1组与L2组间存在极显著的遗传分化(F_st=0.8729—0.8821, P<0.01)。L1组的Tajima’s D检验(D= –2.3190, P=0)和Fu’s F_s检验(F_s=–26.8316, P=0)均为显著负值, 核苷酸不配对分布呈明显的单峰分布; L2组的Tajima’s D检验(D=–1.4320, P=0.0565)为不显著负值, Fu’s F_s检验(F_s=4.9540, P=0.9620)为不显著正值。以上数据说明, L1组和L2组栉江珧可能已经分化为两个群体, L1组内6个群体具有频繁的基因交流, 导致了较高的遗传同质性。     

一平浪盐矿古老岩盐沉积中可培养细菌的系统发育多样性研究

运用纯培养法和基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析对云南省一平浪盐矿古老岩盐沉积中可培养细菌的多样性进行了研究。用补充0.5~3.5mol/L NaCl的MBA和ISP2琼脂培养基从卤水、岩盐和盐土样品中分离到38株细菌,用细菌通用引物进行16S rRNA基因扩增和序列测定,用相关软件进行序列相似性搜索、比对和系统发育分析。结果表明,38个分离菌株可分为31个物种,属于4个大的系统发育类群(Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Firmicutes,Actinobacteria)、17个科、24个属。多数菌株属于Proteobacteria门(18株,47.3%;Gamma-Proteobacteria,31.5%;Alpha-Proteobacteria,15.8%)和Firmicutes门(13株,34.2%)。这些分离菌株中,至少有3个菌株可能代表3个不同属的3个新物种:Y3、Y15和Y25分别代表Idiomarina属、Salinicoccus属和Saccharospirillum属的新物种;而菌株Y21有可能代表Staphylococcaceae科的一个新属。从以上结果可以看出,一平浪盐矿古老岩盐沉积中存在较为丰富的微生物物种多样性和系统发育多样性,并且潜藏着新的微生物资源。     

中国南海沉积环境可培养细菌多样性研究

【目的】探索海洋沉积环境中可培养细菌的多样性。【方法】采用纯培养分离及16S rRNA基因序列鉴定的方法,对我国南海海域20个沉积物样品进行细菌多样性分析。【结果】共获得200株细菌,分属于47个属,99个种。经系统进化分析,可培养菌株主要分布于4个类群:厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),优势类群为Firmicutes,其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)所占比例为55.6%;而Actinobacteria和Bacteroidetes两个类群获得菌株较少;在Firmicutes和Actinobacteria两个类群中发现8个潜在新种和3个潜在新属级类群。【结论】初步研究结果表明,南海海洋沉积环境可培养微生物资源丰富,新物种资源多样;其中,芽孢杆菌为海洋沉积环境中的优势类群,随着样品深度的增加,细菌多样性呈现递减的趋势,深度可能是影响细菌多样性的一个重要因素;其次,分离培养基和分离方法直接关系到样品中可培养微生物多样性的发现,有待深入研究。     

大亚湾海域可培养细菌鉴定及系统发育分析

对大亚湾海域表层水体的可培养细菌进行分离,测定了分离培养细菌的16S rRNA 基因V3 区序列,并采用该研究中的35 个序列与从GenBank 下载的46 个序列构建了系统树,对细菌进行了分子鉴定。在9 个站点的表层水体中共分离得到70株菌株,分属35 个种。其中α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)和放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)为分离菌株最多的两个菌纲,分离率分别为40%和35.7%;而β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)仅分离到1 株(1.4%)。此外,还分离得到盖球菌属(Kytococcus)、间胞囊菌属(Intrasporangium)等非常见菌株。大亚湾海域细菌的Shannon-Wiener's 多样性指数为3.21。大亚湾海域表层水体可培养细菌丰富的种类多样性以及较高的α-变形菌分离率,说明了该海域具有良好的水质,同时也是潜在的微生物菌种资源库。     

宜宾浓香型白酒酿造过程中可培养细菌的系统发育多样性

【目的】为较系统地了解宜宾浓香型白酒酿造过程中可培养细菌的多样性,得到一些潜在的微生物资源。【方法】采用改良的NA培养基和高氏I号培养基分离、去除冗余,测定所得细菌纯培养物的16S rRNA基因,进行系统发育分析。【结果】分离得到603株细菌,4株菌的序列与GenBank中典型菌株序列相似性低于97%,代表着潜在新类群;599株菌与GenBank中34个属、101个种的典型菌株序列相似性大于97%,其中以Bacillus为绝对优势菌(315株),Streptomyces(121株)、Lysinibacillus(35株)、Staphylococcus(45株)为次优势菌,其余各属菌株均在10株以下。而且有16个属均只检测到1株菌。【结论】宜宾浓香型白酒发酵过程中的细菌呈现出较为丰富的多样性和一定的稳定性。     

九香虫(椿象)体内可培养细菌的多样性分析

【目的】认识药用昆虫九香虫(Aspongopus chinesis Dallas)成虫体内可培养细菌资源多样性。【方法】运用纯培养法、反转录重复因子扩增(BOXA1R-PCR)分析技术、16S r RNA基因测序和系统发育分析对样品中可培养细菌进行多样性研究,测定了分离菌株的抗菌特性、吲哚乙酸(IAA)含量和产淀粉酶活性等指标。【结果】通过6种不同培养基共分离得到52株菌落特征不同的细菌菌株。基于菌落特征和BOXA1R-PCR图谱选取12株代表菌株用于16S r RNA基因序列测定。16S r RNA基因序列系统发育分析显示,52株菌株分属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)和伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)4个属,其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势菌属。分离到的52株细菌有44株(占总分离菌株的84.6%)表现出对供试病原菌具有较好的抑制作用,高达94.2%的分离菌株能产IAA,有43株(占总分离菌株的82.7%)表现出淀粉酶活性。【结论】九香虫内细菌种群较为多样,具有潜在应用价值。     

中国主要矿区油页岩可培养细菌的分离与鉴定

【目的】研究油页岩本源环境中可培养细菌多样性,对于发掘利用尚未开发的油页岩细菌资源具有重要意义。【方法】以野外采集的吉林桦甸、广东茂名和辽宁抚顺3个中国主要矿区的油页岩作为研究对象,采用稀释平板培养法,以营养琼脂培养基对油页岩中的细菌进行分离纯化,并对分离菌株进行基于16S rRNA基因的序列测定和系统发育分析。【结果】3个矿区共鉴定出10属,其中抚顺矿的9个操作分类单元(Operational taxonomic units,OTUs)属于Pantoea、Brevibacillus、Paenibacillus、Microbacterium、Arthrobacter、Pseudomonas和Bacillus菌属;茂名矿的5个OTUs属于Bacillus和Sinomona菌属,桦甸矿的5个OTUs属于Staphylococcus、Acinetobacter、Bacillus和Arthrobacter菌属。【结论】3个矿区可培养细菌群落组成均较简单,且在门的分类层次上相似,即均具有厚壁菌门和放线菌门,抚顺矿和桦甸矿还存在部分变形菌门细菌。在属的分类层次上,各矿区差异较大。     

Phylogenetic diversity of bacteria associated with the mucus of Red Sea corals

Coral reefs are the most biodiverse and biologically productive of all marine ecosystems. Corals harbor diverse and abundant prokaryotic communities. However, little is known about the diversity of coral-associated bacterial communities. Mucus is a characteristic product of all corals, forming a coating over their polyps. The coral mucus is a rich substrate for microorganisms. Mucus was collected with a procedure using sterile cotton swabs that minimized contamination of the coral mucus by surrounding seawater. We used molecular techniques to characterize and compare the bacterial assemblages associated with the mucus of the solitary coral Fungia scutaria and the massive coral Platygyra lamellina from the Gulf of Eilat, northern Red Sea. The bacterial communities of the corals F. scutaria and P. lamellina were found to be diverse, with representatives within the Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria and Epsilonproteobacteria, as well as the Actinobacteria, Cytophaga-Flavobacter/Flexibacter-Bacteroides group, Firmicutes, Planctomyces, and several unclassified bacteria. However, the total bacterial assemblage of these two corals was different. In contrast to the bacterial communities of corals analyzed in previous studies by culture-based and culture-independent approaches, we found that the bacterial clone libraries of the coral species included a substantial proportion of Actinobacteria. The current study further supports the finding that bacterial communities of coral mucus are diverse.     

Microbial Diversity in the Deep Marine Sediments from the Qiongdongnan Basin in South China Sea

The continental shelf and slope in the northern South China Sea is well known for its prospect of oil/gas/gas-hydrate resources. To study microbial communities and their roles in carbon cycling, a 4.9-m sediment core was collected from the Qiongdongnan Basin on the continental slope of the South China Sea during our cruise HY4-2005-5 in 2005. Geochemical, mineralogical, and molecular phylogenetic analyses were carried out. Sulfate concentration in pore water decreased with depth. Abundant authigenic carbonates and pyrite were observed in the sediments. The bacterial community was dominated by aerobic and facultative organisms. Bacterial clone sequences belonged to the Gamma-, Alpha-, Deltaproteobacteria and Firmicutes group, and they were related to Fe(III) and/or Mn(IV) reducers, sulfate reducers, aromatic hydrocarbon degraders, thiosulfate/sulfite oxidizers, and denitrifiers. Archaeal clone sequences exhibited greater overall diversity than the bacterial clones with most sequences related to Deep-Sea Archaeal Group (DSAG), Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotic Group (MCG), and Uncultured Euryarchaeotic Clusters (UECs). Archaeal sequences related to Methanosarcinales, South African Gold Mine Euryarchaeotic Group (SAGMEG), Marine Benthic Group-D (MBG-D) were also present. Most of these groups are commonly present in deep-sea sediments, particularly in methane/organic-rich or putative methane hydrate-bearing sediments.     

中国南海海域海洋深层水细菌多样性

中国南海与作为海洋生物多样性中心的印太珊瑚大三角区具有一定的环境与生物连通性,其生境多样,为各种生物类群提供了有利的热带和亚热带海洋环境栖息地,具有极其丰富的生物多样性,是中国海洋生物多样性热点地区,也是重要的海洋生物多样性资源宝库。海洋细菌在生态系统循环中发挥重要作用,通过对南海海洋深层水细菌的探测,可以更加清晰地了解西太平洋和印太交汇区的生物多样性。研究基于参加开放项目获得的南海的深海站点水样,采用高通量测序进行了16S rRNA基因序列测序,分析了南海深海海水细菌群落多样性、菌群构成和多样性特征。该站点南海海洋深层水测定的细菌分属于15门、20纲、24目、86科、140属、150种,表明该区海洋深层水细菌群落丰富。测得优势菌属包括类芽胞杆菌属(Paenibacillus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、海旋菌属(Thalassospira)、噬甲基菌属(Methylophaga)、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、纤细芽胞杆菌属(Gracilibacillus)、海洋芽胞杆菌属(Oceanobacillus)、海源菌属(Idiomarina)、嗜油菌属(Oleiphilus)、食碱菌属(Alcanivorax),这些属的细菌在生物材料或药物、生物燃料、水处理、降解石油烃等方面均有开发利用的潜力。属内的解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Lentibacillus amyloliquefaciens)、施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri)、柴油食烷菌(Alcanivorax dieselolei)、三浦半岛盐乳杆菌(Halolactibacillus miurensis)、海迪茨氏菌(Dietzia maris)可以具体鉴定到种,这些深海细菌目前已在产抗生素、生物防治、石油降解、反硝化等方面被开发利用。基于高通量测序显示出采样点南海海洋深层水细菌具有独特菌群特征和多样性,有其极为丰富的生物学开发利用价值。     

Phylogenetic diversity and antimicrobial activities of bryozoan-associated bacteria isolated from Mediterranean and Baltic Sea habitats

To date, only a small number of investigations covering microbe–bryozoa associations have been carried out. Most of them have focused on a few bryozoan species and none have covered the antibacterial activities of associated bacteria. In the current study, the proportion and phylogenetic classification of Bryozoan-associated bacteria with antimicrobial properties were investigated. Twenty-one specimens of 14 different bryozoan species were collected from several sites in the Baltic and the Mediterranean Sea. A total of 340 associated bacteria were isolated, and 101 displayed antibiotic activities. While antibiosis was predominantly directed against Gram-positive test strains, 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed affiliation of the isolates to Gram-negative classes (Flavobacteria, Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria). One isolate was related to the Gram-positive Actinobacteria. The sequences were grouped into 27 phylotypes on the basis of similarity values ≥99.5%. A host-specific affiliation was not revealed as members of the same phylotype were derived from different bryozoan species. Site-specific patterns, however, were demonstrated. Strains of the genera Sphingomonas and Alteromonas were exclusively isolated from Mediterranean sites, whereas Shewanella, Marinomonas and Vibrio-related isolates were only from Baltic sites. Although Pseudoalteromonas affiliated strains were found in both habitats, they were separated into respective phylotypes. Isolates with 16S rDNA similarity values <98%, which could possibly represent new species, belonged to the genera Shewanella, Pseudoalteromonas and Tenacibaculum.