超声检测慢性肾功能不全患者血管内皮功能

目的利用高分辨力超声方法检测慢性肾功能不全(CRF)患者血流介导的内皮依赖性舒张功能.方法采用Acuson128XP/10超声诊断系统检测15例氮质血症期、20例尿毒症期CRF患者及1 5例健康者肱动脉反应性充血及含服硝酸甘油后的内径变化.结果1.肱动脉反应性充血后引起的内径变化百分率尿毒症组(6.7±1.6)%＜氮质血症组(8.7±1.7)%＜正常对照组(13.1±2.7)%(P＜0.05);2.尿毒症组血透后肱动脉反应性充血后内径变化百分率较透析前明显下降(6.7±1.6)%VS(4.8±1.5)%,P＜0.05);3.含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径变化百分率三组间比较无显著差异(P＞0.05);尿毒症组血透前后比较亦无明显差别(P＞0.05).结论1.血管内皮依赖性舒张功能尿毒症组＜氮质血症组＜正常对照组;2.血液透析后尿毒症组血管内皮依赖性舒张功能损害较透析前加重,提示血液透析对内皮功能的损伤.     

无创性高分辨率超声评价妊高征患者血管内皮功能

目的　探讨高分辨率超声在妊高征患者血管内皮功能评价中的应用价值。方法　妊高征患者 9例 ,正常妊娠 10例作为对照组。测量肱动脉内径、血流速度 ,计算内径及血流量变化率 (ΔD %、ΔQ % )。结果　妊高征患者的内皮依赖性血管舒张功能较对照组明显减低 (2 0 8%± 2 11%vs 13 0 4%± 3 5 9% ,P <0 0 0 1) ,与临床生化检查中的内皮素和一氧化氮增高相一致 ;内皮非依赖性血管舒张功能妊高征组较对照组亦减低 (14 45 %± 6 73%vs2 5 15 %± 6 98% ,P <0 0 1) ;两组受检者的内皮依赖性血管舒张功能均与收缩压有一定的相关性。ΔQ %在每组中变化较大。结论　妊高征患者的血管内皮依赖及非依赖性舒张功能均有不同程度的损害 ,高分辨率超声可无创、准确评价妊高征患者的血管内皮功能     

高分辨率超声评价高脂血症患者肱动脉内皮功能

背景以往对血管内皮依赖性舒张功能的评估采用冠状动脉内直接输注乙酰胆碱和数字性血管造影的方法,但这种有创性检查限制了对疾病早期发生、发展及临床干预治疗后的动态观察. 目的探讨利用高分辨率超声评估高脂血症患者肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能的变化,并与健康者进行对照. 设计病例-对照. 单位一所市级医院超声科和心内科. 对象选择2001-05/2002-03信阳市中心医院心内科收治的高脂血症患者60例,男37例,女23例;年龄36～75岁.根据患者血脂情况将患者分为3组高胆固醇血症组20例,高三酰甘油血症组20例,混合性高脂血症组20例.选择同期健康体检志愿者20人为正常对照组,男12人,女8人.所有纳入对象均知情同意. 方法肱动脉内径及血流量变化测量采用使用高分辨率超声诊断系统.患者休息至少10 min后测量安静时肱动脉内径及基础血流量.然后用袖套式充气带在肘关节以下加压300mmHg,持续四五分钟,突然放气,测量放气后15 s时的血流介导的肱动脉内径及反应性充血血流量.再休息至少15 min,待血管完全恢复正常后,于舌下含服硝酸甘油400 μg,三四分钟后,再次测量含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径及含服硝酸甘油后血流量.然后计算反应性充血后肱动脉内径较基础内径变化的百分率=(血流介导的肱动脉内径-安静时肱动脉内径)/安静时肱动脉内径×100%;含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径较基础内径变化的百分率=(含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径-安静时肱动脉内径)/安静时肱动脉内径×100%.反应性充血血流量增长百分率=反应性充血血流量/基础血流量×100%;含服硝酸甘油后血流量增长百分率=含服硝酸甘油后血流量/基础血流量×100%. 主要观察指标应用高分辨率超声仪器观察3组高脂血症患者和正常对照组体检者静息状态下、反应性充血时、舌下含服硝酸甘油后的肱动脉内径变化. 结果高脂血症患者60例和健康体检者20人均进入结果分析.高胆固醇血症组、高三酰甘油血症组、混合性高脂血症组患者反应性充血后肱动脉内径较基础内径变化的百分率明显低于正常对照组[(5.7±3.2)%,(5.4±3.0)%,(3.8±2.4)%,(11.3±3.1)%,P＜0.05],其中以混合性高脂血症患者降低最明显.而3个患者组反应性充血及含服硝酸甘油后血流量增长百分率,以及含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径较基础内径变化的百分率差异不明显(P＞0.05). 结论高脂血症患者血管内皮依赖性舒张功能较正常人明显受损,高分辨率超声能准确可靠地检测血管内皮依赖性舒张功能.     

超声多普勒检测内皮功能的临床应用

目的应用超声多普勒观察祛瘀消斑胶囊对动脉粥样硬化患者(AS)肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能的改善作用.方法应用高分辨率血管外超声技术,对31例AS患者治疗前后和30例正常对照者的肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张和非内皮依赖性舒张进行检测.结果治疗前AS患者肱动脉血流介导的舒张校正常对照组明显减弱,(2.51±2.36)%比(8.17±4.82)%,P＜0.001,而两组对硝酸甘油的反应无显著性差异.动脉粥样硬化患者服用祛瘀消斑胶囊6个月后,血浆胆固醇水平显著降低,同时肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张较治疗前明显改善,(7.53±3.24)%比(2.51±2.36)%,P＜0.001,而治疗前后肱动脉对硝酸甘油的反应无显著性差异.结论祛瘀消斑胶囊能明显改善动脉弱样硬化的内皮依赖性血管舒张功能.     

高频超声评价阿托伐他汀对高胆固醇血症动脉内皮功能的影响

目的评价新型调脂药物阿托伐他汀对高胆固醇血症内皮功能的影响。方法高胆固醇血症组采用阿托伐他汀降脂治疗 ,于治疗前和治疗 8周后利用高分辨率超声仪评价肱动脉内皮依赖性舒张功能的变化 ,并与正常对照组进行比较。结果高胆固醇血症组患者内皮依赖舒张功能 (EDD)明显受损 (4 .8± 1.9) % ,与对照组 (12 .2± 3 .4) %比较 ,有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 1)。阿托伐他汀治疗 8周后 ,内皮功能明显改善 [(10 .3± 2 .5 ) % ] ,与治疗前 [(4 .8± 1.9) % ]比较 ,有显著性差异 (P<0 .0 1) ;与正常对照组 [(12 .2± 3 .4) % ]比较 ,无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论高胆固醇血症患者内皮依赖舒张功能明显减退 ,阿托伐他汀可有效降低血脂 ,恢复内皮功能。高频血管超声能准确、可靠地检测出血管内皮依赖舒张功能的损害 ,并可用于评价药物治疗对内皮功能的影响     

冠心病血管内皮依赖性舒张功能的临床研究

目的了解冠心病患者的内皮依赖性舒张功能及其影响因素。方法用高分辨超声多普勒测定 30例冠心病及 31例对照的肱动脉在闭塞 4.5分钟后 ,血流增加引起的 1分钟内的血管反应性 ,以及肱动脉对硝酸甘油的反应性。结果发现冠心病组的血流介导的血管扩张率 [(3 .4± 6 .18) % ]明显低于对照组 [(10 .0 5± 5 .0 6 % ](P <0 .0 5 ) ,两组硝酸甘油介导的血管扩张率无统计学差别 (P >0 .0 5 )。冠心病组的反应性充血率 [(178± 5 6 .6 ) % ]明显低于对照组 [(2 42± 6 9.8) % ](P <0 .0 0 5 ) ,单因素分析发现甘油三酯浓度是内皮依赖性舒张功能的影响因素。结论冠心病患者的血管内皮依赖性舒张功能比对照组明显降低 ,空腹甘油三酯浓度可能是其损害因素之一     

高分辨率超声检测血管内皮功能的临床应用

目的：应用高分辨率超声观察血脂康对血脂正常的冠心病患肱动脉的内皮依赖性舒张功能的改善作用。方法：应用高分辨率血管外超声技术对56例冠心病患（分为血脂康组和安慰剂组）治疗前后的血管内皮功能进行检测。结果：56例冠心病患治疗前肱动脉血管内皮舒张功能减低，8周后，血脂康组肱动脉血管内皮依赖性舒张功能较治疗前明显改善（P＜0．01）。安慰剂组则无明显差异（P＞0．05）。结论：高分辨率超声可应用于检测冠心病患的内皮依赖性舒张功能及药物治疗前后的改善情况。     

2型糖尿病患者血管内皮功能的超声观测

目的 :通过血管超声观测 2型糖尿病患者的血管内皮功能是否受到损伤。方法 :采用超声显像法 ,对 4 1例 2型糖尿病患者和 4 0例正常对照组测定反应性充血后肱动脉内径变化来评估血管内皮功能。结果 :与对照组相比 ,2型糖尿病患者内皮依赖性舒张功能 (EDD)明显受损 (1.2 2± 4 .4 1vs 13.81± 8.10 % ,P <0 .0 0 1) ,而内皮非依赖性舒张功能 (EIDD)无明显变化(18.83± 17.6 6vs 2 5 .10± 11.38% ,P >0 .0 5 )。EDD与糖尿病病程、体重指数、年龄、血压、空腹血糖、血脂、空腹胰岛素水平、尿微量白蛋白、糖化血红蛋白等均无明显的相关性。结论 :2型糖尿病早期即已存在内皮细胞功能损害。     

高脂血症患者内皮依赖性血管舒张功能的研究

目的评估高脂血症（HLP）患者肱动脉的内皮功能。方法将155名研究对象分为4组。I组32人为正常对照组,II～IV组分别为高胆固醇血症（HC）组、高甘油三脂血症组(HTG)和混合性高脂血症组。测量肱动脉（BA）内皮依赖性舒张功能（EDD）和本实验新建参数充血时间,用以反映内皮功能。结果与正常对照组相比,HLP患者EDD值明显降低,其中又以混合性HLP患者损害最重（10.3±3.2vs5.7±3.1,5.4±3.0,3.2±3.4,均P<0.05）;HLP患者充血时间较正常人明显缩短（6.1±4.2vs3.6±1.3,3.8±1.9,3.2±1.3,P均<0.05）,但在HLP三组间差异无显著性意义。结论HLP患者大动脉及微循环内皮功能明显受损,充血时间可作为反映微循环内皮功能有价值的新参数。     

糖尿病患者血管内皮舒张功能的超声研究

目的 :研究 型糖尿病 (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus,NIDDM)患者尿蛋白排泄量与血管内皮舒张功能损伤的关系。方法 :采用高分辨率超声测定伴有不同程度蛋白尿的 型糖尿病患者血流介导的肱动脉内皮依赖性血管舒张和硝酸甘油介导的非内皮依赖性血管舒张。结果 :糖尿病尿蛋白正常组、微量组、大量组内皮依赖性血管舒张功能较正常对照组降低 (P<0 .0 0 1) ;大量蛋白尿组较尿蛋白正常组降低 (P<0 .0 5) ;硝酸甘油介导的非内皮依赖性血管舒张各组间无差异 (P>0 .0 5)。多因素线性相关性分析 ,糖尿病患者血管内皮依赖性舒张功能损伤和尿蛋白排泄量、糖化血红蛋白、血浆甘油三酯呈负相关。结论 :糖尿病患者血管内皮舒张功能损伤早于蛋白尿出现     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。