环维黄杨星D双层片的制备方法及体外评价

目的：研究环维黄杨星D双层片的处方,并进行体外评价（体外释放度）。方法通过单因素考察法分别确定双层片的速释层和缓释层处方组成与制备方法。采用紫外分光光度法测定双层片的体外释放度。结果环维黄杨星D双层片中,速释层处方组成为淀粉、羧甲基淀粉钠、硬脂酸镁,工艺采用湿法制粒;缓释层处方组成为卡波姆、硬脂酸镁,采用干粉末直接压片。体外释放度结果表明,速释层在5 min累积释放度达95%以上,缓释层能在14 h内维持恒定的释药量,满足零级释放方程。结论环维黄杨星D双层片的处方合理,制备工艺简单,可达到速释和缓释的双重作用。     

秋水仙碱双层片体外释放研究

目的建立秋水仙碱双层片体外释放方法,并考察工艺、体外释放条件与缓速释比例对秋水仙碱双层片释药的影响。方法采用相似因子（f2）法评价释药曲线的相似性,并分别用零级、一级、Higuchi、Peppas方程拟合优化处方。结果工艺对秋水仙碱双层片影响较小,浆速对秋水仙碱双层片影响较大。依据最优处方制备的控释片在1～12h呈良好的缓释释放特征,12h累积释药率90％以上。结论建立了较为准确、可靠的秋水仙碱双层片体外释放度测定方法,体外释放度结果符合要求。     

盐酸地芬尼多双层渗透泵片的制备及体外释放研究

目的:制备盐酸地芬尼多双层渗透泵片并研究其体外释放特性。方法:采用双层压片技术和薄膜包衣工艺制备盐酸地芬尼多双层渗透泵片,比较其与市售盐酸地芬尼多普通片、自制盐酸地芬尼多单层渗透泵片的体外释放度。结果:盐酸地芬尼多双层渗透泵片处方为盐酸地芬尼多75 mg、氯化钠10 mg、低分子量聚氧乙烯15 mg、5%聚乙烯吡咯烷酮K30乙醇溶液适量;助推层为高分子量聚氧乙烯60 mg、氯化钠20 mg、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮K30 6 mg、硬脂酸镁适量。所制双层渗透泵片12 h累积释放度(Q)达80%,且释放符合零级动力学方程;盐酸地芬尼多普通片的Q15 min达90%,盐酸地芬尼多单层渗透泵片的Q12 h仅为51.14%。结论:所制盐酸地芬尼多双层渗透泵片具有缓释作用,且较单层渗透泵片12 h内释药更完全。     

盐酸氨溴索含片的研制及质量控制

目的研制盐酸氨溴索含片并对其进行质量控制。方法以外观、口感、碎脆度为指标,对多种处方进行比较性研究,得出最佳处方;并对盐酸氨溴索含片的制备工艺进行了研究,得出适宜的制备工艺;盐酸氨溴索含片的溶出度测定采用紫外分光光度法,其含量测定则采用高效液相色谱法。结果本处方最佳处方为每1000片含盐酸氨溴索30g、甘露醇300g、赤藓糖醇250g、阿斯巴甜10g、薄荷油5g、硬脂酸镁6g、10％PVPK30的60％乙醇溶液适量。盐酸氨溴索含片45min的溶出≥75％;盐酸氨溴索含片的含量测定的线性范围为0．40～16．02μg·mL^-1。结论盐酸氨溴索含片处方工艺成熟,适合工业化大生产;检测方法简便、准确、可靠、专属性强,可用于盐酸氨溴索含片的质控标准。     

盐酸氨溴索片处方工艺研究

研究盐酸氨溴索片的处方组成及制备工艺.方法:以合格颗粒所占比例、休止角、片硬度、脆碎度、溶出度、粉尘情况为指标进行处方筛选,并与上市产品进行四种溶出介质中溶出曲线对比,最终确定处方.结果:确定盐酸氨溴索片处方为:乳糖170克,淀粉91克,胶态二氧化硅6克,硬脂酸镁3克.结论:所制备的盐酸氨溴索片与进口产品在四种溶出介质中溶出曲线一致,制备工艺简单可行,质量可靠.     

替米沙坦氨氯地平双层片的制备及体外释放度研究

目的制备复方替米沙坦氨氯地平片并考查其体外释放度。方法采用直压法制备替米沙坦氨氯地平片;建立同时测定替米沙坦、氨氯地平含量的高效液相色谱法;以水、pH2.0盐酸溶液、pH6.8、pH7.4磷酸盐缓冲液为溶出介质,桨法测定本品释放度,并与参比制剂Twynst进行比较。结果释放曲线经相似因子判断,与参比制剂相似。结论本品处方工艺稳定,重现性好,体外累积释放度符合要求。     

压制包衣法制备盐酸地尔硫缓释片

目的探讨制备盐酸地尔硫缓释片的方法。方法以HPMC为主要包衣材料,采用干包衣法制备缓释片,正交实验优选处方并对最优处方进行体外释放度验证。结果缓释片最优处方为:片芯:盐酸地尔硫0.15 g;包衣层:盐酸地尔硫0.10 g,HPMC K4M 0.25 g。结论制备的缓释片8h内恒速释药,片剂处方设计和工艺方法可行,质量稳定。     

盐酸氨溴索口腔崩解片的处方工艺分析

目的设计制备盐酸氨溴索口腔崩解片。方法设计试验筛选崩解剂、矫味剂以确定处方,并设计试验筛选盐酸氨溴索口腔崩解片的最佳制备工艺。结果经试验最佳处方为:每千片中各原料用量为盐酸氨溴索30g、微晶纤维素50g、低取代羟丙基纤维素5g,制备工艺为直接压片法。结论使用试验所得最佳处方制备的盐酸氨溴索口腔崩解片,口感好,崩解迅速,矫味良好。     

盐酸小檗碱肠溶缓释片制剂工艺研究

目的 研究盐酸小檗碱肠溶缓释片的制剂工艺。方法 采用体外释放度评价的方法,以单因素设计及正交设计筛选片芯处方及工艺,并对片芯进行肠溶包衣,制备盐酸小檗碱肠溶缓释片。结果 体外释放度实验显示,片芯及肠溶片均符合Higuchi释药模型。结论 盐酸小檗碱肠溶缓释片工艺稳定,体外释放符合设计要求。     

元胡止痛渗透泵片的制备和处方优化

目的:采用双层渗透泵技术制备元胡止痛渗透泵片并进行处方优化。方法:测定各处方在2,4,6,8,10,12 h时的累积释放度,以f₂相似因子作为释药曲线相似性的判断标准,采用单因素实验分别考察片芯处方和包衣处方对元胡止痛渗透泵片体外释药行为的影响。结果:含药层聚氧乙烯分子量和用量、促渗剂种类和用量、包衣增重可显著影响元胡止痛渗透泵片体外释药;助推层聚氧乙烯、促渗剂的用量对其体外释药无显著影响。优化处方制备的元胡止痛渗透泵片的释药方程为:Q=7.094t-4.188,r=0.9950,符合零级模型,且体外释药行为不受释放条件等因素影响。结论:采用双层渗透泵技术研制的元胡止痛渗透泵片制备工艺可行,缓释特征显著,可用于元胡止痛方的剂型现代化。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.