医学DR图像分割处理过程仿真分析

研究医学DR图像准确分割方法.人体组织的分布特征很难运用准确的数学模型进行描述,由于厚度不均匀,在进行CT图像采集的过程中,图像细节信息会被噪声等不利因素埋没,边缘变得不清晰,对比度降低.传统分割算法主要针对像素的某一个具体特征做出判断,在有噪的环境下,像素提纯受到干扰,很难对非可控信息进行模型控制,导致对医学DR图像的分割效果不好.为了避免上述缺陷,提出了一种人工鱼群算法的医学DR图像分割处理方法.通过对采集的DR图像进行增强处理,提高DR图像的对比度,利用SUSAN算子去除干扰信号,准确计算初始病变区域边界,对边界像素运用人工鱼群方法寻求.实验结果表明,利用改进算法能够有效提高医学DR图像分割的准确性,有利于临床医疗诊断.     

结合修剪均值与高斯加权中值滤波的图像去噪算法

为快速准确地滤除图像中的脉冲噪声并较好地保持图像的纹理细节和边缘结构,提出一种基于修剪均值与高斯加权中值滤波的图像去噪算法。根据脉冲噪声的灰度特征与统计特征,以局部统计方式进行噪声检测,将灰度取最小值或最大值且与邻域像素相关性较小的像素识别为噪声像素。对于图像平滑区域和细节区域中的噪声像素,使用自适应修剪均值和高斯加权中值滤波算法进行去噪处理。实验结果表明,该算法在视觉效果、峰值信噪比、结构相似性及计算速度上均优于对比算法,并且能够在彻底滤除噪声的同时,较好地保持图像的纹理细节和边缘结构。     

多聚焦图像灰度重叠特征自适应识别仿真

传统方法对多聚焦图像进行预处理,由于图像灰度重叠区域合并使原图像细节信息损失,导致多聚焦图像灰度重叠区域识别效果不理想,为此提出基于Mean-shift算法和OTSU阈值分割算法的多聚焦图像灰度重叠特征自适应识别方法。使用Mean-shift算法对多聚焦图像进行平滑处理,对平滑处理过后的多聚焦图像进行小波变换,将图像的灰度重叠区域灰度值增强;再使用阈值分割将经过灰度增强的重叠区域分类;通过OTSU算法识别出灰度重叠特征区域。实验结果表明,提出方法在图像灰度重叠区域的识别效果上较为突出,并且能够有效保留灰度重叠区域的细节信息。     

灰度图像加权有向平滑滤波算法

为克服常用平滑滤波算法不能兼顾去噪和保持图像细节的不足,提出了加权有向平滑滤波算法.先根据相似者相容的原理得到待处理像素与各滤波模板的隶属关系,从而判断待处理像素是噪声点,是图像本身像素,还是图像背景像素,然后选用相应加权有向或无向平滑模板对待处理像素进行平滑处理.实验仿真结果表明,加权有向平滑滤波算法既能有效地滤除灰度图像中的噪声,又能很好保护图像的边缘和细节,弥补了常用空域平滑滤波算法不能兼顾去噪和保持图像细节的不足.     

基于模糊推理的彩色图像噪音消除算法

为有效消除彩色图像在采集和传输过程中出现的随机脉冲噪音,提出了一种基于模糊推理的矢量中值滤波算法。该算法通过设计的模糊规则判断当前滤波窗口对应是否为细节区域,采用不同参数的经典矢量中值滤波进行处理。若未被判断为噪音时,原滤波窗口中心像素会保留。通过与目前常见的各类矢量滤波算法进行比较,该算法在图像细节的保留上有较好效果。     

基于小波变换和稀疏光流法的火灾烟雾检测

传统图像型火灾烟雾检测算法不适用于存在灯光、水蒸气等噪声的图像。为此,通过分析早期火灾烟雾的运动规律,采用分块和背景自适应相结合的方法,提取运动前景,然后分别在RGB空间和HSV空间建立烟雾的颜色模型和亮度变化模型,分割出烟雾疑似区域。在灰度空间使用二维离散小波变换对烟雾疑似区域及对应的背景区域进行能量分析,提取高频和低频能量的比值。用Lucas-Kanade稀疏光流算法跟踪运动区域,获取烟雾运动区域的平均偏移量和相位分布作为烟雾识别特征,根据烟雾识别规则,判断监控区域是否有火灾发生。实验结果表明,该方法具有较强的鲁棒性,能够提高烟雾检测的准确率。     

基于视频图像的矿井水灾识别及趋势预测方法研究

分析了矿井水灾视频图像特征,提出了基于视频图像的矿井水灾识别及趋势预测方法,包括水灾视频动态识别、区域分割、面积估算及趋势预测,并通过了试验验证,得出如下主要结论:①阈值像素灰度统计法和像素灰度值统计法均可监测和识别水灾,阈值像素灰度统计法不但可抑制低于灰度阈值的噪声,提高识别的准确性,还可减少像素灰度统计数,增强特定像素灰度范围的对比度。②阈值分割法和视频差分分割法均可分割水灾区域图像,前者整体性较好,后者细节刻画更强。③根据分割出的水灾区域图像可估算突水区域面积及进行趋势预测。     

基于斜率的自适应中值滤波算法

针对图像中椒盐噪声点的准确检测与去除问题,提出一种基于斜率的自适应中值滤波算法。该算法首先用n×n(n为大于或等于3的奇数)的模板作用于待检测图像的每一个像素,若当前像素的灰度值为其邻域内所有像素灰度值的极值,判断此点为准噪声点;再利用像素灰度值序列中两段子序列斜率的差值及模板区域内像素灰度值的均值自适应地判断准噪声点是否为真正的噪声点;最后对被判定为噪声的像素做中值滤波处理。与标准中值滤波方法相比,该方法加强了噪声检测的条件。实验结果表明,该算法具有较好地去除椒盐噪声和保留细节的效果。     

低照度下视频图像保细节直方图均衡化方法

传统的直方图均衡化方法是通过对直方图中像素出现频率低的灰度等级进行合并实现的,表征图像细节的灰度等级往往被过度合并而使图像细节信息丢失.为解决上述问题,提出了一种改进的直方图均衡化方法,在对两个灰度是否合并进行判断时,根据两灰度等级的距离分别赋与按照一定步长递增的权重系数,避免了灰度等级的过度合并,较好地保留了图像的细节.同时提出了一种非线性灰度级映射变换方法,提高了图像的对比度和整体亮度.实验结果表明,新算法具有明显的改进效果.     

大尺度遥感图像中港口目标快速识别

提出一种在大幅面灰度遥感卫星图像中快速识别港口目标的方法.通过对图像多分辨率处理,采用阈值方法进行海洋和陆地的分割,并在基于块的统计特征表示方法的基础上,建立快速分割中、小型港口候选区域方法,再根据港口的固有特征(半封闭区域)实现快速的港口目标识别.通过18幅大尺度图像对算法进行测试,测试结果显示算法能够在不到3s时间内识别一幅10000像素×10000像素图像中的港口,识别正确率为93.9%.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).