基于压裂力筛选油菜抗裂角优异种质资源

油菜成熟后角果易开裂,导致收获损失率高,限制了产业的高质量发展。筛选抗裂角优异种质资源,对于培育抗裂角宜机收的油菜新品种具有重要意义。为了提高油菜抗裂角资源的筛选效率,本研究基于200份变异丰富的甘蓝型油菜种质资源,系统比较压裂法与随机碰撞法的鉴定结果,提出了一种基于压裂力的抗裂角高效鉴定方法。研究发现,基于随机碰撞法的抗裂角指数与基于压裂法的裂角力之间显著正相关,且压裂法比随机碰撞法重复性更好、效率更高、稳定性更强。基于抗裂角指数和裂角力之间的相关关系,制定了基于压裂力的抗性分级标准,最终基于压裂力筛选出5份高抗裂角的甘蓝型油菜优异种质资源。相关结果为进一步培育优质的油菜抗裂种质资源提供了高效的鉴定方法和重要的基因资源。     

鉴定甘蓝型油菜杂交种种子纯度的SSR分子标记引物筛选

为了建立一套快速可靠的甘蓝型油菜杂交种纯度的鉴定方法,选择具有代表性的6份油菜品种(组合),采用20对SSR甘蓝型油菜首选核心引物对供试材料进行引物筛选,并将筛选出的引物应用于杂交种的种子纯度鉴定.目前已为其中每个杂交种(组合)平均筛选出1～3对引物,经大田验证可用于杂交种的真假鉴定和纯度鉴定,应用前景十分广阔.     

甘蓝型油菜裂角相关性状的遗传与相关分析

抗裂角性是非常重要的油菜性状, 但相关研究报道较少。本研究对11个甘蓝型油菜骨干亲本品系及由其配制的30个不完全双列杂交组合在2个环境下的抗裂角指数及其他7个角果相关性状进行了遗传分析。结果表明, 抗裂角指数遗传变异显著, 遗传上受少数主效基因控制, 效应以加性为主, 显性效应和环境效应影响较小。大部分杂交组合的抗裂角指数杂种优势不显著。抗裂角指数与角果长、果皮重、千粒重和种子直径呈极显著正相关, 与结角密度和角粒数呈极显著负相关。抗裂角性相关性状中, 角果长、千粒重、结角密度和种子直径变异主要由加性方差解释;果皮重和每角粒数主要由显性方差解释。亲本评价分析指出, 作为波里马细胞质雄性不育系统保持系的ZS11B和恢复系的R11其抗裂角性的一般配合力高, 是培育抗裂角杂交油菜品种的首选直接亲本。     

甘蓝型油菜抗裂角品种(系)的筛选与分析

利用随机碰撞测试方法, 对229份自交纯合的甘蓝型油菜品种(系)进行了抗裂角指数测定, 以期筛选出抗裂角种质。结果表明, 抗裂角性状在现有品种(系)中存在广泛变异, 变异系数达114.4%。发现了2份抗裂角的品种(系), 占0.9%; 较抗的资源占3.93%; 处于中间状态的品种(系)占8.73%; 易裂角资源占27.07%, 极易裂角的品种(系)占59.39%。选择6个品种(系)进行了连续3年的测试, 表明抗裂角性状由品种(系)的遗传特性决定, 但受环境条件影响; 随机碰撞法具有较好的重现性。简单相关分析显示, 抗裂角指数与角果密度呈显著负相关, 与角皮厚度、角果长度、角果宽度、角喙长度、角粒数呈显著正相关, 但相关系数都很小。     

甘蓝型油菜抗裂角品种(系)的选与分析

利用随机碰撞测试方法,对229份自交纯合的甘蓝型油菜品种（系）进行了抗裂角指数测定,以期筛选出抗裂角种质。结果表明,抗裂角性状在现有品种（系）中存在广泛变异,变异系数达114．4％。发现了2份抗裂角的品种（系）,占0．9％;较抗的资源占3．93％;处于中间状态的品种（系）占8．73％;易裂角资源占27．07％,极易裂角的品种（系）占59．39％。选择6个品种（系）进行了连续3年的测试,表明抗裂角性状由品种（系）的遗传特性决定,但受环境条件影响;随机碰撞法具有较好的重现性。简单相关分析显示,抗裂角指数与角果密度呈显著负相关,与角皮厚度、角果长度、角果宽度、角喙长度、角粒数呈显著正相关,但相关系数都很小。     

甘蓝型油菜抗裂角材料资源的筛选

抗裂角性是油菜机械化品种选育中的重要性状,筛选抗裂资源材料对于开展抗裂育种具有重要意义。本文应用随机碰撞法和田间落粒法,对不同来源的75份甘蓝型油菜资源进行了抗裂角性鉴定。结果表明,抗裂角性在参试材料内存在较大的遗传变异。抗裂角指数(SRI)的范围为0.01~0.70,变异系数为70.70%。田间落粒率的范围为1.58%~55.51%,变异系数为62.53%。相关分析表明,SRI值与田间落粒率相关性不明显。对于易裂和抗裂材料,2种评价方法之间的差异小,而对于抗裂性中等的材料,2种评价方法之间差异大;田间落粒率、SRI与角果皮厚度的相关系数分别为−0.429和0.687,均达显著水平。因此,角果皮厚度可作为田间筛选抗裂资源的辅助指标;利用2种方法筛选出1份抗裂性强材料Ny。Ny具有角果皮厚, 果皮表面光滑的特点。在极端落粒情况下(黄熟后2周) Ny的落粒率为7.74%,正常落粒情况下(黄熟后1周)落粒率为1.58%,其抗裂角指数(SRI)值2011年和2013年分别为0.70和0.48,高于其他材料。     

四川甘蓝型油菜地方种和推广品种休眠特性的比较研究

对52份四川甘蓝型油菜地方种和24份四川推广品种作了收获前种子发芽试验,研究了四川甘蓝型油菜的休眠特性。结果表明四川甘蓝型油菜品种间的休眠期差异达显著水平,抗收获前发芽资源数量少;地方种与推广品种间发芽指数差异不显著,但发芽率和发芽指数的变幅及分布差异达0.05显著水平,四川甘蓝型油菜推广品种发芽指数的分布较地方种更集中于低和高的范围内;根据材料发芽进程和发芽指数进行聚类分析,将推广品种聚为三类：第一类为第1天发芽高峰类型,第二类为第1、2天发芽高峰类型,第三类为抗收获前发芽类型;地方种聚为四类,比推广品种多一种类型：第1、2天发芽高峰类型。鉴定筛选的四川甘蓝型油菜抗收获前发芽的宝贵资源及其休眠特性,将为甘蓝型油菜的抗收获前发芽生理研究和育种提供信息和材料。     

359份甘蓝型油菜品系有限花序位点鉴定

甘蓝型油菜有限花序具有提前成熟、降低株高、增强抗倒伏性、对产量没有负面影响等特点,有利于甘蓝型油菜株型改良及机械化收获。本研究利用已开发的与甘蓝型油菜有限花序Bnsdt1和Bnsdt2紧密连锁的4个共显性分子标记对359份甘蓝型油菜品系的有限花序位点基因型进行鉴定,了解群体中有限花序位点基因型的分布,筛选出基因型分别为BnSDT1BnSDT1Bnsdt2Bnsdt2、Bnsdt1Bnsdt1BnSDT2BnSDT2的无限花序品系。通过这两种基因型无限花序品系相互杂交可选育出有限花序优良品系,这为选育优良有限花序品系提供了一种简单有效的方法,也为甘蓝型油菜有限花序品系选育提供科学依据。     

甘蓝型油菜优良性状选择与鉴定

为了在油菜生产上更好地运用甘蓝型油菜的优良性状,对8份参试甘蓝型油菜品系的单株产量以及相关农艺性状和含油量进行了选择与鉴定。结果表明,12甘蓝型油菜品系44的综合性状表现最好,12甘蓝型油菜50的综合性状表现次之。     

14个甘蓝型油菜品种对菌核病的抗性初报

【研究目的】为探明不同类型的甘蓝型油菜品种对油菜菌核病的抗性差异,提供筛选抗耐病性的材料的新来源;【方法】选用14个甘蓝型油菜品种为材料,利用人工接种方法和病圃自然发病鉴定,研究了其青角期茎秆接种后病斑的扩展情况和成熟期自然发病情况以及在大田生产中的侵染发病;[结果]研究结果表明,不同甘蓝型油菜品种抗病性存在有明显差异,自然鉴定冬油菜材料Wanyou14的抗耐病要优于其他材料,抗病指数为0.36(对照Zhongyou821抗病指数为0),人工接种春油菜材料Ranger具有较好的病害抗扩展性,抗病指数为0.64,中晚熟的材料抗耐病强于早熟材料;【结论】冬油菜材料的抗耐病要优于春油菜材料,春油菜类型也具有较好的抗耐病性,抗性资源通过转育可提高冬油菜的抗病性;生产中油菜类型的选择以中晚熟的冬油菜品种为主。     

Pod shatter resistance evaluation in cultivars and breeding lines of Brassica napus, B. juncea and Sinapis alba

Pod shatter susceptibility was investigated in Brassica napus germplasm and shatter resistant species of B. juncea and Sinapis alba. The comparisons were made by measuring seed yield in field plots, detached pod rupture energy (RE) and the half‐life of pod‐opening. Pod shatter resistance was significantly greater in B. napus lines derived from interspecific hybridizations of B. napus with B. rapa, B. carinata and B. juncea, than common B. napus cultivars. While these lines exhibited no significant difference in resistance to pod shatter than B. juncea, an entry of S. alba had no yield loss caused by pod shatter. Resistance to pod shatter was characterized in the field as little or no yield loss after full maturity, delayed shattering in time, and stable yield performance under variable climatic conditions during pod maturity. Yield loss caused by pod shatter ranged from a low of 4% for the B. juncea cv. ‘AC Vulcan’ to a high of 61% for the black seeded B. napus line DH12075 in 2‐year field trials after 1 month maturity. Pod shatter resistance was not significantly associated with specific plant and pod morphological traits, except pod length (P = 0.005) in tested materials. Field visual scores of pod shatter through inspections of average pod shatter per plant within plots were highly correlated with plot yield loss. Indoor quantitative evaluations of pod strength using a pendulum machine to measure pod RE and random impact test to measure half‐life of pod‐opening resistance were highly correlated with field yield loss. Multiple evaluations of pod shatter in method and in time after pod maturity are recommended for reliable evaluation of pod shatter resistance.     

适合全程机械化作业的油菜育种新概念

针对中国油菜生产上全程机械化作业过程中的瓶颈．提出了适合全程机械化作业的油菜品种相关概念。这个全新的油菜育种目标要求这类品种在优质、高产的基础上要求具有以下主要性状:株高适中、株型紧凑、抗倒伏,耐迟播,花期集中、成熟期相对一致、籽粒大、耐裂角,主轴结角多,较好的耐病能力等。还对相关育种思路和关键技术进行了详细分析。     

Inheritance of resistance to the papaya ringspot virus-watermelon strain from two different accessions of winter squash Cucurbita maxima Duch.

Researchers have conclusively shown that Sinapis alba (commonly known as yellow mustard) has many agronomic traits which would be beneficial if transferred to rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.). S. alba is resistant or tolerant to all major insect pests of Brassica crops in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. It is also tolerant of high temperatures and drought stress, is shatter resistant and capable of high seed yield without the need for insecticides and herbicides. However, S. alba is considerably lower in oil content and lacks the high oil quality and seed meal quality of rapeseed (i.e. canola). This paper describes a combination of ovary culture and embryo rescue techniques used to develop fertile hybrid plants from the intergeneric cross between S. alba and B. napus . The hybrids were intermediate between both parents for presence of trichomes, leaf shape and color, seed size, pod shape, and seed oil content; showing expression of traits from both parental species. Hybrid plant tissue and seed contained all types of glucosinolate that exists in either B. napus or S. alba, at the same or higher level to the parental species. These hybrid crosses offer the potential for combining the desirable oil and glucosinolate qualities of B. napus with insect and disease resistance characters of S. alba.     

南阳盆地适宜机械化收获绿豆品种（系）农艺性状分析

绿豆机械化生产是未来绿豆生产可持续发展的方向。在南阳盆地种植28个绿豆品种（系）,分析其农艺性状与第1批荚果产量的关系,为适宜机械化的绿豆育种提供参考。结果表明,第1批荚果产量与其主要性状的关联顺序为单株荚数>单荚粒数>主茎节数>株高>生育期>荚长>百粒重>主茎分枝数,其中与单株荚数呈极显著的正相关性（P<0.01）,与单荚粒数、主茎节数、株高、生育期和荚长呈极显著的负相关性;通过表型聚类发现,绿豆品种（系）遗传基础狭窄,在改良适宜机械化生产性状的同时,应拓宽品种（系）的遗传背景。     

Phenotypic variation in progenies from somatic hybrids between Brassica napus and Sinapis alba

A number of variant phenotypes, such as long siliques, high density of pods, increased seed number per pod and yellow seed color resembling Sinapis alba, were selected from intergeneric somatic hybrids between Brassica napus and Sinapis alba through successive backcrosses. Resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum among 24 BCF₄ lines was also tested by inoculation with mycelia, and four lines showed stronger resistance than the resistant rapeseed variety ‘Zhongshuang 9’. Comparative anatomy studies on mature seed revealed that the seed coat pigments were mainly distributed in the palisade layer, which is considerably thinner in S. alba compared to B. napus. The area index of protein bodies in cotyledon cells was highest in S. alba, lowest in B. napus and intermediate in the intergeneric progenies. This study demonstrates that wide hybridization can enable exploitation of valuable trait diversity from S. alba for broadening the genetic basis for rapeseed breeding.     

Improvement of Sclerotinia resistance of a Polima CMS restorer line of rapeseed via phenotypic selection, marker-assisted background selection and microspore culture

Sclerotinia stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most severe diseases of rapeseed in China and other major growing regions. The objective of this study was to improve the S. sclerotiorum resistance of 'Hui5200', an elite 'Polima' CMS restorer line, by introgression and fixation of resistance alleles from the partially resistant cultivar 'NingRS-1' via phenotypic selection (PS), marker-assisted background selection (MAB) and microspore culture. A progeny designated as 'RSH' with greatly improved Sclerotinia resistance and a similar genetic background as 'Hui5200' was obtained by two backcrosses and one selfing. From a selected elite progeny line (named as 7-5) double haploid (DH) lines were developed. By three cycles of PS considering economic traits and genetic distance analysis, four resistant DH restorer lines with elite economic traits were finally selected. The obtained resistant restorer lines have been used to produce commercial F₁ hybrids. The results indicated that backcrossing plus PS and MAB is effective and suitable for improving resistance of rapeseed to S. sclerotiorum .     

十字花科芸薹属种间杂种营养优势的利用研究

选用4个油菜雄性不育系和三种类型十字花科芸薹属种, 研究了不同杂交组合的亲和性, 杂种一代的营养优势表现和杂种营养优势的生理基础以及品质性状表现. 结果表明: 利用油菜雄性不育系与其它十字花科芸薹属种间杂交可以显著提高种间杂交的亲和性, 并具有细胞质遗传效应. 通过杂交制种可以获得大量的杂种应用于生产. 十字花科     

适宜机械化栽培的甘蓝型油菜农艺性状与单株产量的相关性分析及耐密油菜育种探讨

分析适宜机械化栽培的甘蓝型油菜农艺性状与单株产量的相关性及耐密油菜育种探讨,为选育耐密种植,适合轻简化收获的油菜提供理论基础。对农艺性状与单株产量的灰色关联度、通径分析和因子分析进行研究。结果表明：单株有效角果数、每角粒数和分枝数的关联度最大,在相关性中,株高、单株有效角果数、每角粒数与单株产量呈现显著相关,而且性状内部也存在着相关性,对单株产量的直接作用大小为：单株有效角果数>主花序有效角果数>每角粒数>结角密度>千粒重>株高>分枝部位>主花序长>分枝数。因子分析表明：株高、分枝部位、主花序长、主花序角果数、单株有效角果数在农艺性状中累计贡献率占到了总体的74.99%,起到了主要作用。在选育中应加强主花序有效角果数和结角密度的选择,分枝部位要合适,减少无效分枝数,注重株型结构性状的选择,从而努力提高角粒数和千粒重,为有效提高单株产量打下基础。     

大豆成株期抗旱性鉴定评价方法研究

以我国不同地区育成的77个大豆品种(系)为供试材料、以晋豆21为对照, 在年降雨量不足40 mm的甘肃敦煌市, 设干旱胁迫和正常灌水2个处理, 考察与产量相关的8个农艺性状, 应用简单相关、等级相关等统计学方法, 筛选优异的抗旱种质资源, 旨在明确大豆成株期抗旱性鉴定指标和评价方法。9种抗旱性评价方法比较结果表明, 基于抗旱系数法、伤害指数和敏感指数对供试材料的抗旱性评价结果完全一致, 基于生物产量、单株粒数和单株荚数的综合评价方法与基于产量的直接评价方法比并无优势。经典的抗旱系数法适宜于筛选抗旱资源, 但不一定能筛选出正常条件下的丰产资源, 而本文提出的改进抗旱指数法可筛选到抗旱性和丰产性兼备的品种, 为抗旱育种和生产应用服务;通过划分不同品种熟期组, 筛选到不同熟期类型的抗旱、丰产品种。本研究为制订“大豆抗旱性鉴定评价技术规范”提供了理论依据, 对大豆资源的抗旱性鉴定和抗旱性育种具有重要的意义。