Physical distribution and characteristics of meat and bone meal protein

BACKGROUND: Use of meat and bone meal (MBM) in animal feed has been progressively restricted. Production of an MBM protein isolate would facilitate the development of new applications. Rational design of a process to produce such an isolate requires knowledge of MBM protein distribution and characteristics. RESULTS: MBM consists of varying proportions of bone and soft tissue particles, but the soft tissue particles contain > 80% of the protein. Under mild conditions only a small portion of MBM protein can be solubilized; the most aggressive non‐hydrolytic conditions fail to solubilize > 55% of the protein. Amino acid analysis reveals that collagen accounts for approximately 17% of the protein in soft tissue particles and 26% of that in bone particles. The extractable fractions of MBM protein are highly polydisperse and have weight‐average molecular masses of 71.1–86.7 kDa. CONCLUSION: MBM protein is a challenging substance to utilize functionally, largely due to its low solubility and intermingling with non‐protein substances. Results suggest that production of an MBM protein isolate will have to incorporate limited hydrolysis. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

辽宁省熟肉制品中氯霉素残留检测结果分析

目的 了解2011年辽宁省餐饮业熟肉制品中氯霉素残留状况,为监管部门提供科学的理论数据.方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样的方法在辽宁省五个城市中抽取熟肉制品162份.按照检测标准要求采用液相色谱-串联质谱法,以间位氯霉素为内标物进行测定.检出率的比较采用x2检验分析,P ＜0.05为差异有统计学意义.结果 162批样品中,有40批检测出氯霉素残留,检出率为24.7％.不同城市和不同品种间检出率存在统计学差异.结论 辽宁省熟食制品中氯霉素残留情况比较严重,应该引起监管部门的关注.     

Determination of ammonia nitrogen in the urine of small ruminants

The objective of the present work was to compare colorimetric and distillation–titration methods to determine the ammonia-nitrogen (NH₃-N) concentration in sheep and goat urine samples. Colorimetric methods used were based on the indophenol reaction, whereas titrimetric methods were based on the alkali distillation of ammonia from the urine and its titrimetric determination with a standard acid. Colorimetric methods were only reliable when urine samples were diluted at least 1: 20. Both colorimetric and alkali-distillation methods gave quantitative recoveries with standard NH₃-N solutions, but when NH₃-N was determined in urine samples there was a significant discrepancy between analytical methods on the measured concentrations. These were between 1·3 and 10-fold (on average 2·6-fold) higher with alkali distillation than with the colorimetric method. The difference between concentrations measured by both analytical methods was significantly related (R² = 0·990; P < 0·001) to the concentration of urea in the urine samples. To study the effect of urea concentration, standard solutions containing variable concentrations of urea and NH₃-N were prepared, and NH₃-N concentration determined by both methods. Concentrations measured by colorimetry were similar to the actual concentrations irrespective of the urea concentration of the solutions. In urea-free solutions, alkali-distillation methods gave values similar to the actual concentrations, but when urea was present observed values were consistently higher than the expected concentrations. The overestimation increased with the urea concentration of the solutions, with a significant (P < 0·001) relationship between both variables. Colorimetric methods were more reliable to measure NH₃-N concentrations in urine samples containing high urea concentrations. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry.     

食品添加剂在加工中存在的问题及对策

随着现代食品的快速发展,食品添加剂已经成为食品产业中必不可少的角色,并成为食品工业技术进步和科技创新的重要推动力。然而,同时由食品添加剂带来的对消费者身体健康和生命安全的食品安全问题凸显了出来。一些企业为降低生产成本,超范围、超限量地使用食品添加剂,危害食品安全,或在食品生产和食品添加剂生产中违法添加非食用物质,影响人们的身体健康。掌握食品添加剂的正确使用方法,按国家相关法律法规、国家标准严格控制使用量,才能使食品添加剂在发挥最大功效的同时保证食品安全。本文综述了食品添加剂的使用要求及原则,并对食品添加剂在加工中存在的问题进行了初步的分析与探讨,提出了相应的解决对策,旨在确保食品的质量和食用安全。     

Performance of dairy goats fed soybean meal or meat and bone meal with or without urea during early lactation

Use of meat and bone meal for early lactation rations was studied. In Experiment 1, 18 Alpine goats were used in a 15-wk lactation trial. Isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were fed (15% CP and 2.3 Mcal/kg metabolizable energy) containing soybean meal, meat and bone meal with urea, or meat and bone meal without urea. Dry matter intake was 2.21, 2.30, and 2.34 kg/d for does fed soybean meal, meat and bone meal with urea, and meat and bone meal without urea, respectively. Milk production was 2.50, 2.67, and 2.66 kg/d in the same sequence. Rumen ammonia N (mg/dl) and total VFA (mM) were 12.9 and 81.5, 21.4 and 76.3, and 12.2 and 81.6 for does fed soybean meal, meat and bone meal with urea, and meat and bone meal, respectively. Serum urea N was higher in does fed meat and bone meal with urea, and no differences were observed in serum total protein and plasma glucose concentrations. In Experiment 2, 4 mature, castrated male goats were used to estimate digestibilities and retention of nutrients in three diets. Digestibilities of NDF and P and retention of P were higher in goats fed the meat and bone meal diet. Allowance of absorbed protein for milk production was calculated to be 81 to 83 g/kg 4% FCM. Meat and bone meal may be utilized efficiently by lactating does as a protein less degradable in the rumen, Ca, and P source; and may be beneficial for higher milk production during early lactation.     

当前我国食品添加剂的现状及监管建议

近年来,随着经济发展及生活水平的提高,食品安全问题越来越受到广泛关注。而食品安全问题中,有关食品添加剂的安全这几年更是颇受关注,许多是由于添加工业产品而被人们误认为食品添加剂,我们应该正确认识食品添加剂。本文分析了当前我国食品添加剂使用中存在的问题,并对食品添加剂的安全监管提出相关建议。     

2017~2018年常熟市饮料中6种食品添加剂 监测分析

目的 了解常熟市市场上饮料中苯甲酸、山梨酸、糖精钠、安赛蜜、甜蜜素和咖啡因6种食品添加剂的含量情况。方法 2017~2018年采集常熟市各大超市、农贸市场、街头饮料铺采集各类饮料, 采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法进行检测。结果 苯甲酸在碳酸、果蔬类、茶类、咖啡类、蛋白饮料中的检出率分别为33.3%、10%、10%、6.7%、20%, 其中, 碳酸饮料超标率为3.3%, 蛋白饮料超标率为6.7%; 山梨酸在碳酸、果蔬类、茶类、咖啡类、蛋白饮料中的检出率分别为70%、18%、16.7%、10%、33.3%, 其中, 碳酸饮料超标率为10%, 蛋白饮料超标率为3.3%; 糖精钠在碳酸、果蔬类、茶类、咖啡类、蛋白类饮料中均未检出; 安赛蜜在碳酸、果蔬类、茶类、咖啡类、蛋白饮料中的检出率分别为91.7%、10%、0%、20%、40%, 其中, 碳酸饮料超标率为20%; 甜蜜素在碳酸、果蔬类、茶类、咖啡类、蛋白饮料中的检出率分别为10%、0%、10%、16.7%、6.7%; 咖啡因在碳酸、果蔬类、茶类、咖啡类、蛋白饮料中的检出率分别为58.3%、0%、40%、100%、0%, 其中, 碳酸饮料超标率为25%。结论 常熟市市场上销售的饮料还存在一定的安全风险, 需要监管部门加大监管力度, 保证食品安全, 保障老百姓身体健康。     

食品中PCDD/Fs和dlPCBs的检测方法研究进展

二恶英化合物是典型的高毒性持久性有机污染物,可在食物链中不断累积,最终引发食品安全问题,严重威胁人类健康。近年来,食品中二恶英类化合物的分析筛选和监测控制等问题一直是人们研究的重点。本文综述了二恶英类化合物的致毒机制和几种用于分析检测二恶英类化合物方法的基本原理和优缺点,以及国内外分析检测的最新研究进展,并对我国开展二恶英分析监测提出了建议和展望。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定油炸食品中特丁基对苯二酚的残留量

目的建立毛细管气相色谱法测定油炸食品中特丁基对苯二酚的残留量。方法采用毛细管气相色谱法。色谱柱为HP-5弹性石英毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25μm);载气为氮气;检测器为FID;进样口和检测器温度均为250℃;柱温为220℃,保持15 min。结果特丁基对苯二酚在1.0～100.0mg/L的范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 7;回收率为90.1%～106.8%(n=3);方法的检测限为0.5 mg/kg。结论本法灵敏度高、简便、易行,结果准确可靠,可为油炸食品的质量控制提供依据。     

Development of Nanozymes for Food Quality and Safety Detection: Principles and Recent Applications

The public concerns about agrifood safety call for innovative and reformative analytical techniques to meet the inspection requirements of high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility. Enzyme‐mimetic nanomaterials or nanozymes, which combine enzyme‐like properties with nanoscale features, emerge as an excellent tool for quality and safety detection in the agrifood sector, due to not only their robust capacity in detection but also their attraction in future‐oriented exploitations. However, in‐depth understanding about the fundamental principles of nanozymes for food quality and safety detection remains limited, which makes their applications largely empirical. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the principles, designs, and applications of nanozyme‐based detection technique in the agrifood industry. The discussion mainly involves three mimicking types, that is, peroxidase, oxidase, and catalase‐like nanozymes, capable of detecting major agrifood analytes. The current principles and strategies are classified and then discussed in details through discriminating the roles of nanozymes in diverse detection platforms. Thereafter, recent applications of nanozymes in detecting various endogenous ingredients and exogenous contaminants in foods are reviewed, and the outlook of profound developments are explained. Evidenced by the increasing publications, nanozyme‐based detection techniques are narrowing the gap to practical‐oriented food analytical methods, while some challenges in optimization of nanozymes, diversification of recognition‐to‐signal manners, and sustainability of methodology need to conquer in the future.     

食品亚硝酸盐来源与检测方法

为正确认识和解决食品中亚硝酸盐残留和超标问题,该文对食品中亚硝酸盐来源、危害及检测技术进行综述。     

预防和控制食品添加剂对食品安全的影响及防止对策

食品添加剂安全问题是食品生产、监管、检测及保障民生的重大社会问题,从食品添加剂对人体的危害入手,分析了食品添加剂中常见的防腐剂、抗氧化剂、着色剂、护色剂及甜味剂的现状及危害因素,提出预防和控制使用的相应措施,以便更好的提高人们对食品添加剂使用的安全意识和维护自身健康。     

食品添加剂使用标准在食品安全监管中的应用

目前食品添加剂使用标准多仅用于评价食品是否合格,其应用范围具有局限性,针对这一问题,在对我国食品添加剂使用标准本身进行研究的同时,对其在食品安全监督管理中的应用进行了研究与探讨。将食品添加剂使用标准全方位应用于食品安全监管才能充分发挥其应有的效能,全面实现其对食品安全监管的技术支撑作用,有效提高其应有的社会效益。     

食品添加剂法律监管机制的缺陷与完善

食品添加剂监管作为食品安全监管的重点领域关乎民众生命健康及市场经济的稳健发展,应给予高度重视。当下中国食品添加剂监管领域法律机制不完备、监管部门不协力。考察和借鉴欧盟、日本在食品添加剂监管领域的成熟做法,立足中国实际,健全食品添加剂法律法规体系,创新食品添加剂的政府监管体制,整合社会监督机制,是走出中国食品添加剂法律监管制度困境的可行出路。     

食品中金属元素形态分析技术及其应用

金属元素在食品中的形态分析是当前比较热门的研究领域,本文总结了国内外金属元素形态分析的多种技术,包括化学分析技术、滤膜过滤技术、离子交换树脂技术、电化学分析技术、色谱分析技术、毛细管电泳技术等,特别介绍了它们在食品中金属形态分析中的应用.     

猪肉在接触式通电加热和浸泡式通电加热中的电导率比较

利用接触式和浸泡式通电加热实验装置对猪肉进行了通电加热,比较了两种通电加热方式对猪肉电导率的影响,结果显示:两种通电加热方式中猪肉的电导率曲线(随温度的变化曲线)基本相同,在60℃以上时,接触式通电加热中猪肉的电导率略高于浸泡式通电加热中的电导率。     

Analytical methods for gelatin differentiation from bovine and porcine origins and food products

Usage of gelatin in food products has been widely debated for several years, which is about the source of gelatin that has been used, religion, and health. As an impact, various analytical methods have been introduced and developed to differentiate gelatin whether it is made from porcine or bovine sources. The analytical methods comprise a diverse range of equipment and techniques including spectroscopy, chemical precipitation, chromatography, and immunochemical. Each technique can differentiate gelatins for certain extent with advantages and limitations. This review is focused on overview of the analytical methods available for differentiation of bovine and porcine gelatin and gelatin in food products so that new method development can be established.     

饮料中甜味剂的应用与食品安全

食品安全问题已经成为了一个普遍的社会问题,其中有很多的食品安全问题是由于非法添加造成的。甜味剂作为一种常用的添加剂,几乎涵盖了所有的食品,我国批准使用的甜味剂有15种。随着生活水平的不断提高,人们更加重视生命健康与饮食安全,因此需要科学的渠道,让人民大众了解食品添加剂与食品安全。通过调查各种甜味剂在榆林市市场上大部分饮料中的使用情况,本研究主要对5种常用甜味剂(甜蜜素、安赛蜜、阿斯巴甜、糖精钠、三氯蔗糖)的使用情况、存在的安全问题、如何规范使用等进行了概述。以期让消费者科学的了解甜味剂与食品安全,同时在食用或购买食品时更加有科学的依据。     

食用油脂中合成抗氧化剂的检测分析研究进展

向油脂中添加合成抗氧化剂是防止食用油脂在使用过程中发生氧化酸败的最有效方法之一,国家规定油脂中合成抗氧化剂添加的最大限量标准为200 mg/kg,因此建立准确、快速和高效的分析方法检测食用油脂中合成抗氧化剂的含量保证油脂以及含油食品的质量安全具有十分重要的意义。食用油脂中抗氧化剂的检测方法较多,最常用的有高效液相色谱法、气相色谱法、高效液相色谱-串联质谱法、气相色谱-串联质谱法等。本文主要综述了近年来食用油脂中合成抗氧化剂检测分析方法的研究进展,总结了不同分析方法之间的差异,并对今后的发展趋势加以展望。