基于属性重要度的ID3改进算法

ID3算法是数据挖掘中最经典的分类算法.该算法偏向于选择取值较多的属性,而属性值较多的属性不总是重要的,从而影响了分类预测的高效性.通过对ID3算法的研究,依据属性重要度粗糙集理论的思想,对经典的ID3算法做了相应的改进,改进后的ID3算法(AIID3),提高了算法的决策效率.最后的实例及应用表明,改进的算法更有效,更快速.     

粒计算中基于属性分类的形式概念属性约简

针对目前已有的形式概念属性约简算法的不足(如属性约简的时间复杂度偏高、属性及属性值比较过程中存在冗余计算、存储开销大等问题),结合粒计算思想,提出基于属性分类的形式概念属性约简模型.首先,通过定义两个算子来划分属性之间分类关系;然后,由属性分类关系制定约简规则,并在此基础上提出基于属性分类的形式概念约简算法,该算法在保持目前最低时间复杂度不变的情况下,减少了冗余计算和存储开销,提高了属性约简的计算效率;最后,通过实例和仿真实验对基于属性分类关系的形式概念属性约简算法的有效性进行了验证.     

基于属性值的ID3算法改进

ID3算法是数据挖掘中经典的决策树分类算法.针对ID3算法所存在的属性取值偏向问题及只时较小的数据集有效的缺点提出改进.当训练样本各属性的取值个数相差较大的情况下,在计算划分标准时引入了属性取值个数N,在一定程度上克服了ID3算法易偏向于取值较多的属性这一缺陷,得到了结构更简洁的、较为理想的决策树.采用先剪枝的方法实现改进,设定一个阈值避免决策树的完全生长,在保持分类准确率的同时,大大地提高了算法的速度.实验结果表明,改进后的算法(AVID3)对许多数据集比传统ID3算法更有效.     

一种基于粗糙集属性频度约简算法的改进

为了获得有效的属性最小相对约简,在基于属性频度的启发式约简算法的基础上,提出了一种同时满足属性重要性和频度改进的启发式约简算法.该算法的基本思想是:以属性的核为基础,以频度作为选择属性的启发信息,即把属性频度最大的属性添加到核属性中,这样就把分类能力较强的属性添加到约简集合中,从而能够获得较优的约简.     

一种基于属性敏感度的决策树算法

决策树算法是数据挖掘中重要的分类算法。目前,已有许多构建决策树的算法,其中,ID3算法是核心算法。本文首先对ID3算法进行研究与分析,针对计算属性的信息熵十分复杂的缺点,提出了一种新的启发式算法SID3,它是基于属性对分类的敏感度的。文章最后通过实例对两种算法进行比较分析,结果表明,SID3算法能够生成正确的决策树,并且使建树过程更简便,更快速。     

一种基于SLIQ的快速扩展分类算法的实现

ID3算法是一种信息熵的决策树学习算法,把信息熵作为选择测试属性的标准,对训练实例集进行分类并构造决策树来预测如何由属性对整个实例空间进行划分。ID3算法对于相对小的数据集是很有效的,但对大型数据库而言,ID3算法无法处理。SLIQ分类算法使用了一些独特的技术,改进了学习的时间,同时在没有降低精确度的情况下,解决了对磁盘驻留大数据集的分类。具有更快的速度而且生成较小的树。     

基于修正参数简化标准的 ID3改进算法

ID3算法是数据挖掘分类中的一种重要算法,它是以信息增益作为属性选择的标准。针对 ID3算法存在的一些不足,提出一种基于修正参数简化标准的 ID3改进算法：1）在信息熵中引入修正参数;2）对引入修正参系数后的信息熵进行简化。实验数据结果表明,改进后的算法能得到更合理、更有效的规则,不仅在一定程度上克服了取值偏向问题,同时减少计算量。     

基于决策协调度的最简决策树生成算法

在构造决策树的过程中,分离属性的选择方法直接影响着分类效果.采用粗糙集理论中决策协调度为分离属性的标准,提出条件确定度概念,并以此来控制树的增长.实例表明,与基于信息熵的ID3算法相比,该方法无需进行属性约简就可以得到复杂性较低的决策树,且能有效提高分类效果.     

基于粗糙集的快速属性约简算法研究

通过分析现有相容决策表属性约简算法,找出了计算低效性的根源。新的约简算法从论域的角度出发,采用层次结构,用属性边界域作为度量属性重要性启发函数。该算法使得论域不断缩小的同时,又能选出反映决策表系统特征的重要属性。理论分析和实验表明,该算法保证在分类精度不变的前提下,获得最优或次优的约简属性集。     

一种基于粗集理论的增量式属性约简算法

增量式学习中,当信息系统的对象和决策属性不变而不断增加条件属性时,为了获得该系统的约简属性,一般方法是对决策表中的所有数据重新计算,但这种方法显然效率很低且不必要.在粗集理论的基础上,给出相对区分矩阵和绝对区分矩阵的定义,提出一种新的增量式属性约简算法.通过实例得知:由该算法得到的属性约简与传统算法得到的属性约简结果相同,但该算法不仅降低了时间复杂度而且其分类质量一般要优于原来的分类质量,所以该属性约简具有一定的实用价值.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).