Fermentation temperature affects the antioxidant activity of the enzyme-ripened sufu, an oriental traditional fermented product of soybean

In this study, sufu, a Chinese traditional fermented product of soybean, was prepared by ripening salted tofu cubes in the mash of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented rice-soybean koji possessing various hydrolytic enzymes at 25°C, 37°C and 45°C. Antioxidant activity including 2,2-diphenyl-2-picylhydoxyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, Fe(2+)-chelating ability and reducing power exerted by the methanol extract of sufu was determined and compared with that of the non-fermented tofu extract. It was found that antioxidant activity of the sufu extracts was, generally, higher than the non-fermented tofu extract. Ripening temperature and the duration of ripening period affected the antioxidant activity of the sufu extracts. Taking into account of extraction yields, the sufu product ripened at 45°C for 16 days showed the most profound enhancement in the DPPH radical-scavenging effect and Fe(2+)-iron-chelating ability, which is 3.4 and 11.5 folds, respectively, that noted with the non-fermented tofu.     

Ripening temperature affects the content and distribution of isoflavones in sufu,a fermented soybean curd

Sufu, a fermented soybean curd, was prepared by ripening the salted tofu cubes in the Aspergillus oryzae‐fermented rice–soybean koji mash at 25, 35 or 45 °C for a period of 16 days. It showed that the 16‐day ripened sufu contains less total isoflavone content (629.29–739.68 μg g^?1 dried matter) than the salted tofu before ripening (942.59 μg g^?1 dried matter). Regardless of ripening temperature, ripening causes a major reduction in the content of β‐glucoside and malonylglucoside isoflavones along with a significant increase of aglycone isoflavone content. These changes were enhanced as the ripening period extended. Among the various treatments examined, sufu ripened at 45 °C showed the greatest increase in aglycone content coupled with the greatest decrease in malonylglucosides. The distribution of malonylglucosides decreased from an initial 40.32% in the tofu cube to 9.78% after 16 days of ripening at 45 °C. Meanwhile, the distribution of aglycone increased from 13.17% to 39.88%.     

Effects of Ripening Process on the Mutagenicity and Antimutagenicity of Sufu, a Chinese Traditional Fermented Product of Soybean

In the present study, sufu, the cheese-like fermented product of soybean, was prepared by ripening salted tofu cubes in Aspergillus oryzae-fermented rice?Csoybean koji mash at 35?°C for a period of 16?days. This mixture was held at room temperature (ca. 25?°C) for another 1?month. The mutagenicity and antimutagenicity exerted by the methanol extract of non-fermented tofu and sufu against 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide (4-NQO), a direct mutagen, and 3, 2-dimethyl-4-amino-biphenyl hydrochloride (DMAB), an indirect mutagen, on Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 were examined. Results revealed that the methanol extract of non-fermented tofu and sufu samples collected at various ripening intervals exhibited neither toxicity nor mutagenicity, yet did display antimutagenicity against mutagens across the dose levels examined. Generally, a dose-dependent antimutagenic effect was noted across the dose range examined. The antimutagenicity of the tofu extract toward 4-NQO and DMAB was enhanced significantly (P?<?0.05) through fermentation. Generally, the antimutagenicity of the sufu extract increased with the extension of ripening period. Furthermore, the extract of the non-fermented tofu and sufu, regardless of ripening period, showed a significantly higher (P?<?0.05) antimutagenicity against DMAB than 4-NQO.     

Volatile components of the Chinese fermented soya bean curd as affected by the addition of ethanol in ageing solution

Two Chinese fermented soya bean curd products were prepared using Actinomucor taiwanensis and ageing in brine solution with or without ethanol. The volatile compounds in these Sufu products were identified and quantified by GC and GC‐MS. A total of 61 volatile compounds were identified including 22 esters, 18 alcohols, 7 ketones, 3 aldehydes, 2 pyrazines, 2 phenols and 7 other compounds from the 75‐day aged Sufu products. Of the 61 identified compounds, 55 compounds were found to exist simultaneously in the two Sufu products prepared. Quantitatively and qualitatively, less volatile components were found in Sufu ageing without ethanol than those ageing with ethanol. In general, as the ageing period extended, contents of nearly all the volatile fractions in Sufu, particularly ester and alcohol, increased. In addition, a significantly higher amount of ester was noted in Sufu aged with ethanol than in that aged without ethanol. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Interactions between yeasts and bacteria in the smear surface-ripened cheeses

Sufu or furu is a fermented soybean product originating in China. It is a cheese-like product with a spreadable creamy consistency and a pronounced flavour. Sufu is a popular side dish consumed mainly with breakfast rice or steamed bread. It has a long history and written records date back to the Wei Dynasty (220-265 AD). Sufu is made by fungal solid state fermentation of tofu (soybean curd) followed by aging in brine containing salt and alcohol. The present review is based on scientific data published in Chinese and international sources. Several types of sufu can be distinguished, according to processing method or according to colour and flavour. Choice of processing can result in mould fermented sufu, naturally fermented sufu, bacterial fermented sufu, or enzymatically ripened sufu. Depending on the choice of dressing mixture, red, white or grey sufu may be obtained. The stages of the process are discussed and include the preparation of tofu, the preparation of pehtze, salting and ripening. Fungal starters include Actinomucor spp., Mucor spp. and Rhizopus spp. The chemical composition is discussed with particular reference to the proximate composition, the amino acid content and profile, as well as the volatile flavour components of various types of sufu.     

青方腐乳关键挥发性风味物质研究

青方腐乳是我国传统腐乳中风味最为独特的品种,目前人们对其风味物质认识滞后,特别是对其关键挥发性风味物质缺乏研究。本文采用动态顶空法萃取青方腐乳风味物质,气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术鉴定其挥发性风味物质,进一步使用动态顶空稀释法(DHDA)结合嗅闻检测技术确定其关键挥发性风味物质,为稳定产品风味质量提供科学依据。经GC-MS分析,共确定73种挥发性风味成分,其中酯类16种、含氮化合物13种、醇类12种,酸类12种、醛酮类10种、含硫化合物8种,未检测到硫化氢。内标定量可知,含氮化合物、酸类、酯类、酚类和醇类化合物相对含量较高,分别占风味物质相对含量的19.66%、18.7%、14.79%、10.35%和9.21%。DHDA结合嗅闻技术从青方腐乳中鉴定出25种关键挥发性风味物质,其中吲哚、苯酚、二甲基二硫、三甲基肼、乙酸乙酯、丁酸、二甲基三硫对青方腐乳风味贡献最大。     

青腐乳发酵的初步探讨

该试验研究以北京市腐乳厂的青腐乳为例，对其生产工艺分为白坯、毛坯、盐坯，后发酵7d、14d、21d、28d、35d、42d等9个阶段，在各阶段采样进行微生物的分离和理化检验以及黄曲霉毒素B1的分析。基本搞清楚了青腐乳发酵机理及腐乳风味与产品各成分之间的关系，在腐乳生产工艺上是一突破。     

腐乳挥发性成分的研究

大豆发酵食品中挥发性成分直接影响产品的风味,文中对中国传统大豆发酵制品——腐乳的挥发性成分的种类、风味成分保留指数与挥发性成分的关系、影响腐乳挥发性成分的因素等的研究进行了综述。     

Effect of NaCl on textural changes and protein and lipid degradation during the ripening stage of sufu,a Chinese fermented soybean food

Sufu is made by solid state fungal fermentation (using Actinomucor elegans) of tofu, followed by salting and maturation in dressing mixtures containing salt, alcohol and various other ingredients. NaCl in dressing mixtures strongly affected the changes in textural properties and the hydrolysis of protein and lipid of sufu. Higher salt contents (14% w/w) resulted in increased hardness (+100%) and elasticity (+18%) and reduced adhesiveness (?30%). Hardness and elasticity could be used to judge the extent of sufu ripening. SDS‐PAGE showed the disappearance of all protein subunits at 80 and 110 g kg^?1 salt content; however, some protein subunits were still detectable at 140 g kg^?1 salt content after 60 days of ripening. Higher ratios of free amino nitrogen to total nitrogen (FAN/TN = 0.4–0.45) and free amino acids to crude protein (FAA/CP = 0.24–0.26) were observed in sufu with lower (80 g kg^?1) salt content. FAN/TN and FAA/CP in white sufu (obtained with dressing mixtures containing only salt and alcohol) were higher than those in red sufu (obtained with dressing mixtures containing angkak or kojic red rice) owing to different dressing mixture compositions. Increases in free fatty acids (FFA) were also observed during ripening. FFA levels in sufu with lower salt content increased rapidly during the first 30–40 days and then increased slowly, probably resulting from the formation of fatty acid esters. Lowering the salt content (80 g kg^?1) can shorten the ripening time to 40 days, which is of benefit to manufacturers. However, sufu will spoil, ie undergo souring, during the ripening stage at salt contents of 50 g kg^?1 or lower. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

酸浆豆腐后熟过程中风味物质的形成途径分析

采集不同后熟阶段的酸浆豆腐为样本，对其游离氨基酸、有机酸、挥发性风味物质进行测定。结果显示，游离氨基酸和有机酸是滋味物质的主要来源，其中酸味氨基酸是主要的呈味物质，在不同的后熟阶段占总氨基酸的33%～35%。后熟过程中乳酸、乙酸和柠檬酸3 种有机酸是主要呈味物质且含量最高，其总量约占有机酸总量的50.08%～65.00%。后熟过程中共检测到84 种风味化合物，包括醛类、醇类、酚类、呋喃类等化合物，共同赋予酸浆豆腐独特的酵香风味。     

发酵豆制品潜在风险因子分析

采集了59份重庆生产酱油、豆豉、腐乳和豆瓣酱4大类发酵豆制品,检测其理化指标和可能存在的6种风险因子,包括蛋白质降解物挥发性盐基氮、硫化氢和生物胺、防腐剂苯甲酸和丙酸及微生物代谢毒素黄曲霉毒素。结果表明,各类样品的pH值及总酸含量均在正常范围;腐乳及包装酱油样品所含氨基酸态氮含量均满足国家标准;各类生物胺普遍存在于发酵豆制品中,不同类型的样品中所含生物胺的种类和含量不同,主要含有酪胺和腐胺。腐乳中生物胺总量最高;挥发性盐基氮的含量较高,可能对样品安全性有影响;硫化氢含量较少,暂不影响食品的可食性;总黄曲霉毒素的含量均未超过国家限量标准,安全性良好。苯甲酸和丙酸普遍存在于各类发酵豆制品中,个别样品中苯甲酸和丙酸含量远高于国家的限量标准,问题较为突出。有必要追踪发酵豆制品加工及贮藏过程中风险因子的变化及产生规律,提出有效的质量安全控制措施。     

黄牛肝菌中挥发性成分的GC-MS分析

利用顶空GC-MS技术对黄牛肝菌干品和蒸馏萃取得到的黄牛肝菌馏分中的挥发性成分进行了分析。从黄牛肝菌干品中鉴定出59种挥发性成分,占色谱流出峰总面积的相对质量分数为61.42%,主要为杂环类、酸类、酮类和酯类,主要成分有:戊酸、2,6-二甲基吡嗪、1-乙基-2-甲酰基吡咯、苯乙酮、苯甲醛、2,5-二甲基吡嗪、丙位戊内酯、2-乙基-(5或6)-甲基吡嗪和乙醇。从黄牛肝菌馏分中鉴定出46种挥发性成分,占色谱流出峰总面积的相对质量分数为55.25%,主要为酮类、醛类、酯类和醇类,主要成分有:苯乙酸甲酯、苯甲醛、1-辛烯-3-酮、1-辛烯-3-醇、苯乙酮、环辛醇和2-辛烯醛。微量芳香含硫化合物在黄牛肝菌馏分中有检出。样品在两种处理方式下鉴定得到16种相同组分,主要成分相对质量分数有显著差异。研究发现,干品分析得到的挥发性组分种类较馏分组分丰富,但蒸馏萃取对挥发性组分含量有富集作用。     

Influence of Lactobacillus brevis on metabolite changes in bacteria-fermented sufu

Sufu is a form of food derived from traditional Chinese fermented soybean. It has a unique flavor and contains abundant nutrients. With demands for healthy food on the rise, a higher level of sufu functionality is required. In fermentation of soybean-derived products, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widely used as an adjunct culture, which provides health benefits and enhances flavor of food. Among LAB, Lactobacillus brevis has the potential to generate γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is well-known for its physiological functions. In this study, L. brevis was added to bacteria-fermented sufu to evaluate its impacts on sufu quality. Sufu was produced via co-inoculation with Bacillus subtilis and L. brevis (group A sufu) or a single inoculation with B. subtilis (group B sufu). Metabolite changes in the two groups during fermentation were investigated and physicochemical changes were observed. The results indicated that the addition of L. brevis increased the concentration of GABA and decreased the concentrations of histamine and serotonin. The concentrations of volatile compounds, such as esters and acids, especially 2-methyl-butanoic acid ethyl ester, as well as the concentrations of phenylethyl alcohol and 3-methyl-butanol were significantly higher in group A. Inoculation of L. brevis changed the metabolite profile of sufu and improved its functionality and safety of edibility. The current study explored the potential of applying L. brevis to the manufacture of bacteria-fermented sufu.     

油炸对臭豆腐中挥发性风味物质的影响

以长沙臭豆腐为原料,采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱质谱联用（HS-SPME-GC-MS）技术检测臭豆腐油炸前后的挥发性 风味成分,研究油炸对臭豆腐的挥发性风味物质的影响。结果表明,油炸前的臭豆腐中共鉴定出37种挥发性物质,主要由醛类、醇类、 烷类、含硫化合物和呋喃类组成;油炸后的臭豆腐中共鉴定出40种挥发性物质,除上述物质外,还含有苯类、酮类和酸酐类等物质,而 醇类物质较少。与油炸前的臭豆腐相比,油炸后的臭豆腐中醇类、烯类、烷类的相对含量呈递减趋势,酮类、醛类、苯类、其他杂环类化 合物的相对含量呈递增趋势。     

白腐乳发酵过程中细菌群落演替规律研究

为解析白腐乳发酵过程中细菌的多样性,应用高通量测序和培养组学相结合的方法分析了前酵和后熟过程中细菌的变化规律,通过高通量测序分析白腐乳发酵过程中细菌16S rDNA V3-V4区基因序列。结果表明,白腐乳从前酵到后熟过程中细菌群落有较大变化,豆腐坯中的优势菌为乳杆菌（Lactobacillus）,毛坯中的优势菌为不动杆菌（Acinetobacter）,后熟45 d腐乳中的优势菌为明串珠菌（Leuconostoc）,后熟180 d腐乳中的优势菌为四联球菌（Tetragenococcus）;利用培养分离方法从腐乳发酵过程中部分样品分离鉴定出75株可培养细菌,包括融合魏斯氏菌（Weissella confuse）、蜡样芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereus）、肉葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus carnosus）、乳酸乳球菌（Lactococcus lactis）、嗜盐四联球菌（Tetragenococcus halophilus）、粪肠球菌（Enterococcus faecalis）和耐久肠球菌（Enterococcus durans）等。     

不同种类腐乳游离脂肪酸组成分析及营养评价

采用气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）测定8种腐乳样品的游离脂肪酸谱,比较其游离脂肪酸差异,并通过主成分分析法对其进行综合评价。 结果表明,不同类型腐乳中,总游离脂肪酸含量为（8.09～18.85）g/100 g,且存在显著差异（P＜0.05）;共检测出15种游离脂肪酸,亚油酸（43.36%～50.74%）、油酸（22.29%～28.16%）和棕榈酸（10.99%～13.72%）为主要脂肪酸;主成分分析中,前三主成分的贡献率分别为68.63%、26.25%、3.83%,累计贡献率达到98.71%,可较好反映所有游离脂肪酸组成的基本信息,但经综合评价,游离脂肪酸组成比例分值排序为酱腐乳＞克东腐乳＞白腐乳＞贵州土腐乳＞青腐乳＞糟方腐乳＞红腐乳＞白菜腐乳。该研究结果可为腐乳生产工艺改善及消费者选购提供科学依据。     

腐乳中结晶物的研究

腐乳是我国传统的发酵豆制品,由于其独特的风味、极高的营养价值,深受广大人民群众的喜爱。但是,腐乳是经多种微生物发酵而成,工序繁多,其成份较难控制,因此质量问题也比较多,腐乳结晶物就是其中之一。腐乳结晶物是指附在成熟腐乳表面或悬浮于腐乳汁液中的无色单斜晶体。该文针对严重影响腐乳外观的结晶物问题进行了论述,对其进行了定性定量分析,证明结晶物中含有NH4^＋、Mg^2＋、PO4^3-,测定了结晶物中铵氮含量为9．33％,镁含量为15．80％,磷含量为21．21％,确定其成分为MgNH4PO4·6H2O。     

Microbiology, biochemistry, and volatile composition of Tulum cheese ripened in goat's skin or plastic bags

Tulum cheeses were manufactured from raw ewe's milk and ripened in goat's skin bags (tulums) or plastic containers to understand the effect of ripening container on the chemical composition, biochemistry, microbiology, and volatile composition of Tulum cheeses during 150 d of ripening. Chemical compositions of the cheeses ripened in tulums were significantly different and the moisture contents decreased rapidly in those cheeses because of the porous structure of the tulum. Higher microbial counts were detected in the cheeses ripened in plastic than in cheeses ripened in tulums. Differences in nitrogenous compounds and total free AA of the cheeses were not significant. Total concentrations of free AA in cheeses increased with age and Glu, Ala, Val, Leu, and Phe were the most abundant AA in the cheeses. Urea-PAGE of pH 4.6-insoluble fractions of the cheeses during ripening showed similar degradation patterns in all cheeses. Peptide profiles by reversed-phase HPLC of pH 4.6- and ethanol-soluble or ethanol-insoluble fractions of the cheeses revealed only minor differences in the concentrations of some peptides among the cheeses; however, age-related changes in peptide concentrations were significantly different among the cheeses. Cheeses were analyzed at 90 d of ripening for volatile compounds by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. One hundred volatile components were identified, including 11 acids, 16 esters, 12 methyl ketones, 7 aldehydes, 22 alcohols, 7 sulfur compounds, 6 terpenes, and 19 miscellaneous compounds. The main components were short-chain fatty acids, 2-butanone, diacetyl, and primary alcohols. Quantitative differences in several volatile compounds were evident among the cheeses. Cheeses ripened in tulums or plastic had similar aroma patterns, but the concentrations of some components were different.     

云南腐乳发酵菌种的分离鉴定及其低盐腐乳的品质分析

对云南牟定腐乳中的霉菌进行分离纯化,获得适用于腐乳发酵的菌种,并将其应用于低盐腐乳生产中,探讨低盐发酵对腐乳品质的影响。通过形态学和分子生物学鉴定筛选菌种;采用标准法、扫描电子显微镜、顶空固相微萃取-气质联用技术和感官评价分别分析了低盐腐乳的理化性质、微观结构、挥发性风味成分和感官品质。从腐乳前发酵毛坯中分离纯化获得了白色的优质总状毛霉(M2)并应用于低盐腐乳的制备;随着盐含量的降低,腐乳中总酸、氨基酸态氮、水溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸含量逐渐升高,蛋白质水解程度逐渐增大,腐乳凝胶孔径逐渐缩小,结构更加致密均一。低盐腐乳中共检测出了45种挥发性风味物质,且盐含量对挥发性风味物质含量有较大影响,感官评定结果表明,盐含量对腐乳的滋味和质地影响较大,且M2-70%的接受度最高。实验所获得的总状毛霉适用于云南腐乳的发酵,适当的低盐发酵可提高腐乳的品质。     

不同凝固剂对豆腐品质特性及风味成分的影响

为探究不同凝固剂对豆腐品质特性和风味成分的影响,利用质构分析、扫描电镜分析和固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用（SPME-GC-MS）等技术以及聚类分析和主成分分析等分析方法研究了MgCl₂、CaSO₄、乳酸、醋酸、葡萄糖酸内酯（GDL）和酸浆对豆腐得率、质构、色差、微观结构以及挥发性物质组成的影响。结果表明:酸浆豆腐和GDL豆腐含水量和得率显著高于其他凝固剂豆腐（P<0.05）;醋酸豆腐的硬度（244.04 mN）和咀嚼性（176.34 mJ）最大,而L*值（82.77）最低;CaSO₄豆腐和GDL豆腐具有致密的网状结构,醋酸豆腐表面粗糙,具有孔隙。从豆乳和不同种凝固剂豆腐中共检测出醇类、醛类、酮类、酯类、酸类、酚类等100种挥发性风味物质,且豆乳中挥发性物质总量显著高于不同凝固剂豆腐的挥发性物质总量（P<0.05）。酸浆豆腐挥发性物质种类最多,但致“豆腥味”挥发性物质含量最低。聚类分析表明乳酸豆腐、醋酸豆腐和MgCl₂豆腐的挥发性风味特征相似度高,CaSO₄豆腐和GDL豆腐的挥发性风味特征相似度高。主成分分析表明对豆腐风味贡献较大的挥发性物质有2, 4-壬二烯醛、(E)-2-辛烯醛、1-己醇、(E)-2-癸烯醛和(E, E)-2, 4-癸二烯醛。感官评价表明CaSO₄豆腐和酸浆豆腐优于其他凝固剂豆腐。综上,不同凝固剂对豆腐得率、质构、色差、微观结构、风味物质和感官评价影响显著,其中CaSO₄豆腐和酸浆豆腐与其他凝固剂豆腐相比,拥有更佳的质地、风味和更高的消费吸引力。