Mn对2205双相不锈钢耐点蚀性能的影响

研究锰元素对2205双相不锈钢耐点蚀性能的影响, 锰质量分数的变化范围为0. 93%~1. 26%.分别采用化学腐蚀法、动电位极化法研究双相不锈钢2205的耐腐蚀性能, 采用夹杂物自动分析技术研究锰对钢中夹杂物种类及数量的影响, 通过扫描电镜、能谱及夹杂物原位分析法观察化学腐蚀及电化学腐蚀前后钢中夹杂物及其周围钢基体的变化情况.采用电感耦合等离子体发光光谱测定腐蚀产物的成分.研究结果表明, 不同类型的夹杂物对耐腐蚀性能的影响不同, (Mn、Si) 氧化物以及(Mn、Si、Cr) 氧硫化物在腐蚀液中更易溶解进而促进腐蚀, 而(Cr、Mn、Al) 氧化物却很稳定.锰的加入会促进钢中(Cr、Mn、Al) 夹杂的析出, 此类夹杂物不仅自身很容易被含Cl离子的溶液腐蚀, 而且作为点蚀的起始点, 促进了点蚀坑的形成, 加快了基体腐蚀, 最终导致不锈钢耐点蚀性能的下降.      

439M铁素体不锈钢点蚀诱发机理

 439M铁素体不锈钢广泛应用于汽车排气系统消声器中,其主要失效形式是点蚀破坏。采用点腐蚀试验、去钝化起始pH值试验、微区电化学试验,并结合扫描电镜及能谱分析,观察分析了点腐蚀和夹杂物的形貌,研究了点蚀诱发时夹杂物的变化情况。研究结果表明,439M不锈钢的点蚀主要在复合氧化物夹杂处诱发,而TiN夹杂物未诱发点蚀;夹杂物诱发点蚀时,复合氧化物夹杂的CaO优先溶解。最后,建立了在氯离子环境下439M不锈钢中复合氧化物夹杂诱发点蚀的模型。     

Pitting corrosion behavior of Cu-P-RE weathering steels

The weathering steels are prone to pitting corrosion in an environment containing chloride ions.The pitting behavior of Cu-P-RE weathering steels and its effect on the corrosion resistance of steels were investigated by multifarious analytical techniques,such as field emission-scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),electron probe microanalysis(EPMA),scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy(SKPFM),electrochemical workstation and a series of immersion tests.The results show that the original stripshap...     

Origin mechanism of pitting corrosion induced by cerium inclusions

In this paper, the origin mechanism of pitting corrosion induced by Ce₂O₃, Ce₂O₂S, and CeAlO₃ inclusions in a microalloyed steel was investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy and electron backscattered diffraction, conductivity atomic force microscopy, immersion test, and first-principles calculation. The results show that the Ce₂O₃, Ce₂O₂S, and CeAlO₃ inclusions are non-conductive, which are impossible to form corrosion couples with the steel matrix. There are no obvious lattice distortion zones in the steel matrix around the Ce₂O₃, Ce₂O₂S, and CeAlO₃ inclusions, so it is difficult to form micro-galvanic corrosion near the Ce inclusion. The order of work functions of the Ce inclusions and the steel matrix from small to large is Ce₂O₂S < Ce₂O₃<CeAlO₃<steel matrix, which is consistent with their dissolution sequence in the immersion test in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. Consequently, it is effective and reliable to use work function to predict or judge the dissolution behaviors of the Ce inclusions or steel matrix in corrosive solution. The Ce₂O₃, Ce₂O₂S, and CeAlO₃ inclusions have the tendency of self-dissolution and dissolve preferentially to the steel matrix in the solution by the salt effect, which lead to pitting corrosion of Ce-containing microalloyed steel.     

Pitting corrosion behavior of cerium treated HSLA steel induced by sulfide inclusions in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution

Pitting corrosion behavior of Ce treated HSLA steels induced by sulfide inclusions in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution was investigated with potentiodynamic polarization and immersion corrosion test.The results show that Ce added steels exhibit better pitting corrosion resistance with lower corrosion current density and bigger pitting potential compared with steel without Ce,which is mainly attributed to optimized characteristics of spherical Ce-oxysulfide inclusions with less number density,smaller average size and lower pitting corrosion susceptibility.The spherical Ce₂O₂ S inclusions precipitated on the surface of CeAlO₃ inclusions in the Ce added steels induce pits with bigger opening mouth and shallow depth,reducing their tendency of extension to go deeper due to occlusion corrosion battery in the pitting holes.Furthermore,corrosion inhibitor Ce(OH)₃ generated by Ce₂O₂ S hydration can weaken electrochemical corrosion of the matrix micro-region around the pits.To avoid harmful bigger inclusions,Ce content in steels should be regulated within reasonable range,0.015 wt% Ce in present steels effectively modified inclusions to acquire the best pitting corrosion resistance of the steels.     

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The corrosion environment of cargo oil tank (COT) was simulated according to performance standard for corrosion resistant steel of IMO in this paper, to study the corrosion behavior of two different ship hull steel on the upper deck of COT. The results showed general corrosion in wet-dry environments contained H2S, the corrosion rate of conventional E36 steel reached 0??4mm/a. The addition of Cu and Ni improved the formation of the stable phase ??-FeOOH, which decreased the defect in the rust and made the rust more compact. Inclusions such as CaO and CaS formed in the Ca treated ship steel, which dissolved under the corrosion media and alkaline product generated, the alkaline product increased the pH value of the liquid film on the surface of steel and slowed down the corrosion rate of steel.     

Dissolution of chromium-enriched inclusions and pitting corrosion of resulfurized stainless steels

The dissolution of MnS inclusions enriched in chromium (30 to 40 wt pct Cr) and the corrosion susceptibility of resulfurized stainless steel were studied in various NaCl- and NaClO₄-based solutions by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the electrochemical microcell technique. It has been shown that chromium-enriched inclusions do not undergo dissolution under free corrosion conditions. By contrast, electrochemical dissolution of inclusions occurs at high potential values (above 500 mV vs saturated calomel electrode) in all the solutions, followed by stable pitting. It has also been shown that some areas containing chromium-enriched inclusions exhibited stable pitting at low potentials (below 100 mV vs saturated calomel electrode) in the electrolytes with chloride ions. Field-emission SEM experiments have revealed that the matrix undergoes dissolution around these inclusions. An assumption is proposed for describing pitting corrosion mechanisms.     

非金属夹杂物对不锈钢耐点蚀性能影响的综述

摘要：首先,总结了3种常用的非金属夹杂物对不锈钢耐点蚀性能影响的研究方法,即原位腐蚀观察、微区电化学法、原子力显微镜。其次,总结了硫化物、氧化物、稀土夹杂物3种不同类型夹杂物对不锈钢耐腐蚀性能影响。随着硫化物含量的增多,不锈钢的耐点蚀性能会下降;对于氧化物的影响,目前的研究集中在氧化物的成分对不锈钢耐点蚀性能的影响。不同成分的夹杂物对不锈钢耐点蚀性能的影响机制还不是很清楚;稀土夹杂物对不锈钢点蚀的影响主要与稀土对不锈钢中夹杂物改性有关。而后,汇总了目前提出的夹杂物对不锈钢耐点蚀性能影响的机制,即贫Cr区机制、微缝隙机制、活性机制。贫Cr区机制主要用于解释硫化物引起的点蚀,后2种主要用于解释氧化物引起的点蚀。最后,提出了夹杂物控制提升不锈钢耐点蚀性能的展望。     

碳钢在NaCl溶液中初始腐蚀行为的探讨

采用电化学极化与金相显微镜原位观察相结合的方法,对Q235钢在3%NaCl溶液中腐蚀的初始行为进行了研究。借助原子力显微镜对初始腐蚀的试样观察分析,发现试样在-900 mV(vs SCE)就出现了点蚀,点蚀优先在晶界附近的铁素体上生成。蚀坑长大后,优先沿轧制方向发展,而形成腐蚀沟槽。钢中夹杂没有发生活性溶解,导电性夹杂物作为阴极仅对腐蚀过程起促进作用。     

静水压与溶解氧耦合作用对低合金高强钢腐蚀电化学行为的影响

采用动电位极化测试和扫描电子显微镜/能谱仪表征, 通过理想动电位极化曲线分析方法和微观腐蚀形貌观察研究了静水压与溶解氧耦合作用对低合金高强钢在质量分数为3.5% NaCl溶液中腐蚀电化学行为的影响. 结果表明: 随着静水压和溶解氧溶度的同时增大, 腐蚀电位先增高而后逐渐降低, 腐蚀电流呈非线性增长; 静水压与溶解氧在腐蚀过程中存在相互竞争抑制关系, 在静水压与溶解氧同时增长过程中, 溶解氧首先促进阴极反应过程并抑制阳极反应过程, 而后静水压逐渐加速阳极过程并对阴极反应过程有一定的抑制作用; 静水压与溶解氧耦合作用加速了腐蚀产物膜的生长, 增加了低合金高强钢表面点蚀坑的数量和生长尺寸.      

Effects of Cu Content on Inclusions and Pitting Corrosion in S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel

Cu is an austenite-forming element in duplex stainless steel, and the precipitation of Cu-rich phase can improve the strength of the alloy. However, the role of Cu element in the corrosion resistance of stainless steel is widely controversial. Herein, the effects of different Cu content on the formation of inclusions and the pitting resistance of duplex stainless steel are studied by using potentiodynamic anodic polarization test, immersion corrosion, scanning electron microscope, and electron probe microanalysis. The results show that the pitting potential decreases significantly with the increase of Cu content, which greatly reduces its ability to resist Cl⁻ corrosion. The reason is that Cu increases the driving force for the formation of Al-containing oxides, which increases the number and size of Al-containing inclusions formed in the process of melting and solidification. At the same time, Cu promotes the formation of Cr-depleted zone, which promotes the formation of microcracks and pitting corrosion between steel matrix and inclusions in duplex stainless steel.     

夹杂物对Cr-Ni系高强度钢耐蚀性能的影响

对比研究了2种Cr-Ni系高强度钢在人造海水条件下耐蚀性能差异,采用ASPEX自动扫描电镜分析了钢中夹杂物种类、数量和分布,利用金相显微镜对夹杂物引发腐蚀的过程开展了原位分析,并利用扫描电镜(SEM),观察了腐蚀后样品的微观形貌。全浸腐蚀实验结果表明,A钢虽然合金含量较高,但其腐蚀速率要大于B钢;夹杂物分析及其原位腐蚀实验研究表明,B钢通过Ca处理获得了良好的夹杂物改性效果,将钢中对耐蚀性提高不利的MnS夹杂物改性为CaS复合夹杂物,降低了B钢的点蚀敏感性,提高了B钢的耐蚀性能。     

Effect of Environmental Factors on Electrochemical Behavior of X70 Pipeline Steel in Simulated Soil Solution

Potentiodynamic polarization measurement was used to investigate the effects of temperature, dissolved ox-ygen concentration and pH on the electrochemical behavior of X70 pipeline steel in simulated solution according to the orthogonal testing method. The results showed that temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration and pH had great influence on corrosion current density (icorr)of X70 steel. Corrosion current density of X70 steel was most influenced by dissolved oxygen concentration in simulated solution. The corrosion degree of X70 steel was the least under the environment of low temperature, deficient oxygen and weak acid.     

Addition of Titanium Oxide Inclusions into Liquid Steel to Control Nonmetallic Inclusions

Titanium oxide inclusions in steel are well known to inhibit grain growth and act as nucleation sites for acicular ferrite because of absorbing manganese from the surrounding steel resulting in a manganese depleted zone around the inclusion. In this article, the inclusions resulting from TiO₂ additions to low-alloyed C-Mn-Cr steel were studied. Different types of TiO₂ containing materials were added to liquid steel before or during casting to get small titanium-oxide–rich inclusions in steel. The main goals were to find out what happens to TiO₂ in liquid steel after addition and during cooling and to study further what type of inclusions are formed in the steel as a result of the TiO₂ addition. Based on the thermodynamic calculations and the results of scanning electron microscope (SEM)-energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS) and SEM-electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis, TiO₂ is first reduced to Ti₃O₅ in liquid steel at high temperatures and then to Ti₂O₃ during cooling at around 1573 K (1300 °C). Both reactions liberate oxygen, which reacts with Ti, Mn, and Al forming complex Ti₂O₃-rich inclusions. The results also show that TiO₂ additions result in more TiO_x + MnO inclusions compared with experiments with Ti addition and that the absolute amount of manganese present in the inclusions is much higher in experiments with TiO₂ addition than in experiments with Ti additions.     

Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)对CO_2环境中点蚀形貌的影响

研究了 CO2 环境下 P110油管钢在不同介质中的点蚀形貌。结果表明 :点蚀形貌与腐蚀介质组成密切相关。在不含可生成难溶性碳酸盐的金属阳离子的介质中 ,P110油管钢的点蚀形貌为典型的 V形点蚀坑 ;在含 Ca2 +或 Mg2 +的介质中 ,点蚀则表现为 V形、半球形和闭口圆球形 3种形貌并存。蚀坑腐蚀产物的 SEM分析证实 ,Ca2 +、Mg2 +影响点蚀形貌的重要原因是 :这些离子的难溶性碳酸盐在点蚀坑上部优先沉积 ,有效地抑制了点蚀坑上部的金属溶解速度。试验中还发现 ,Cl-的存在并不是 CO2 环境中发生点蚀的必要条件 ,但 Cl-会加速点蚀的发展     

Correlation of initiation of corrosion pits and metallurgical features of X100 pipeline steel

Abstract

In this work, corrosion pits initiated on X100 pipeline steel and their correlation with the metallurgical features of the steel were characterised by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It was found that pits are always associated with various inclusions. For pits initiating at an MnS inclusion, a preferential dissolution occurs of the steel matrix at the inclusion/steel interface, with the inclusion remaining inside the pit. For duplex inclusions consisting of both MnS and Al₂O₃, the Al₂O₃ component is dissolved in the pit solution. Pits initiated at Al₂O₃ and Ca/Al/Mg/O inclusions are also due to the preferential dissolution of the adjacent steel. However, the Si enriched inclusion is anodic relative to the steel matrix, resulting in dissolution of the inclusion to initiate pits.

Dans ce travail, on a caractérisé les piqûres de corrosion initiées sur l’acier X100 pour pipeline et leur corrélation avec la caractéristique métallurgique de l’acier, au moyen de la microscopie électronique à balayage et de la spectroscopie à dispersion d’énergie. On a trouvé que les piqûres étaient toujours associées à diverses inclusions. Pour les piqûres initiées à une inclusion de MnS, une dissolution préférentielle se produit sur la matrice de l’acier à l’interface entre l’inclusion et l’acier, l’inclusion se retrouvant à l’intérieur de la piqûre. Pour les inclusions conjuguées consistant à la fois de MnS et d’Al₂O₃, la composante d’Al₂O₃ est dissoute dans la solution de la piqûre. Les piqûres initiées à des inclusions d’Al₂O₃ et de Ca/Al/Mg/O résultent également de la dissolution préférentielle de l’acier adjacent. Cependant, l’inclusion enrichie de Si est anodique par rapport à la matrice de l’acier, résultant en la dissolution de l’inclusion, ce qui initie des piqûres.     

低合金结构钢腐蚀的影响因素及其耐蚀性判据

通过对不同厂家或产线生产的相近成分和显微组织的8种低合金工程结构钢样品进行中性盐雾加速腐蚀试验,结合成分测试、微观组织分析、腐蚀产物分析及数据统计与计算拟合等方法,提出了评价低合金结构钢耐蚀性的综合耐蚀指数及其包含钢材成分、夹杂物、组织及晶粒度等多因素的数学表达式。研究结果表明,低合金工程结构钢的耐蚀性除与传统的耐蚀指数I相关外,还受钢中夹杂物、显微组织、晶粒度等多种材料因素的耦合影响,其影响程度按从大到小排序依次为耐蚀合金元素所决定的耐蚀指数I、夹杂物总量、珠光体含量和晶粒度级别。综合耐蚀指数Y可作为比耐蚀指数I指数更有效的低合金钢耐蚀性判据,具有重要的工程应用价值。      

Corrosion Behavior of Welded Joints for Cargo Oil Tanks of Crude Oil Carrier

E32 grade corrosion resistant steel was welded with welding wires with three different S contents.The mi-crostructure,mechanical properties,inclusions,and corrosion behavior of welded joint were investigated.The joint coupon corrosion test and potentiodynamic polarization test were carried out under the simulated corrosion environ-ment of the inner bottom plates of cargo oil tanks.The pitting initiation and propagation mechanism of the weld metal were studied by scanning electron microscopy and infinite focus.The results indicated that the microstructures of three kinds of weld metals are all composed of acicular ferrite,ferrite side-plate and proeutectoid ferrite.The micro-structure of heat-affected zone is composed predominantly of bainite.Joint welded with low S filler wire has good me-chanical properties.S can decrease free corrosion potential and increase the corrosion tendency.The pitting initiation is oxide inclusion or sulfide-oxide inclusion complex.S can induce the formation of occluded area and promote the corrosion propagation.The chemical compositions of weld metal is similar to base metal,which can limit the galvanic corrosion between weld metal and base metal,and avoid formation of corrosion step.     

稀土元素铈对钢中非金属夹杂物改性和腐蚀影响的第一性原理研究

通过原位腐蚀观察和基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理计算方法,从微观角度研究了稀土元素铈（Ce）对J5不锈钢中夹杂物的改性和夹杂物诱导腐蚀的机理。采用扫描电子显微镜与能谱分析了稀土元素Ce改性夹杂物的过程中夹杂物成分和类型的变化,观察到的代表夹杂物为CeAlO₃?Ce₂O₂S、Ce₂O₃?Ce₂O₂S、MnS等。根据形成能计算,经稀土元素Ce处理后,生成了稳定的Ce₂O₃、Ce₂O₂S、CeAlO₃夹杂物。通过表面能判断了晶面的稳定性,Fe(100)-2面的表面能经收敛测得为2.4374 J·m?2,该晶面的功函数为4.7352 eV。通过对比夹杂物与钢基体的功函数与计算电势差,分析了不同含Ce夹杂物诱导点蚀的趋势,探讨了不同原子位置、原子数量和不同slab模型对功函数的影响。研究表明,与Fe (100)-2面的电子功函数相比,MnS以及改性后3种夹杂物CeS、Ce₂O₃和Ce₂O₂S电势差大多小于0,CeAlO₃的电势差在0 eV左右。夹杂物不同晶面对功函数影响很大,O、S等非金属原子数量多的晶面功函数平均值较高,添加稀土元素Ce可以有效降低晶面功函数。5种夹杂物和钢基体的平均功函数大小顺序为CeAlO₃>Fe>MnS>CeS>Ce₂O₂S>Ce₂O₃。结合不锈钢中复合夹杂物的实验结果可知,Ce₂O₃诱导点蚀发生的概率最高,CeAlO₃可以有效提高钢的耐腐蚀能。      

Production of corrosion-resistant 09ГСФ steel

New production technology for low-alloy 09ГСФ steel for rolled sheet resistant to hydrogen-sulfide corrosion is described. The quantity of modifier introduced determines the impurity content of the metal after deep refining to remove sulfur and nonmetallic inclusions, the types of inclusions formed, and hence the resistance of the metal to corrosion cracking. Row inclusions formed in the sheet after nonoptimal ladle treatment of the steel are mainly responsible for the impairment of corrosion resistance.