肠淋巴途径在失血性休克大鼠肠源性细菌/内毒素移位发病学中的作用

目的观察失血性休克大鼠肠系膜淋巴液及门静脉血毒性物质的变化，同时观察结扎肠系膜淋巴管对重症失血性休克大鼠器官内毒素（ET）及肠系膜淋巴结和脾脏组织细菌培养的影响，探讨肠淋巴途径在休克大鼠肠源性细菌／内毒素移位（BET）发病学中的作用。方法雄性Wistar大鼠24只被随机分为休克组及对照组。复制重症失血性休克大鼠模型后，分别留取休克淋巴液、休克门静脉血、正常淋巴液、正常门静脉血，检测其中的ET、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF～α）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）水平。另取30只大鼠被随机分为假手术组、休克组、结扎组。休克组与结扎组复制重症失血性休克大鼠模型。结扎组于休克复苏后行肠系膜淋巴管结扎术，分别于休克输液复苏3h和6h后，制备肺、肝、心、肾组织匀浆，检测其中ET含量；制备肠系膜淋巴结和脾组织匀浆，进行细菌培养。结果休克淋巴液中ET、TNF—α、IL-6的含量均显著高手休克血浆、正常血浆和正常淋巴液（P均〈0．01）；失血性休克大鼠输液复苏后3h和6h肺、肝、心、肾组织中ET含量均显著高于假手术组与结扎组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；休克组大鼠复苏后3h和6h肠系膜淋巴结及脾组织中均可见细菌生长，而结扎组大鼠相应组织中则无细菌生长。结论肠淋巴途径在失血性休克致大鼠肠道屏障功能下降、引起肠源性BET的发病学中具有首要作用。     

肠淋巴途径在大鼠休克致肝脏炎症反应中的作用

目的 观察结扎肠系膜淋巴管对重症失血性休克不同时期大鼠肝脏炎症介质、自由基的变化,探讨阻断肠淋巴途径对休克大鼠肝脏炎症反应的影响.方法 78只雄性Wistar大鼠被随机分为假手术组(n=6)、休克组(n=42)和结扎组(n=30).休克组与结扎组复制重症失血性休克模型,结扎组于休克复苏后行肠系膜淋巴管结扎术.于休克90 min、输液复苏后0、1、3、6、12和24 h各处死6只大鼠,制备肝组织匀浆,检测肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、一氧化氮(NO)、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)以及髓过氧化物酶(MPO)水平;采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)测定肝组织诱生型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)mRNA表达.结果 休克组大鼠输液复苏后不同时间点肝组织TNF-α、IL-6、NO、NOS、MDA、MPO以及iNOS mRNA均有不同程度的升高,6～12 h持续在较高水平,均显著高于假手术组,肝组织SOD活性显著低于假手术组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);结扎组输液复苏后3、6、12和24 h肝组织TNF-α、IL-6、NO、NOS、MDA、MPO以及iNOS mRNA均显著低于休克组相应时间点.SOD活性高于休克组相应时间点(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论 肠系膜淋巴管结扎可减少肝脏中性粒细胞扣押,降低TNF-α、IL-6释放,抑制iNOS mRNA表达及NO生成,减少自由基损伤与SOD消耗,从而减轻肝脏的炎症反应.     

肠系膜淋巴管结扎对失血性休克大鼠肺组织一氧化氮及其表达的影响

目的 观察结扎肠系膜淋巴管对不同时期重症失血性休克大鼠肺组织一氧化氮（NO）及其表达的影响，探讨肠淋巴途径在休克大鼠急性肺损伤（ALI）中的作用。方法 雄性Wistar大鼠78只，按随机数字表法分为假手术组（n=6）、休克组（n=42）和结扎组（n=30）。休克组与结扎组复制重症失血性休克模型，结扎组于休克复苏后行肠系膜淋巴管结扎术；休克组于休克后90min、输液复苏后0h，休克组及结扎组于输液复苏后1、3、6、12和24h各时间点处死大鼠，制备肺组织匀浆，检测NO及其合酶的变化；用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）测定各组大鼠肺组织诱生型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）．mRNA表达。结果 休克组大鼠复苏后3h肺组织NO含量、NOS活性及iNOSmRNA表达开始升高，复苏后6～12h持续在较高水平，均显著高于假手术组、休克后90min及复苏后0h（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；结扎组仅于3h和6h增高，且结扎组复苏后6、12和24h肺组织NO含量、NOS活性以及iNOSmRNA表达均显著低于休克组相同时间点（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论 肠系膜淋巴管结扎可降低重症失血性休克大鼠肺组织NO生成及iNOSmRNA表达，从而减轻肺损伤。     

TNF-α、IL-6、MDA、SOD在失血性休克动物模型中的表达

目的：探讨在失血性休克动物模型中肿瘤坏死α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、丙二醛（MDA）及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的表达。方法：采用Chaudry方法（略作改动）制作大鼠失血性休克模型，60min后用回输血液和生理盐水进行复苏。检测不同的时相血清TNF-α、IL-6、MDA及SOD的表达水平。结果：大鼠失血性休克与复苏后血清TNF-α、IL-6及MDA含量均明显升高，SOD含量减少，并且随时间的变化而变化。结论：TNF-α、IL-6和氧自由基参与了失血性休克的发生和发展，在适当的时间，采用抗介质治疗可能对失血性休克具有一定的作用。     

不同复苏液对创伤失血性休克大鼠血浆及肺组织TNF-α、IL-6及MPO的影响

目的探讨大鼠创伤失血性休克复苏时使用25%白蛋白与乳酸林格液对早期肺损伤的影响及可能机制。方法45只SD大鼠随机分为3组,假手术(Sham)组、林格液(RL)组和白蛋白(ALB)组复苏后2h取血并处死动物取肺组织测定TNF-α、IL-6表达及髓过氧化酶(MPO)活性和肺湿/干重(肺W/D)比值。结果各实验组休克复苏2h后血浆及肺泡灌洗液TNF-α、IL-6表达以及肺组织MPO活性、肺W/D比值均较Sham组高(P<0.05);ALB组复苏后维持MAP80~90mmHg所需液体较RL组明显减少(P<0.05);ALB组复苏后血浆及肺泡灌洗液TNF-α、IL-6表达以及肺组织MPO活性、肺W/D比值均较RL组低(P<0.05)。结论大鼠创伤失血性休克时血浆及肺组织TNF-α、IL-6表达及MPO活性增高,白蛋白复苏较乳酸林格液复苏肺组织损伤减轻。     

失血性休克大鼠器官组织中促炎细胞因子表达及释放的时相性研究

目的探讨休克后促炎细胞因子表达释放的时相性变化。方法80只SD大鼠被随机分为失血性休克组（40只）和对照组（40只）。于休克后30、60和90min及复苏后30min和90min各处死8只大鼠，采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT～PCR）检测失血性休克后各时间点肠、肝、肺组织内肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF—α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、IL-6的mRNA表达，采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）双抗体夹心法测定血清中TNF—α、IL-6的含量。结果①休克30min时，肠、肝、肺组织中促炎细胞因子的mRNA表达均未见升高；休克60min肠道首先出现TNF—α mRNA表达升高（P〈0．05），而肝脏在休克90min时表达开始升高（P〈0．01），肺脏则在复苏后30min表达开始升高（P〈0．05）。复苏后90min肠、肝、肺组织中TNF—α mRNA表达仍高于对照组（P均〈0．01）。TNF—α mRNA在肠、肝、肺内的表达升高最早，其后才是IL-1β mRNA和IL-6 mRNA。②休克30min门静脉血和下腔静脉血中TNF—α、IL-6的含量与对照组比较差异均无显著性，而休克60min时门静脉血中TNF—α含量显著升高（P〈0．05）；休克90min、复苏后30min和90min门静脉血和下腔静脉血中TNF—α、IL-6含量均较对照组显著升高（P均〈0．01）。结论失血性休克时细胞因子的释放顺序县肠道、肝脏和肺脏。椎测存在“肠→肝→肺”细胞因子释放轴。     

促红细胞生成素对失血性休克大鼠肾损伤的保护作用

[目的]探讨促红细胞生成素（Erythropoietin, Epo）对失血性休克大鼠肾损伤的保护作用.[方法]建立失血性休克大鼠肾损伤模型,选用SD大鼠36只随机分为假休克组、休克组、Epo治疗组,进行组织学观察,并检测血浆丙二醛（MDA）、肌酐（Cr）、尿素氮（BUN）和肾组织匀浆超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、白介素-6（IL-6）的变化.[结果]Epo治疗组血浆MDA、Cr、BUN水平较休克组显著下降（P〈0.05）;肾组织匀浆SOD显著升高、IL-6显著降低（P〈0.05）.[结论]Epo对失血性休克大鼠肾损伤具有保护作用,这种作用可能与提高肾组织中SOD水平,降低肾组织中IL-6水平有关.     

肠系膜淋巴管结扎对失血性休克大鼠的器官保护作用

目的 观察肠系膜淋巴管结扎对失血性休克大鼠肠、肝、肺组织细胞因子表达以及组织病理学的影响.方法 24只SD大鼠被随机均分成对照组、失血性休克组、失血性休克+肠系膜淋巴管结扎组.采用逆转录一聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测各组大鼠肠、肝、肺组织肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的mRNA表达;苏木素一伊红(HE)染色观察各组织的病理学改变.结果 失血性休克大鼠肠、肝、肺组织TNF-α mRNA和IL-6 mRNA表达均较对照组明显升高(TNF-α mRNA:肠0.54±0.07比0.37±0.05,肝1.014-0.06比0.56±0.07,肺0.94±0.07比0.62±0.06;IL-6 mRNA:肠0.89±0.12比0.50±0.09,肝1.07±0.10比0.57±0.12,肺1.09±0.09比0.67±0.06,P均<0.01);肠系膜淋巴管结扎可明显降低肠、肝、肺组织TNF-αmRNA和IL-6 mRNA表达(TNF-α mRNA:肠0.47±0.05比0.54±0.07,肝0.81±0.07比1.01±0.06,肺0.80±0.05比0.94±0.07;IL-6 mRNA:肠0.66±0.07比0.89±0.12,肝0.83±0.13比1.07±0.10,肺0.73±0.11比1.09±0.09,P<0.05或P<0.01).组织病理学观察显示,肠系膜淋巴管结扎可明显减轻失血性休克引起的肠黏膜绒毛坏死、脱落;减轻肝细胞变性、坏死;减轻肺水肿和炎性细胞浸润.结论 肠系膜淋巴管结扎可降低失血性休克大鼠肠、肝、肺组织细胞因子TNF-α、IL-6的表达及病理损伤程度,对器官功能起保护作用.     

大黄素对肠缺血/再灌注损害保护作用的实验研究

目的探讨大鼠肠缺血／再灌注（I／R）损伤致肠黏膜损害的机制及大黄素的保护作用。方法将30只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分成假手术组、肠缺血45min再灌注6h模型组和大黄素预处理组。用无创伤动脉夹夹闭大鼠肠系膜上动脉制备肠I／R模型；假手术组仅开腹不钳夹血管。大黄素预处理组在术前30min经股静脉注入大黄素（2．5mg／kg），假手术组和模型组分别注入等量生理盐水。在缺血45min再灌注6h后，各组分别经下腔静脉采血，然后处死大鼠取肠系膜淋巴组织及小肠组织标本。分别检测各组血清肠脂肪酸结合蛋白（IFABP）、一氧化氮（NO）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）含量；小肠组织丙二醛（MDA）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性；血液及肠系膜淋巴组织细菌移位率；并进行小肠组织病理学观察。结果与模型组比较，大黄素预处理组IFABP、NO、TNF-α、MDA、MPO水平均明显降低（P均〈0．01），SOD活性明显升高（P〈0．01），肠系膜淋巴组织细菌移位率显著降低（血液2／10只比8／10只，肠系膜淋巴组织3／10只比8／10只，P均〈0．05）；病理损害明显减轻。结论大黄素可减少TNF-α、NO释放，抑制过度炎症反应，减轻中性粒细胞聚集及活化，减少大鼠氧自由基的生成，对大鼠肠I／R损伤具有保护作用。     

HES200溶液复苏失血性休克对肺损伤保护作用的实验研究

目的探讨羟乙基淀粉200/0．5（HES200）溶液复苏失血性休克对大鼠肺损伤保护作用及其机制。方法制作SD大鼠失血性休克模型，分别用HES200、羟乙基淀粉40溶液（HES40）、乳酸林格液（RL）复苏大鼠，观察复苏后1、2、4h动脉氧分压（PaO2）、血清TNF-α、肺组织核因子kBNF-kB）、细胞间粘附分子-1（ICAM-1）的表达、肺组织髓过氧化物酶（MPO）活性、肺组织湿干重比值（W／D）。结果失血性休克大鼠复苏后各生物学指标HES200组较其它液体复苏组低，肺损伤程度减轻。结论羟乙基淀粉200溶液通过减轻失血性休克大鼠复苏后炎症反应从而对肺损伤具有保护作用。     

Mesenteric lymph duct ligation provides long term protection against hemorrhagic shock-induced lung injury

Recently we have shown that ligation of the main mesenteric lymph (MLN) duct prior to an episode of hemorrhagic shock (HS) prevents shock-induced lung injury. Yet, ligation or diversion of intestinal lymph immediately prior to injury is not clinically feasible. Diversion of intestinally derived lymph after injury to protect against secondary insults is possible, but it is not known how long the protective effects of lymph ligation would last. Thus, we tested whether ligation of the MLN duct seven days prior to HS would still be protective. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to laparotomy with or without MLN duct ligation. Seven days later, half of the sham and actual MLN duct ligated animals randomly were selected to undergo HS (30 mmHG for 90 min). The other half of the animals was subjected to sham shock. Lung permeability, pulmonary myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) protein content were used to determine lung injury. Lymphatic division 7 days prior to HS continued to prevent shock induced lung injury as assessed by a lower Evans Blue dye concentration, BALF protein and MPO activity. In addition, there was no evidence of Patent Blue dye in the previously ligated MLN duct. Since ligation of the main mesenteric lymphatic duct continues to protect against shock-induced lung injury 1 week after duct ligation, it is feasible that lymphatic ligation performed after an injury remains protective against certain secondary insults for at least 1 week.     

Hematopoietic failure after hemorrhagic shock is mediated partially through mesenteric lymph

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether hemorrhagic shock-induced bone marrow failure is mediated by the gut through the production of toxic mesenteric lymph and whether shock-induced bone marrow failure could be prevented by division of the mesenteric lymphatics. DESIGN: Prospective, controlled study. SETTING: University surgical research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS: Rats were divided into five groups: unmanipulated controls (n = 12), hemorrhagic shock with laparotomy (n = 8), hemorrhagic shock with mesenteric lymph duct ligation (n = 10), sham shock with laparotomy (n = 6), and sham shock with mesenteric lymph duct ligation (n = 7). At either 3 or 6 hrs after resuscitation, bone marrow was obtained for determination of early (cobblestone forming cells) and late (granulocyte-macrophage colony forming unit and erythroid burst forming unit) hematopoietic progenitor cell growth. Parallel cultures were plated with plasma (1% and 2% v/v) from all groups to determine the effect of lymphatic ligation on hematopoiesis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Bone marrow cellularity, cobblestone forming cells, granulocyte-macrophage colony forming unit, and erythroid burst forming unit growth in rats subjected to hemorrhagic with lymph duct ligation were similar to those observed in sham-treated animals and significantly greater than in rats subjected to shock and laparotomy without lymphatic duct ligation. Plasma from rats subjected to shock without lymph ligation was inhibitory to hematopoietic progenitor cell growth. In contrast, this shock-induced inhibition was not observed with plasma obtained from shocked rats that underwent mesenteric lymph ligation. CONCLUSIONS: Hemorrhagic shock suppresses bone marrow hematopoiesis as measured by a decrease in early and late progenitor cell growth. This suppression appears mediated through mesenteric lymph as the effect is abrogated by mesenteric lymph duct ligation. These data clearly demonstrate a link between the gut and bone marrow failure after hemorrhagic shock     

大鼠重症急性胰腺炎时急性肺损伤的实验研究

目的　研究内毒素 (endotoxin ,ET)、细胞因子 (cytokine,CK)、氧自由基 (oxygenfreeradi cals ,OFR)等在重症急性胰腺炎 (severeacutepancreatitis,SAP)时急性肺损伤 (acutelunginjury ,ALI)发病机制中的作用。方法　采用胰管逆行注射 1 5 %去氧胆酸钠制成大鼠重症急性胰腺炎时ALI模型。选用纯雄性健康Wistar大鼠共 4 0只 ,体重 2 2 0～ 2 5 0g,随机分成两组 :假手术对照组 (Sham ,n =10 ) ;SAP模型组(SAP ,n =30 ) ,分别于造模后 2 4h活杀。测定动脉血气 ,血清淀粉酶的含量 ,血清内毒素及血清和肺组织匀浆中的TNF α、IL 6、MDA、SOD的含量 ,肺湿 /干系数以及肺组织病理学改变。结果　SAP组血清内毒素 ,血淀粉酶 ,血清及肺组织匀浆中TNF α、IL 6、OFR均较Sham组明显升高 (P <0 0 1) ;动脉血气显示肺损伤严重 ,肺湿 /干比值较Sham组明显升高 ,肺通透性明显升高 ,肺病理学形态改变加重。结论　ET、TNF、IL 6、OFR在SAP时ALI发生发展中起了重要作用     

创伤性休克对大鼠肠淋巴液和血液中内毒素肿瘤坏死因子-α和白细胞介素-6的影响

目的探讨大鼠肠淋巴液在创伤性休克过程中发生细菌移位和炎症反应的可能。方法复制创伤性休克大鼠模型并从肠淋巴干收集淋巴液,比较创伤性休克前后肠淋巴液及血液中内毒素(ET)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的变化。结果淋巴液中ET、TNF-α、IL-6浓度在休克中明显升高(P均<0.05),复苏后除IL-6持续升高至2h外,ET、TN-α均降至正常水平。结论创伤性休克大鼠休克期可从肠淋巴液观察到细菌移位现象,并可能导致TNF、I-L6水平升高,触发全身炎症反应。     

Trauma/hemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph upregulates adhesion molecule expression and IL-6 production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Trauma/hemorrhagic shock (T/HS) is associated with significant lung injury, which is mainly due to an inflammatory process, resulting from the local activation and subsequent interaction of endothelial cells and leukocytes. Adhesion molecules expressed by both cell types play a crucial role in the process of neutrophil-mediated endothelial cell injury. We have previously shown that mesenteric lymph duct ligation prevents T/HS-induced lung leukocyte infiltration and endothelial injury, suggesting that inflammatory factors originating from the gut and carried in the lymph are responsible for the lung injury observed following T/HS. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that inflammatory substances in T/HS lymph trigger lung injury by a mechanism involving the upregulation of adhesion molecules. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether T/HS mesenteric lymph induces the expression of E-selectin, P-selectin, and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, because the cytokine IL-6 is an important component of the endothelial inflammatory process, we investigated how T/HS lymph affects the production of IL-6 by HUVECs. Mesenteric lymph from T/HS rats increased both E- and P-selectin, as well as ICAM-1 expression on HUVECS, as compared to trauma/sham shock (T/SS) lymph or medium only groups. However, T/HS lymph failed to induce the shedding of E-selectin. In HUVECs treated with T/HS lymph, IL-6 concentrations were higher than HUVECs treated with T/SS lymph. These findings suggest that mesenteric lymph produced after hemorrhagic shock potentiates lung injury by the upregulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression and IL-6 production.