321型束流剖面监测仪在离子束技术中的应用

束流剖面监测仪是监测带电粒子束在传输过程中状态变化的一种装置。该装置的叶片式探针(以下简称探针)安装在粒子加速器、同位素分离器和离子注入机等监测位置上并由它把截获的信号显示在示波器屏上便可观察到沿束横截面束流密度分布曲线(以下简称束形)。通过束形变化我们可定性地判断束流强度、束流品质和它在束管道中的相对位置等。因此,它在国外各种类型的粒子加速器上广为使用。     

Bench test of interferometer measurement for the Keda Reconnection eXperiment device (KRX)

Motivated by the need of the electron density measurement for the Keda Reconnection eXperiment (KRX) facility which is under development, an interferometer system has been designed and tested in bench. The 320 GHz solid-state microwave source with 1 mm wavelength is used to fulfill the high phase difference measurement in such low temperature plasma device. The results of the bench test show that the phase difference is accurately measured. In contrast to tens of degrees of phase shift expected to be measured on the KRX, the system noise (∼1°) is low enough for the KRX diagnostics. In order to optimize the system for better performance, we utilize the Terasense sub-THz imaging system to adjust alignment. The interferometer system has also been calibrated via changing of the optical path length controlled by the piezo inertial motor. Simultaneously, high density polyethylene thin film is introduced successfully to change a tiny phase difference and test the sensitivity of the interferometer system.     

Bench Test of the Vibration Compensation Interferometer for EAST Tokamak

A visible laser-based vibration compensation interferometer has recently been designed for the EAST tokamak and the bench test has been finished.The system was optimized for its installation on EAST.The value of the final optical power before the detectors without plasma has been calculated from the component bench test result,which is quite close to the measured value.A nanometer level displacement(of the order of the laser's wavelength) has been clearly measured by a modulation of piezoelectric ceramic unit,proving the system's capability.     

尼尔逊离子源重离子束流的发射度

尼尔逊离子源已广泛地应用于重离子加速器、同位素分离器及研究用离子注入机。用于C-600离子注入机的尼尔逊离子源,目前已获得达100μA的三十余种重离子束,其中有近二十种固体元素。     

中子管内潘宁离子源的建模与控制

由于中子管内离子源电流滞后于储存器电流,导致离子源电流的调节速度和稳定性不够高,进而影响中子产额的稳定性。本文在分析大量实验数据的基础上,建立了中子管离子源的数学模型,设计出相应的PID控制算法。经测试表明：所构建的离子源模型与实际离子源工作情况符合较好,改进的控制算法能减少稳定离子源电流所需时间,提高中子产额的稳定性。     

R&D progress of high power ion source on EAST-NBI

The neutral beam injector(NBI) system was designed and developed mainly for the plasma heating on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST). The high power ion source is the key part of the NBI. A hot cathode ion source was used on the EAST-NBI. The ion source was conditioned on the ion source test bed with hydrogen gas and achieved the designed parameters. The deuterium gas was used when it moved to the EAST-NBI. The main performance of the ion source on EAST is presented in this paper. The highest beam power of 4.5 MW in NBI-1 and 2.75 MW in NBI-2 was achieved. The total neutral beam power is about 4.5 MW. The long pulse beam of 100 s is injected into the EAST plasma too.     

A versatile test bench for photomultiplier tube characterization and its application in the DAMPE-PSD

Performance characterization for massive photomultiplier tubes(PMTs) is a frequently encountered procedure in large nuclear and particle experiments.To facilitate this work,a dedicated test bench system has been developed at the Institute of Modern Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.The two-dimensional photocathode position scanning capability is an intrinsic function of the test bench,and up to 25 PMTs,with the diameter smaller than 2",can be tested simultaneously.The parameters of the light source pulses can be adjusted in a wide range,thus making it suitable for various characteristics measurements.The test bench system is highly automated with all the controlling operations integrated into a single software.Additionally,the hardware platform is extensible which allows complex testing schemes,and the modularity in the software design makes the migration from one testing configuration to another light-weight and efficient.All these features make the test bench versatile and reusable in different experiments.It has been first used in the construction of the Plastic Scintillator Detector(PSD) of DArk Matter Particle Explorer(DAMPE),and a total of 570 Hamamatsu R4443 tubes were tested successfully.The performance was verified and the testing results are also reported in this article.     

薄壁管高温爆破试验装置研制及应用

为获得燃料组件及燃料相关组件用包壳管的高温爆破性能,研制了薄壁金属管高温爆破试验装置,主要由高压气源单元、试验气氛单元、加热单元、试验台架及测控单元组成。该装置可实现的最高试验温度为1 200 ℃、最高升温速率为10 ℃/s、最大试验压力为100 MPa;可完成压水堆运行工况下的等温高温爆破及模拟事故工况下的瞬态加热高温爆破两种试验。利用该装置完成了316L不锈钢薄壁管的瞬态加热高温爆破试验,获得了600~1 200 ℃、升温速率为5 ℃/s条件下的高温爆破强度（极限环向应力）和周向延伸率数据。试验装置的验证及不锈钢薄壁管的高温爆破试验表明,研制的薄壁金属管高温爆破试验装置满足试验要求,试验灵活方便、控制精度高。     

Production of intense highly charged ion beams by IMP 14.5GHz electron cyclotron resonance ion source

A new 14.5GHz Electron Cyclotron Resonance(ECR) ion source has been constructed over the last two years.The source was designed and tested by making use of the latest results from ECR ion source development ,such as high mirror magnetic filed,large plasma volume,and biased probe.140μA of O^7 ,185μA of Ar^11 and 50 μA of Xe^26 could be produced with a RF power of 800W, The intense beams of highly charged metallic ions are produced by means of the method of a metal evaporation oven and volatile compound throuth axial access,The test results are 130μA of Ca^11 ,70μA of Ca^12 and 65 μA of Fe^10 ,The ion source has been put into operation for the cyclotron at the Institute of Moderm Physics(IMP).     

电子回旋共振离子源永磁体的优化设计

对永磁电子回旋共振(Electron cyclotron resonance,ECR)离子源磁场运用Poisson程序进行了模拟计算,将模拟计算结果和测量结果进行了比较.依据计算结果,设计加工了NdFeB(钕铁硼)永磁体,得到了比较好的磁场场形,并在ECR离子源调试中获得了较强的束流.     

Negative ion test facility ELISE—Status and first results

The new test facility ELISE (Extraction from a Large Ion Source Experiment) has been designed and installed since November 2009 at IPP Garching to support the development of the radio frequency driven negative ion source for the Neutral Beam System on ITER. The test facility is now completely assembled; all auxiliary systems have been commissioned and are operational. First plasma and beam operation is starting in October 2012.The source is designed to deliver an ion beam of 20 A of D^? ions, operating at 0.3 Pa source pressure at an electron to ion current ratio below 1. Beam extraction is limited to 60 kV for 10 s every 3 minutes, while plasma operation of the source can be performed continuously for 1 hour. The ion source and extraction system have the same width as the ITER source, but only half the height, i.e. 1 × 1 m² source area with an extraction area of 0.1 m². The aperture pattern of the extraction system and the multi driver source concept stay as close as possible to the ITER design. Easy access to the source for diagnostic tools or modifications allows to analyze and optimize the source performance. Among other possibilities many different magnetic filter field configurations inside the source can be realized to enhance the negative ion extraction and to reduce the co-extraction of electrons. Beam power and profiles are measured by calorimetry and thermography on an inertially cooled target as well as by beam emission spectroscopy. Cs evaporation into the source is done via two dispenser ovens.     

大功率离子源负载端数据采集系统研制

大功率离子源是整个中性束注入装置的核心部件。离子源灯丝、弧等关键部件的运行状态对系统实验参数设定、故障判断至关重要。为了实时监控灯丝、弧的运行状态,设计了一款大功率离子源负载端数据采集系统。系统采用伏频(V/F)转换技术实现了采样信号的远程隔离传输。PXI系统和Lab VIEW将采样信号进行实时显示。实验结果表明,在直流和调制注入模式下,系统实现了离子源灯丝和弧电压的远程实时监控。     

Use of a duoplasmatron ion source for negative ion generation

The use of electronegative species as primary ions considerably enhances the emission of positive secondary ions in SIMS. Considering furthermore that negative primary ions can be required due to instrumental configurations (e.g. the Cameca NanoSIMS 50 requires an opposite polarity of the primary and secondary ions), O⁻ ion bombardment is employed in SIMS analysis. These O⁻ ions are typically created in a duoplasmatron source, which suffers however from its low brightness and which is thus not suited for high resolution imaging applications. The development of new (electro)negative ion sources is thus necessary to optimize the analysis of electropositive elements in terms of lateral resolution and sensitivity.In this paper, we present the performance of a duoplasmatron ion source generating F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻ and I⁻ ion beams. In particular, we experimentally determine on a dedicated test bench the brightness of the source in the F⁻, Cl⁻, Br⁻ and I⁻ modes as a function of the gas pressure, the magnetic field strength and the arc current in the source. The obtained results are compared to the performances of the duoplasmatron in the standard O⁻ mode. In this context, a five times higher brightness was found for F⁻ (200 A/cm² sr) compared to the standard O⁻ (42 A/cm² sr).     

Millimeter-Scale PIG Source for Miniature Mass Spectrometers

A new millimeter-scale penning ion generator (PIG) ion source has been developed for miniature mass spectrometers. The cathode is a 40?mm diameter?×?2?mm long stainless steel cylinder with a hole of 4?mm, the anode with a hole of 12.6?mm and a length of 6.4?mm is made in stainless steel, and the ion emission hole size on the anticathode is 5?mm. Several microamperes of H⁺ ions can be extracted with less than 10?W discharge power consumption. The PIG ion source is shown to have advantages of long lifetime under high-pressure operation and low power consumption. The ion source is being designed and investigated for use in miniature mass spectrometer; however this ion source is thoroughly described so that it can be easily implemented by other researchers for other applications.     

Design and Development of a Power Supply System for NBI Test Stand of EAST

A neutral beam injector (NBI) test stand was constructed to develop a multi-megawatt prototype ion source as an auxiliary heating system on experimental advanced superconducting tokamak. A power supply system for the NBI test stand components such as a set of dc power supplies for plasma generator, a dc high voltage power supply of a tetrode accelerator, a transmission line and a surge energy suppressor. Stable arc discharges of the plasma generator with hydrogen gases for 100 s long pulse have been produced by six Langmuir probes feedback loop regulation mode to control the arc power supply. The 4 MW hydrogen ion beam of 1 s is extracted with beam energy of 80 keV and the beam current of 52 A. The dc high voltage power supply for the plasma grid of the prototype ion source was designed to contribute maximum voltage of 100 kV and current of 100 A. The high voltage power output is continuously adjustable to satisfy with plasma physics experiment in operation frequency of 10 Hz. To prevent damage of the beam source at high voltage breakdown, core snubber using deltamax soft magnetic materials have been adopted to satisfy the input energy into the accelerator from the power supply can be reduced to about 5 J in the case of breakdown at 80 kV. For the transmission line, a disc shape multi cable coaxial configuration was adopted and which the dimension of the diameter is 140 mm at the core snubber. The major issues of discharge characteristics with long pulse and beam extraction with high power for the prototype ion source were investigated on the NBI test stand.     

RADI—A RF source size-scaling experiment towards the ITER neutral beam negative ion source

IPP Garching is currently developing a negative hydrogen ion RF source for the ITER neutral beam system. The source demonstrated already current densities in excess of the ITER requirements (>200 A/m² D⁻) at the required source pressure and electron/ion ratio, but with only small extraction area and limited pulse length. A new test facility (RADI) went recently into operation for the demonstration of the required (plasma) homogeneity of a large RF source and the modular driver concept.The source with the dimension of 0.8 m × 0.76 m has roughly the width and half the height of the ITER source; its modular driver concept will allow an easy extrapolation in only one direction to the full size ITER source. The RF power supply consists of two 180 kW, 1 MHz RF generators capable of 30 s pulses. A dummy grid matches the conductance of the ITER source. Full size extraction is presently not possible due to the lack of an insulator, a large size extraction system and a beam dump.The main parameters determining the performance of this “half-size” source are the negative ion and electron density in front of the grid as well as the homogeneity of their profiles across the grid. Those will be measured by optical emission and cavity ring down spectroscopy, by Langmuir probes and laser detachment. These methods have been calibrated to the extracted current densities achieved at the smaller source test facilities at IPP for similar source parameters. However, in order to get some information about the possible ion and electron currents, local single aperture extraction with a Faraday cup system is planned.     

Performance of a New Ion Source for KSTAR Tokamak Plasma Heating

In the experimental campaign of 2010 and 2011 on KSTAR, the NBI-1 system was equipped with one prototype ion source and operated successfully, providing a neutral beam power of 0.7-1.6 MW to the tokamak plasma. The new ion source planned for the 2012 KSTAR campaign had a much more advanced performance compared with the previous one. The target performance of the new ion source was to provide a neutral deuterium beam of 2 MW to the tokamak plasma. The ion source was newly designed, fabricated, and assembled in 2011. The new ion source was then conditioned up to 64 A/100 keV over a 2-hour beam extraction and performance tested at the NB test stand （NBTS） at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute （KAERI） in 2012. The measured optimum perveance at which the beam divergence is a minimum was about 2.5μP, and the minimum beam divergent angle was under 1.0° at 60 keV. These results indicate that the 2.0 MW neutral beam power at 100 keV required for the heating of plasma in KSTAR can be delivered by the installation of the new ion source in the KSTAR NBI-1 system.     

在线低能气体离子源

材料中氦和氢积累可引起材料性能的恶化甚至失效。为研究材料内氦和氢的存在形式、氦与氢及缺陷的相互作用、气泡的形成和演变过程以及各种因素的影响,建立一套离子束能量最高20keV的潘宁型气体离子源引出和聚焦系统,与200kV透射电镜联机,在离子注入现场原位观察氦和氢不同注入浓度下材料内部的微观结构及变化过程。对离子源进行氦离子的起弧、引出和聚焦测试。离子源在15–60mA放电电流范围内稳定地工作。在5×10–3Pa和1.5×10–2Pa工作气压下,放电电压约380V和320V。低气压下引出离子束流比高气压下大,且引出束流随放电电流和吸极电压的增加而增加。等径三圆筒透镜有显著聚焦作用,在距透镜出口150cm处,离子束流密度提高一个量级以上。能量10keV左右的氦离子获得束流密度约200nA·cm–2的离子束,可满足多种材料进行在线离子注入和原位电镜观测的需要。     

A bench for tungsten crucible crystallization and source outgassing

The EMIS PARSIFAL can work with two different sources: a thermoionization source or a plasma source. For the former, the work function of tungsten crucibles is enhanced by previous heating at 2850°C for two hours. Outgassing of both source types after cleaning required days' occupancy of PARSIFAL. A special bench, a copy of the separator source block with its supplies, was designed and built for these purposes in 1990. This $170 000 investment relieves PARSIFAL from secondary tasks and saves approximately 60 days per year.     

EAST强流离子源电源系统的初步测试运行

测试NBI大功率强流离子源的综合测试台正在建设,已研制了离子源等离子体发生器电源系统、等离子体电极高压电源及梯度极分压器、抑制极负高压电源等电源系统,以及高压传输线及缓冲器,在测试台上开展了对EAST中性束注入器第一台兆瓦级强流离子源样机进行整体电源系统测试和离子源起弧放电的初步测试,完成了离子源电源系统初步性能测试及...